By 15 months, the average child has a vocabulary of 10 words that continues expanding rapidly. Between 16-24 months, vocabulary increases from 50 to 400 words. At around 18 months, children begin linking words together in simple sentences. Early infant sounds like cooing and babbling play an important role in language development before words emerge. A child's first words are usually single "holophrases" that represent whole thoughts. Between ages 1-2, children begin using "telegraphic speech" that leaves out unnecessary words. The document discusses theories of innate and environmental influences on early language acquisition.
Introduction to developmental psychology UneezaRajpoot
Development from infancy, through childhood and adolescence follows a predictable pattern.
Specifics of development may vary (economic deprivation, war torn territories, refugees etc.)
The prime focus of developmental psychologists is to study the genetic background, consider our environmental factors and how their interplay affects human growth and interaction
Developmental psychology is the study of how humans grow, change and adapt across the course of their lives.
Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. (APA Dictionary)
Scope of developmental psychology is broad, however, developmental psychologists, primarily work in these 4 broad domains
i)Physical Development
ii) Cognitive Development
iii)Personality Development
iv) Social Development
Introduction to developmental psychology UneezaRajpoot
Development from infancy, through childhood and adolescence follows a predictable pattern.
Specifics of development may vary (economic deprivation, war torn territories, refugees etc.)
The prime focus of developmental psychologists is to study the genetic background, consider our environmental factors and how their interplay affects human growth and interaction
Developmental psychology is the study of how humans grow, change and adapt across the course of their lives.
Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. (APA Dictionary)
Scope of developmental psychology is broad, however, developmental psychologists, primarily work in these 4 broad domains
i)Physical Development
ii) Cognitive Development
iii)Personality Development
iv) Social Development
Unit 3 _ Developmental Psychology_Clinical Psychology_ Psychology Related to ...Deva Pramod
Unit 3 _ Developmental Psychology_Clinical Psychology_ Psychology Related to Speech and Hearing _BASLP First Year under KUHS_ Bachelor in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
Developmental psychology from conception to birth and after an overviewjabberkhan
An introduction to developmental psychology. it contains all basic concepts of baby birth, health , mother care, environmental influence, Research, Theories and stages of development.
Erikson (1968) developed Psychosocial Stages which emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. At each stage there is a crisis or task that we need to resolve. Successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy.
Unit 3 _ Developmental Psychology_Clinical Psychology_ Psychology Related to ...Deva Pramod
Unit 3 _ Developmental Psychology_Clinical Psychology_ Psychology Related to Speech and Hearing _BASLP First Year under KUHS_ Bachelor in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
Developmental psychology from conception to birth and after an overviewjabberkhan
An introduction to developmental psychology. it contains all basic concepts of baby birth, health , mother care, environmental influence, Research, Theories and stages of development.
Erikson (1968) developed Psychosocial Stages which emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. At each stage there is a crisis or task that we need to resolve. Successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy.
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
●Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: Ability to reason logically and perform mathematical calculations.
●Spatial Intelligence: Aptitude for visual and spatial thinking and understanding relationships between objects.
●Musical Intelligence: Skill in musical abilities, such as pitch, rhythm, and composition.
●Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Expertise in controlling body movements and handling objects.
●Interpersonal Intelligence: Capability to understand and interact effectively with others.
●Intrapersonal Intelligence: Self-awareness and understanding of one's own emotions, motivations, and goals.
●Naturalistic Intelligence: Sensitivity and knowledge about the natural world and its phenomena.
Islam Counseling and Psychotherapy.pptxUneezaRajpoot
Islam and Mental Health
The Islamic perspective on mental health is also dramatically different from the Judeo-Christian nosology of mental health.
●Muslims “attribute mental health problems to different phenomena, including the evil eye (Hasad or Nathla), possession by supernatural entities such as demons (Jinn) and magic (Sihr)”.
●In the fields of psychology, many practitioners are also starting to recognize the role of spirituality as an essential part of both prevention and treatment for mental illness.
●Empirical evidences also showed that increased levels of spirituality and religiosity in adolescence correlated with better mental health.
