This document discusses key concepts in semantics including the signifier-signified relationship proposed by Saussure where a word is the signifier and the object it refers to is the signified. It also discusses how meaning depends on relationships between linguistic elements, and how words can have different types of meanings. The document notes there are issues with defining the word as a clear semantic unit and different types of words like transparent, opaque, and phonaesthetic words.

1. By
Ni Kadek Widiantari
I Gede Vinayton
Hendrawan

3.  Naming
 Concepts
 Sense and Reference
 Kinds of meaning
 The Word as a Semantics
Unit

4. The signifier is a word in the
language and the signified is
the object in the world that it
“stands for, refers to, or
denotes”. The words that is to
say to refer the things are
called “names or label”.

5. “Sign” Theory by Ferdinand de Saussure

6. Tree
The linguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified,
these are, however, more strictly a sound image and a
concept, both linked by a psychological 'associative'
bond.

8. S ----------- r ……………s ----------- R
Stimulus------ words ----- Response, this view
shows that meaning is as a description from
a situation which there are stimulus (S) that
may cause someone to say something (r)
and the response ( R) is an effect of the
words said by someone (s)

9.  Reference is a term which is used
when we are talking about the
denotation of word.
 Sense relates to the complex system
of relationships that hold between the
linguistic elements themselves.

10.  First, make statemens is good, but
better we also ask question or give
order.
 Second, speech act.Thirdly, much of
what we say is not a statement of
fact but an evaluation.
Fourthly language is often deeply

11. concerned with a variety
of social relations.
Fifthly, we need not
mean what we say.
Sixthly, presupposition is
distinction from assertion.
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12.  Not all words seem to have the same kind of
the meaning.
 It is not at all clear that the word is a clearly
defined unit.
 There is a problem with what have been
called TRANSPARENT and OPAQUE words.
 There are many words in English that are
called PHONAESTHETIC
 Semantic division seems to’ override’ word
division.
 Finally we have the problem of idioms