1) Visuals play important roles in instruction by providing concrete referents, motivating learners, and simplifying complex information. 2) The process of visual design involves selecting elements, choosing a pattern, and arranging individual elements. Elements include visuals like photos and diagrams, as well as verbal elements like font, color, and size. 3) Patterns consider principles of alignment, shape, balance, style, and use of color to reduce cognitive load and focus attention. Arrangement uses proximity, directionals, contrast and consistency. Together, these help make visual information clear and understandable.

1. VISUAL IN INSTRUCTION

3. Roles of Visual in Instruction
1) Provide a concrete referent for ideas
- iconic i.e. more easily to be remembered
as compared to words
This visual image of an apple
is the referent of the word ‘apple’

4. Roles of Visual in Instruction
2) Motivate learners
- by attracting learners’ attention and
generating emotional responses

5. Roles of Visual in Instruction
3) Simplify information that is difficult to
understand

6. SERIES OF DESIGN DECISION
Visual Design Element Visual Design Pattern
Visual Design Arrangement
Visual Element Verbal Element
Realistic
Analogic
Organization
Letter style
Colour
Capitals
Number of style
Size
Spacing
Alignment
Style
Balance
Shape
Colour scheme
Colour appeal
Add Appeals
Surprise
Texture
Interaction
Proximity
Directionals
Figure-ground
contrast
Consistency

7. Roles of Visual in Instruction
4) Provide redundant channel
- comprehend spoken and written
information

8. Function of Visual Instruction
• Learner preferences and styles can
effectively be addressed

9. Function of Visual Instruction
• Enhanced learning and retention take
place through the use of visual material

10. Function of Visual Instruction
• Bring deeper understanding to complex
subject matter

11. Function of Visual Instruction
• Help students focus attention

12. • Motivate learners
Function of Visual Instruction

13. • Play a vital role in education and training
Function of Visual Instruction

14. • In teaching, teachers have to be
innovative in presenting lessons to
students so that they will be clearly
understood
Function of Visual Instruction

15. • In this regard, the use of visual as delivers
aide in teaching help teachers delivers
their lessons to the students in a more
creative and innovative way.
Function of Visual Instruction

16. Goals of Visual Design
Ensure legibility

17. Goals of Visual Design
Reduce effort ( cognitive load)

18. Goals of Visual Design
Focus attention

19. Process of Visual Design
1) Elements – selecting the verbal/visual
elements to be incorporated into display
2) Pattern – choosing an underlying pattern
for the elements of the display
3) Arrangement – arranging the individual
element within the underlying pattern

20. PROCESS OF VISUAL DESIGN
Visual Design Element Visual Design Pattern
Visual Design Arrangement
Visual Element Verbal Element
Realistic
Analogic
Organization
Letter style
Colour
Capitals
Number of style
Size
Spacing
Alignment
Style
Balance
Shape
Colour scheme
Colour appeal
Add Appeals
Surprise
Texture
Interaction
Proximity
Directionals
Figure-ground
contrast
Consistency

21. Process of Visual Design : Elements
1) Visual elements
i) Realistic
ii) Analogic
iii) Organizational

22. Elements : Visual Elements
1) Realistic
• Show the actual object under study
ABSTRACT REALISTIC

23. Elements : Visual Elements
1) Realistic visuals
• The more realistic a visual is, the closer it
is to the original

24. Elements : Visual Elements
2) Analogic visuals
• Convey topic by showing something else
and implying a similarity
• E.g. the function of human memory with
the function of computer memory

25. Elements : Visual Elements
3) Organizational visuals
• Such as flowcharts, graphs, maps,
classification charts

26. Elements : Verbal Elements
1) Letter style
• It should be consistent and harmonize with
the other visual elements
• Straightforward and plain style
Example: Arial Arial Arial Arial

27. Elements : Verbal Elements
2) Number of lettering styles
• Not more than 2 different type styles
• Limit variations (bold, italic, underline, size
changes) to four

28. Elements : Verbal Elements
3) Capitals
• Use lowercase letters
• Adding capitals when it is necessary
• Headlines can be in capitals but not more
than 3 words

29. Elements : Verbal Elements
4) Colour of lettering
• The lettering colour should contrast with
the background colour
• Think about your audience..

30. Elements : Verbal Elements
5) Size of lettering
• Rule of thumb: make lower case letters ½
inch high for each 10 feet of viewer
distance

31. Elements : Verbal Elements
6) Spacing between letters
• Consider ‘optical spacing’
• Estimating approximately equal amounts
of with space between letters
L A B W O R K

32. Elements : Verbal Elements
7) Spacing between lines
• Letters should be not too cramped or too
widely separate
• Text is most legible when separation is
11/2 times average letter height

33. Elements :
Elements that add appeals
1) Surprise
• Think unusual metaphor, a dramatic
change of size
2) Texture
• Use 3 dimensional visuals (if possible)
• It can convey clearer idea

34. Elements :
Elements that add appeals
3) Interaction
• R of the ASSURE MODEL
• Ask learners to respond visual displays by
manipulating materials on the display

35. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
1) Alignment
2) Shape
3) Balance
4) Style
5) Colour scheme
6) Colour appeal

36. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
1) Alignment
• Balance alignment
• Same imaginary horizontal and vertical
line
• Viewer expend little effort making sense
out of what they are seeing

37. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
2) Shape
• Put and arrange visual into shape that
familiar to learner
• Simple geometric figure – circle, rectangle
• Consider of the ‘Rule Of Thirds’

38. Rule of Thirds
• Place your important elements where these lines
intersect
• Good places to put things; third of the way up, third of
the way in from the left
• Duff places to put things; right in the middle, right at the
top, right at the bottom, away in the corner

41. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
3) Balance
• The ‘weight’ of the elements in a display is
equally distributed either horizontally or
vertically

42. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
4) Style
• Simple, uncluttered
• Primary colour for children
• Realistic colour for adult

43. Process of Visual Design : Pattern
5) Colour scheme
• Consider the harmoniousness of the
colour – color wheel
6) Colour appeal
• Consider ‘warm’ and ‘cool’ colour
• Warm colour – active learner, children
• Cool colour – thoughtful learner, adult
• Consider cultural basis

44. Complimentary colours: any two colours
that lie directly opposite each other
Analogous colours: colours that lie
next to each other
Complimentary and Analogous colours may form
pleasing combinations when used together in a display
The Colour Wheel

45. • Use cool colour for background
• Highlight important cues in warm
colour such as red and orange

46. Process of Visual Design :
Arrangement
1) Proximity
• Element that close to each other are
related and vice versa
2) Directionals
• Can be used to direct attention
• Eye movement pattern
• E.g. arrow, bold, ‘bullet’

47. Process of Visual Design :
Arrangement
3) Figure-ground contrast
• Wording should contrast to the
background
4) Consistency
• Consistent in the arrangement of the
elements
• Place similar element in similar location
• Use same text for headlines