●There is a very large body of literature in the field of positive psychology that correlates self-regulation and gratitude with lower incidence of mental illness.
In contrast to talking or walking, which are acquired developmental milestones that emerge with brain maturation, academic skills (e.g., reading, spelling, writing, mathematics) have to be taught and learned explicitly.
• Specific learning disorder disrupts the normal pattern of learning academic skills; it is not simply a consequence of lack of opportunity of learning or inadequate instruction.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood.
•ADHD includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.
•Children with ADHD also may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled relationships and poor performance in school.
•Symptoms sometimes lessen with age.
• However, some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms. But they can learn strategies to be successful.
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•The primary features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder include inattention and hyperactive-impulsive behavior.
• ADHD symptoms start before age 12, and in some children, they're noticeable as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe, and they may continue into adulthood.
•Catchall term for a variety of disorders that affect a child’s ability to
•Move and
•Maintain posture and balance
•It only affects the brain’s ability to control the muscles and not muscles or nerves themselves
•The symptoms and which areas are affected will depend on the severity and location of the brain injury
•May include Intellectual Disbaility, seizures, language disorders, learning disabilities, vision and hearing problems.
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•Affects the development of the child so also known as a developmental disability
•Usually a life long disability but mild form may recover soon.
•The problem affects the child’s future ability to learn and do
•The effect depends on a number of factors like
emotional problems in youngsters.
•Conduct disorder usually happens between the ages of 6 and 15.
•factors contributing to development of conduct disorder
•brain damage
•child abuse or neglect
•genetic vulnerability
• school failure
• traumatic life experiences.
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Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-V
•The chapter on “Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders” is new to DSM-5.
•It brings together disorders that were previously included in the chapter “Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence”.
Ethical guidelines relating to THERAPY.pptxUneezaRajpoot
From the ethical standpoint the central issue is client benefit.
•If, however the client fails to improve or if his or her condition worsens while under a psychologists care the therapist is ethically obliged to take coercive action.
•If the clients condition seem to be worsening consultation with more experienced colleague to find an alternative course of action becomes an urgent necessity.
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•Recognizing, preventing and remediating problems in the client therapist relationship is the crux of ethical concern for client welfare in psychotherapy.
Mental illness:
Mental illness is the maladaptive response to stressors from the internal and external environment evidence by thoughts ,feelings ,local and cultural norms and interfere with the individual social occupational and physical functioning.
Mental illness includes a wide range of disorders of thinking ,emotion or behaviour. There are many different types of mental illness and it can be short lived or long term. Sometimes it can be hard to tell the difference between mental illness and normal worry or sadness but mental illness is more severe ,last longer, and significantly affects the persons ability to cope with life.
Causes of mental illness
Scientific perspective:
Mental illness is probably caused by many things in combination ,including
Inherited factors:Mental illness runs in families.
Psychological issues: Sometimes mental illness can be triggered by physical trauma that happens to you when you are child or teenager such as :
• Severe emotional,psychological,physical or sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Sudden incident,or loss of someone you loved
Life stressors: The environment and culture you live in.The stressors may include:
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Debt
• Education stressors
• Low income and resources
• Death and divorce
• A dysfunction family life
• Low self esteem,feeling of inadequacy
• Substance abuse
Health problems:
Certain health problems that affect the baby's brain such as complications during birth for a brain infection by a virus increase the risk of mental illness later on in life.
Certain parts of the brain affect mental health one of them is the amygdala, it regulates emotions such as anger pleasure and fear and triggers your fight or flight response ,the hippocampus is the memory bank it stores and records events throughout your life. Together these two work to translate how we react and express our emotions .Studies found that these two parts were smaller in people with depression and while the healthy brain shows normal activity scans reveal reduced activity in a depressed brain. Scientist believe that these severe stress that people with depression go through disrupts the communication between brain cells .Scientists believe that the several mental illnesses are stem from a miscommunication between neurons. There is no single cause of mental illness it could be a combination of life experiences ,a family history or chemical imbalances in the brain so understanding these circuitry and maybe the key to understanding mental health.
