The document discusses the artistic periods of Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon art from the 7th-9th centuries focused in the British Isles, Early Medieval Carolingian art under Charlemagne's rule in France from 800-900, and Romanesque art from 1000-1200 spread across Western Europe characterized by pilgrimage churches and expressive sculpture. Monks living in isolation created illuminated gospel books combining interlace patterns with symbolic images during the Hiberno-Saxon period. Under Charlemagne classical styles and architecture influenced works like the Coronation Gospels and Aachen's Palatine Chapel. Romanesque art saw a church building boom and emphasis on biblical narratives, saints, relics,
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Dominicans, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style. It continued to dominate religious architecture until the appearance of French Gothic architecture in the Ile-de-France between about 1140-1150.
Distinctive features of French romansque architecture include thick walls with small windows, rounded arches; a long nave covered with barrel vaults; and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults, all supported by massive columns; a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes; and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. Churches commonly had a cupola over the transept, supported by four adjoining arches; one or more large square towers, and a semi-circular apse with radiating small chapels. Decoration usually included very ornate sculpted capitals on columns and an elaborate semi-circular sculpted tympanum, usually illustrating the Last Judgement, over the main portal. Interior decoration often included murals covering the walls, colored tiles, and early stained glass windows. Late in the 12th century, the rib vault began to appear, particularly in churches in Normandy and Paris, introducing the transition to the Gothic style.
There are also present the some epic examples of churches of french romanesque architechture.
1. The Church of St. Trophime in Arles
2. The Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
3. The Basilica of St. Sernin
4. The Abbey Church of Sainte Foy
5. Le Puy Cathedral
Summery about Gothic and Romanesque architecture in Europe (Italy ,France,Germany,England and Spain (Gothic)
Reference : Fletcher (A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN COMPARATIVE METHOD).
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Romanesque Architecture in Europe
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century. Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th centuries, examples can be found across the continent, making Romanesque architecture the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
Summery about Gothic and Romanesque architecture in Europe (Italy ,France,Germany,England and Spain (Gothic)
Reference : Fletcher (A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN COMPARATIVE METHOD).
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Romanesque Architecture in Europe
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of Medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, and evolving into the Gothic style, characterized by pointed arches, beginning in the 12th century. Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th centuries, examples can be found across the continent, making Romanesque architecture the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
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3. Early Medieval:
Hiberno-Saxon
Dates and Places:
• 7th-9th century
• British Isles
People:
• Christians
• In monasteries
• Working in scriptoria
• Living in isolation Crucifixion, Lindau Gospels,
ca. 870, Switzerland Fig. 6-1.
4. Early Medieval:
Hiberno-Saxon
Themes:
• Gospel books (New
Testament)
• Symbolic images
Forms:
• Interlace inherited from
warrior lords
• Stylized human and animal
forms
• Illuminations
Chi-rho-iota page, Book of Kells,
• Tempera on vellum late eighth or early ninth century.
Scotland, Fig. 6-4.
5. Book
of
Kells
Chi-rho-iota page (details)
Book of Kells
late 8th or early 9th century
tempera on vellum
Fig. 6-4.
7. Early Medieval:
Hiberno-Saxon
• Illuminated
manuscript
• Tempera on vellum
• Carpet page before
gospel text
• Cross & interlace with
zoomorphic forms
(serpentine animals)
• No narrative Carpet page, Lindisfarne Gospels,
ca. 698–721, England, Fig. 6-3.
9. Early Medieval vs. Islamic Art
Carpet page, Lindisfarne Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami
Gospels, ca. 698–721. Fig. 6-3. Iran, ca. 1354. Fig. 5-11.
10. Early Medieval:
Carolingian
Dates and Places:
• 800-900
• France
People:
• Charlemagne, Holy
Roman Emperor
• Revival of Roman
Empire
• Importance of Saint Matthew, Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book of
Charlemagne, ca. 800–810. Aachen, Germany,
learning Fig. 6-5.
11. Early Medieval:
Carolingian
Themes:
• Gospel books
• Monastery
Forms:
• Illusionism
• Local traditions
• Monastic
Seated Scribe
compound with ca. 2600 BCE
basilica Egyptian
• Classical styles Saint Matthew, Ebbo Gospels,
ca. 816–835. Fig. 6-6.
12. Early Medieval:
Carolingian
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne,
Plan of the Palatine Chapel, 792–805 CE, Aachen, Germany
792–805. Fig. 6-7. Fig. 6-8.
13. Early Medieval:
Carolingian
• Central plan inspired
by Ravenna
• Byzantine style
• Renewal of
architecture of
Christian Rome
• Charlemagne’s palace
chapel
Plan of the Palatine Chapel, 792–
805. Fig. 6-7.
14. Roman & Byzantine Architecture
Façade & restored cutaway view
of the Pantheon, 118-125CE.
