more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
BS-III
NANO106 is UCSD Department of NanoEngineering's core course on crystallography of materials taught by Prof Shyue Ping Ong. For more information, visit the course wiki at http://nano106.wikispaces.com.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
BS-III
NANO106 is UCSD Department of NanoEngineering's core course on crystallography of materials taught by Prof Shyue Ping Ong. For more information, visit the course wiki at http://nano106.wikispaces.com.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
Consider a sample of hydrogen gas in the glass discharge tube. The electric current is passed through the hydrogen gas present in the discharge tube under low pressure. When the hydrogen atoms absorb energy from the electric discharge, they get excited to higher energy states. And the unsettled electron in the excited state then returns to its initial position with the emission of photons of suitable wavelengths.
Now, the hydrogen gas in the discharge tube glows red indicating, the electron transition between the two different energy levels. And the emitted light radiation is passed through the slit and made to fall on the glass prism that separates the light radiation into constituent wavelengths. Finally, the photographic plate placed over there records the line emission spectrum of hydrogen.
The spectrum contains a set of lines in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. And the wavelength of lines obtained below 400 nm falls in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Similarly, wavelengths of lines obtained above 700 nm are in the infrared zone. The spectral lines in the visible region have wavelengths between 400-700 nm. The different wavelengths of light energy produced by hydrogen atoms are also known as the hydrogen light spectrum.
The hydrogen atomic spectrum consists of a sequence of spectral lines arranged in the decreasing order of their wavelengths and the increasing order of their frequencies. These spectral lines are classified into six series. And their names represent scientists who discovered them. The six series of the hydrogen spectrum are;
Lyman series
Balmer series
Paschen series
Brackett series
Pfund series
Humphreys series
Consider a sample of hydrogen gas in the glass discharge tube. The electric current is passed through the hydrogen gas present in the discharge tube under low pressure. When the hydrogen atoms absorb energy from the electric discharge, they get excited to higher energy states. And the unsettled electron in the excited state then returns to its initial position with the emission of photons of suitable wavelengths.
Now, the hydrogen gas in the discharge tube glows red indicating, the electron transition between the two different energy levels. And the emitted light radiation is passed through the slit and made to fall on the glass prism that separates the light radiation into constituent wavelengths. Finally, the photographic plate placed over there records the line emission spectrum of hydrogen.
The spectrum contains a set of lines in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. And the wavelength of lines obtained below 400 nm falls in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Similarly, wavelengths of lines obtained above 700 nm are in the infrared zone. The spectral lines in the visible region have wavelengths between 400-700 nm. The different wavelengths of light energy produced by hydrogen atoms are also known as the hydrogen light spectrum.
The hydrogen atomic spectrum consists of a sequence of spectral lines arranged in the decreasing order of their wavelengths and the increasing order of their frequencies. These spectral lines are classified into six series. And their names represent scientists who discovered them. The six series of the hydrogen spectrum are;
Lyman series
Balmer series
Paschen series
Brackett series
Pfund series
Humphreys series
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Lecture 5.3- Atomic Spectra (Honors)
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8. The Electromagnetic Spectrum You must know the relative energies of the types of emr including the colors of visible light
9. Sample answers: A. ultraviolet light: Answer C. visible light: B. infrared light: Give an example for each type of electromagnetic energy listed below.
10. Sample answers: A. ultraviolet light: Answer the spectrum of light we see as color C. visible light: B. infrared light: part of sunlight radiant heat
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Editor's Notes
The frequency and wavelength of light waves are inversely related. As the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases.
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radiation over a broad band of wavelengths. The visible light portion is very small. It is in the 10 -7 m wavelength range and 10 15 Hz (s -1 ) frequency range. Interpreting Diagrams What types of nonvisible radiation have wavelengths close to those of red light? To those of blue light?
Sodium vapor lamps produce a yellow glow.
A prism separates light into the colors it contains. For white light this produces a rainbow of colors.
A prism separates light into the colors it contains. Light from a helium lamp produces discrete lines. Identifying Which color has the highest frequency?
No two elements have the same emission spectrum. a) Mercury vapor lamps produce a blue glow. b) Nitrogen gas gives off a yellowish-orange light.
The three groups of lines in the hydrogen spectrum correspond to the transition of electrons from higher energy levels to lower energy levels. The Lyman series corresponds to the transition to the n 1 energy level. The Balmer series corresponds to the transition to the n 2 energy level. The Paschen series corresponds to the transition to the n 3 energy level.
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