Visuals play several important roles in instruction such as providing concrete referents for ideas, motivating learners, and simplifying complex information. The process of visual design involves selecting elements, choosing a pattern, and arranging elements. Key elements include realistic, analogic, and organizational visuals as well as verbal elements like letter style and size. Effective patterns consider alignment, shape, balance, color scheme, and appeals. Arrangement principles include proximity, directionals, figure-ground contrast, and consistency.

1. VISUAL PRINCIPLES

2. Roles of Visual in Instruction
1) Provides concrete referent for ideas
- iconic i.e. more easily to be remembered
as compared to words
This visual image of an apple
is the referent of the word ‘apple’

3. Roles of Visual in Instruction
2) Motivate learners
- by attracting learners’ attention and
generating emotional responses

4. Roles of Visual in Instruction
3) Simplify information that is difficult to
understand

5. SERIES OF DESIGN DECISION
Visual Design Element Visual Design Pattern
Visual Design Arrangement
Visual Element Verbal Element
Realistic
Analogic
Organization
Letter style
Number of style
Capitals
Colour
Size
Spacing
Alignment
Shape
Balance
Style
Colour scheme
Colour appeal
Add Appeals
Surprise
Texture
Interaction
Proximity
Directionals
Figure-ground
contrast
Consistency

6. Roles of Visual in Instruction
4) Provide redundant channel
- comprehend spoken and written
information

7. Process of Visual Design
1) Elements – selecting the verbal/visual
elements to be incorporated into display
2) Pattern – choosing an underlying pattern
for the elements of the display
3) Arrangement – arranging the individual
element within the underlying pattern

8. PROCESS OF VISUAL DESIGN
Visual Design Element Visual Design Pattern
Surprise
Visual Design Arrangement
Alignment
Shape
Balance
Style
Colour scheme
Colour appeal
Proximity
Directionals
Figure-ground
contrast
Consistency
Visual Element Verbal Element
Realistic
Analogic
Organization
Letter style
Number of style
Capitals
Colour
Size
Spacing
Add Appeals
Texture
Interaction

9. Process of Visual Design : Elements
1) Visual elements
i) Realistic
ii) Analogic
iii) Organizational

10. Elements : Visual Elements
1) Realistic
• Show the actual object under study
ABSTRACT REALISTIC

11. Elements : Visual Elements
1) Realistic visuals
• The more realistic a visual is, the closer it
is to the original

12. Elements : Visual Elements
2) Analogic visuals
• Convey topic by showing something else
and implying a similarity
• E.g. the function of human memory with
the function of computer memory

13. Elements : Visual Elements
3) Organizational visuals
• Such as flowcharts, graphs, maps,
classification charts

14. Elements : Verbal Elements
1) Letter style
• It should be consistent and harmonize with
the other visual elements
• Straightforward and plain style

15. Elements : Verbal Elements
2) Number of lettering styles
• Not more than 2 different type styles
• Limit variations (bold, italic, underline, size
changes) to four

16. Elements : Verbal Elements
3) Capitals
• Use lowercase letters
• Adding capitals when it is necessary
• Headlines can be in capitals but not more
than 3 words

17. Elements : Verbal Elements
4) Colour of lettering
• The lettering colour should contrast with
the background colour
• Think about your audience..

18. Elements : Verbal Elements
5) Size of lettering
• Rule of thumb: make lower case letters ½
inch high for each 10 feet of viewer
distance

19. Elements : Verbal Elements
6) Spacing between letters
• Consider ‘optical spacing’
• Estimating approximately equal amounts
of with space between letters
L A B W O R K

20. Elements : Verbal Elements
7) Spacing between lines
• Letters should be not too cramped or too
widely separate
• Text is most legible when separation is
11/2 times average letter height

21. Elements :
Elements that add appeals
1) Surprise
• Think unusual metaphor, a dramatic
change of size
2) Texture
• Use 3 dimensional visuals (if possible)
• It can convey clearer idea

22. Elements :
Elements that add appeals
3) Interaction
• R of the ASSURE MODEL
• Ask learners to respond visual displays by
manipulating materials on the display

23. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
1) Alignment
2) Shape
3) Balance
4) Style
5) Colour scheme
6) Colour appeal

24. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
1) Alignment
• Balance alignment
• Same imaginary horizontal and vertical
line
• Viewer expend little effort making sense
out of what they are seeing

25. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
2) Shape
• Put and arrange visual into shape that
familiar to learner
• Simple geometric figure – circle, rectangle
• Consider of the ‘Rule Of Thirds’

26. Rule of Thirds
• Place your important elements where these lines
intersect
• Good places to put things; third of the way up, third of
the way in from the left
• Duff places to put things; right in the middle, right at the
top, right at the bottom, away in the corner

29. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
3) Balance
• The ‘weight’ of the elements in a display is
equally distributed either horizontally or
vertically

30. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
4) Style
• Simple, uncluttered
• Primary colour for children
• Realistic colour for adult

31. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
5) Colour scheme
• Consider the harmoniousness of the
colour – color wheel
6) Colour appeal
• Consider ‘warm’ and ‘cool’ colour
• Warm colour – active learner, children
• Cool colour – thoughtful learner, adult
• Consider cultural basis

32. The Colour Wheel
Complimentary colours: any two colours
that lie directly opposite each other
Analogous colours: colours that lie
next to each other
Complimentary and Analogous colours may form
pleasing combinations when used together in a display

33. • Use cool colour for background
• Highlight important cues in warm
colour such as red and orange

34. Process of Visual Design :
Arrangement
1) Proximity
• Element that close to each other are
related and vice versa
2) Directionals
• Can be used to direct attention
• Eye movement pattern
• E.g. arrow, bold, ‘bullet’

35. Process of Visual Design :
Arrangement
3) Figure-ground contrast
• Wording should contrast to the
background
4) Consistency
• Consistent in the arrangement of the
elements
• Place similar element in similar location
• Use same text for headlines

36. End of the Lesson 8