Fig. 3-38.
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF
MILETUS, Hagia Sophia, 532–537. Fig. 4-11.
15. Early Medieval:
Ottonian
Dates and Places:
• 900-1000
• France
People:
• Heirs of Charlemagne
• Inspired by Rome
Crucifix, ca. 970. Cologne Cathedral,
Germany, Fig. 6-13.
16. Early Medieval:
Ottonian
Themes:
• Biblical themes
• Church
Forms:
• Stylized and
conceptual figures
• Expressive
exaggeration
• Basilica
• Monumental sculpture Section and plan Saint Michael’s,
1001–1031, Hildesheim, Germany
Fig. 6-11.
17. Early Medieval: aisles
Ottonian transept
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQsE4ZGkOCw&feature=related
Saint Michael’s,1001–1031.
Fig. 6-10. nave
18. Early Medieval: Saint Michael’s, 1001–1031.
Fig. 6-10.
Ottonian
• Basilica (first
Roman, then
Christian)
• Towers at both
ends
• Alternate-support
system
• Modular plan
based on crossing
• Two transepts
Plan and cutaway, Old Saint Peter’s, begun ca. 319.
19. Romanesque
Dates and Places:
• 1000-1200
• Western Europe
People:
• Pilgrimage
• Crusades
• Fear of judgment
• Church building boom
• Cult of relics
Head Reliquary of St. Alexander, 1145, Belgium, Fig. 6-24
20. The Modern Pilgrimage
Antietam National Battlefield, Maryland
On right: William Eggleston
Untitled (Portrait of Elvis
At Graceland)
1982-83
21. Romanesque
Themes:
• Biblical themes
• Judgment
• Saints and martyrs
• Relics
Forms:
• Expressive exaggeration
• Cruciform pilgrimage
churches
• Barrel vaults, buttressing
• Bestiaries Initial R, Moralia in Job,
France, ca. 1115–1125. Fig. 6-22.
22. Romanesque: France
ambulatory
radiating chapels
Saint-Sernin, ca. 1070–1120
Toulouse, France, Fig. 6-14.
Plan, Saint-Sernin, ca.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlNTI1Cs2qw 1070–1120. Fig. 6-15.
23. Romanesque: France
• Pilgrimage church
• Radiating chapels
• Ambulatory
• Side aisles
• Barrel and groin vaults Saint-Sernin , ca. 1070–1120.
Fig. 6-14.
• Nave bays, crossing
• Engaged columns,
compound piers
• Crossing tower
Plan, Saint-Sernin, ca. 1070–
1120. Fig. 6-15.
26. Romanesque
• Tympanum sculpture
• Fear of judgment
• Door to salvation
• Expressive exaggeration
• Christ in mandorla
• For illiterate
GISLEBERTUS, Last Judgment (details),
ca. 1120–1135. Fig. 6-20.
28. Romanesque:
Holy Roman Empire
• Nun (Hildegard of
Bingen) with visions
• Abbess of convent
• Illustration of own vision
• Picturing scribe work
• Conceptual treatment of
figures and space
Hildegard from Scivias, ca.
1180. Fig. 6-23.
29. Romanesque: Normandy
Battle of Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry, ca. 1070–1080. Fig. 6-26.
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/bayeux-tapestry.html
30. Romanesque: Normandy
• Rare secular object
• Embroidered pictorial
narrative (230 ft long)
• Duke William
(Norman) conquers
King Harold (England)
following betrayal
• Above is the funeral
of King Edward
• Narrative framed by
Funeral Procession to
border designs
Westminster Abbey,
showing fallen Bayeux Tapestry, ca.
soldiers and animal 1070–1080. Fig. 6-
motifs 26.
• History as told by the
victor
• Battle conventions
from Greece and
Rome
31. Greco-Roman Battle Scenes
Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issus,
ca. 310BCE, Late Classical Period,
Greece
Column of Trajan
& detail, 112CE.
High Empire
Rome
32. Romanesque: England
Saint Matthew, Ebbo Gospels, ca.
816–835. Fig. 6-6.
Eadwine the Scribe, Eadwine Psalter, ca. 1160–1170. Fig. 6-32.
33. Romanesque: England
• Identifiable artist (Eadwine the
Scribe)
• For psalter
• Author portrait mimics evangelist
portrait
• Scribe at work
• Divisions of drapery not related to
body beneath
• Conceptual treatment of figure
and space
• To establish artist’s fame & honor
God
Eadwine the Scribe, Eadwine
Psalter, ca. 1160–1170.
Fig. 6-32.