This document provides information on light emitting diodes (LEDs) including how they work, different types of LEDs, and their applications. It explains that LEDs are semiconductors that emit light when electrically biased in the forward direction. The light is produced by electron-hole recombination which releases photons. It also discusses LED voltage and current characteristics, color production, and how LEDs are used in various optical sensors, mobile devices, signs, automobiles, and indicators.

2. Initialized by
Almas Akram

3. LIGHT EMITTING
DIODES (LED)
OPTOELECRONIC
A light emitting diode (LED) is
essentially a PN junction opto-
semiconductor that emits a
monochromatic (single color) light
when operated in a forward biased
direction.
LEDs converrt electrical energy into
light energy. They are frequently
used as "pilot" lights in electronic
appliances to indicate whether the
circuit is closed or not

4. HOW DOES A LED WORK?
– When sufficient voltage is applied to the chip across the
leads of the LED, electrons can move easily in only one
direction across the junction between the p and n regions.
– In the p region there are many more positive than negative
charges.
– When a voltage is applied and the current starts to flow,
electrons in the n region have sufficient energy to move
across the junction into the p region

5. How does LED work?

6. How Does A LED Work?
– Each time an electron recombine swith a positive charge,
electric potential energy is converted into electromagnetic
energy.
– For each recombination of a negative and a positive charge,
a quantum of electromagnetic energy is emitted in the
form of a photon of light with a frequency characteristic of
the semi-conductor material(usually a combination of the
chemical elements gallium, arsenic and phosphorus.

7. How Much Energy Does an
LED Emit?
The energy (E) of the light emitted by an LED is related to the
electric charge (q) of an electron and the voltage (V)
required to light the LED by the expression: E = qv Joules.
– Finding the Energy from the Voltage Suppose you
measured the voltage across the leads of an LED , and you
wished to find the corresponding energy required to light
the LED. Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage
measured between the leads of is 1.71 Volts. So the Energy
required to light the LED is E = qv or E = -1.6 x 10-9

8. Finding the Energy from the
Voltage
– Voltage Suppose you measured the voltage across the leads of
an LED, and you wished to find the corresponding energy
required to light the LED.
– Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage measured
between the leads of is 1.71 Volts.
– So the Energy required to light the LED is
– E = qV or E = -1.6 x 10-19(1.71)
– Joule, since a Coulomb-Volt is a Joule. Multiplication of these
numbers then gives
– E = 2.74 x 10-19Joule.

9. NEXT proceeded by
MUBEEN TALHA.

10. LED VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT
 To prevent from destruction of LED we use a resistor
 There are two voltages Source voltage and Diode voltage.
 Is =
𝑉𝑠−𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑠

11. LED Brightness
 the brightness of an LED depends on the current
When Vs is much greater than Vd the brightness of LED is
approximately constant.
If Vs is only slightly more than Vd, the LED brightness will
vary noticeably.
To keep the brightness of LED constant the source current
must be constant .

12. Colours of LEDs
– LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue
and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive
than the other colours. The colour of an LED is determined by
the semiconductor material, not by the colouring of the
package (the plastic body).
– LEDs are made from gallium-based crystals that contain one or
more additional materials such as phosphorous to produce a
distinct color. Different LED chip technologies emit light in
specific regions of the visible light spectrum and produce
different intensity levels.

13. BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
– LED have very low breakdown voltage , typically between
3V and 5V
– LED destroyed if the too much voltage applied.
– It works only in farward biased

14. NEXT proceeded by
AQSA

15. Seven-Segment Display
It contains seven rectangular LEDs ( A through G ) Each LED
is called a segment.
External series resistors are included to limit the current to
safe levels.
Using seven segment we can form any digit from 1 to 9 . It
can also display the capital letters(A,C,E,F) .
In seven-segment indicator all anodes are connected
together.
It is also in common cathode type in which all cathodes are
connected together

16. Seven segment Display

17. NEXT proceeded by
Zoya

18. Photodiode
–What is photodiode ?
 Photodiode is a reverse of led
 In photodiode input is light and the output is voltage
 It works in reverse biased.
 When the covalent bond break electrons emit and it moves
from lower to higher orbit and gain energy. When it come
back to lower energy level it emits radiation in form of
voltage .

19. photodiode
- Principle of photodiode
 When light energy bombarded a pn junction ,it dislodge
valance electrons
 More the light strike the pn-junction more is the reverse
current produce
 Incoming light produces free electrons and holes
 The stronger the light the larger the minority carriers and
greater the reverse current
 As the light become brighter , the reverse current increases.

20. NEXT proceeded by
Muneeba Nisar

21. optocoupler
Optocoupler combines led and the photodiode
-led convert voltage into light and work as a input
-photodiode convert light into a voltage and work as a
output.
When the input voltage is varying ,the amount of light is
fluctuating

22. optocoupler
– Advantage of optocoupler
Easily availaible
No gas , No pollutant produce
Less area required for installation
– Disadvantage of optocoupler
Not always produce constant electricity
Due to temperature variation after some time decrease the
efficiency

23. Laser diode
 In a led free electrons radiate light when falling high
energy level to lower one
 A laser diode is different , it produce the coherent light
 A laser diode produce a narrow beam of light which is very
intense ,focused and pure.
 These are also known as semi-conductor laser, it can
produce visible and invisible lights.

24. NEXT proceeded by
M. ABDULLAH HASHMI
(GROUP leader )

25. Applications
– Sensor Application
– Mobile Applications
– Sign Applications
– Automobile Applications
– LED Signals
– Indicators

26. Sensor Applications
– Color Bar Code Readers
– Medical Instrumentation (blood group detection using
fiber optics)
– Money sensors
– Optical switches
– Fiber optical cummunication

27. Mobile Applications
– General Backlighting
– Lap Tops
– Digital Cameras
– PDAs
– Mobile Phone

28. Sign Applications
– Transportation Passenger Information
– Traffic
– Monochrome Message Board
– Full color video

29. Automobile Applications
 Interior Lighting - Instrument Panels& switches,courtesy
lighting
Exterior lighting,rear stop/turn/tail
Truck/bus lighting ,new turn/tail/marker lights

30. Signal Appications
– Runway
– Tower Lights
– Aviation
– Rail
– Traffic
– Emergency/Police Vehicle Lighting
– LEDs offer enormous benefits Lights
– Energy savings (up to 85% less power than incandescent)
– Reduction in maintenance costs
– Increased visibility in daylight and adverse weather conditions

31. Indication
• VCR/ DVD/ Stereo and other audio and video devices
• Household appliances
• Security Equipment
• Instrumentation
• Toys/Games
• Switches

32. Some type of LEDs

33. THE END
THANKS FOR LISTENING
ANY QUESTION ?? 