Al-Ghazâlî (D.510 AH/1111 CE) Abu Ḥāmid Muḥammad Al-Ghazâlî was born in 1058 ce at Tûs, Greater Khorasan, Seljuq Empire and died on the 19th December 1111.
•Al-Ghazâlî was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists and mystics of Sunni Islam.
•He received thorough education in Quran Hadith, fiqh and kalam. after education Imam al-Ghazali appointed as a professor in the Nizamiyah Madrasah in Baghdad (1091 CE) which was built by Nizamul Mulk.
•Under the influence of Sufi literature, Al-Ghazâlî had begun to change his life-style two years before his departure from Bagdad.
•He sunk in a deep existential and spiritual crisis. Hence imam left the teaching and went to Damascus where he spent ten years for self-introspection, meditation and spiritual exercises.
•Al-Ghazâlî, as a Sufi, was an advocate of introspection and self-analysis to understand the psyche and psychological issues.
Islam is a universal theme that encompasses political systems and methods of social organization as well as personal worship and consolation.
•It is instituted as a methodology to solve human spiritual, practical, and intellectual problems.
•There was a time when students and scholars of other religious and cultural backgrounds from all over the world would travel to study various subjects from Muslims.
•The period of time between the seventh century and the 15th century was known as the “Golden Age of Islamic Civilization” (Arshad, 2019).
•It was during this time that the Islamic Civilization was the most active civilization in efficiently and methodologically acquiring knowledge in various disciplines.
•They led the world in science for over five centuries, providing Europe with a wealth of knowledge in a variety of disciplines (Arshad, 2019).
Cattell defined traits as relatively permanent parts of the personality.
Difference Between State and Trait:
Traits are characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that generalize across similar situations, differ systematically between individuals, and remain rather stable across time. States are characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving in a concrete situation at a specific moment in time.
• Common Trait:
A common trait is one that is possessed by everyone to some degree. Intelligence, extraversion, and gregariousness are examples of common traits.
• Unique Traits:
Traits possessed by one or a few persons. Unique traits are particularly apparent in our interests and attitudes. For example, one person may have a consuming interest in genealogy, whereas another may be passionately interested in Civil War battles or baseball or Chinese martial arts.
• Ability Traits:
Traits that describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals. Intelligence is an ability trait; our level of intelligence will affect the ways in which we strive for our goals.
• Temperament Traits:
Traits that describe our general behavioral style in responding to our environment. for example, how assertive, easygoing, or irritable we are.
• dynamic traits:
Traits that describe our motivations and interests. Dynamic traits are the driving forces of behavior. They define our motivations, interests, and ambitions.
• Surface Traits:
Stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality. Each source trait gives rise to some aspect of behavior.
• Environmental-Mold Traits:
Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions.
• Constitutional Traits:
Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics. These originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate.
Locus of Control:
Locus of Control refers to an individual's perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life.
Internal Locus of Control:
An individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life. For example, students with an internal locus of control might blame poor grades on their failure to study.
External Locus of Control:
A belief that reinforcement is under the control of other people, fate, or luck. Whereas students with an external locus of control may blame an unfair teacher or test for their poor performance.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Language
• Language is defined as the systematic, meaningful
arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for
communication.
3. Vocabulary
• By the age of 15 months, an average child vocabulary
is of 10 words and is methodologically expanding.
• Between 16 and 24 months of age, there is an
explosion of language in which child’s vocabulary
typically increases from 50 to 400 words.
• The increase in vocabulary that comes around 18
months is accompanied by linking together of
individual words into sentences that convey a single
thought.
4. Basic young infant sounds
• Cooing, crying, gurgling & murmuring.
• These sounds though meaningless, play an
important role in linguistic development.
5. Pre-linguistic Communication
• A communication through sounds, facial
expressions, gestures, imitations and other non-
linguistic means.
• Babbling refers to making speech like but
meaningless sounds.
• Starts at 3 months and continues until the age
of one year.
7. Holophrases Telegraphic Speech
One word utterances that stand for a
whole phrase, whose meaning depends on
the particular context in which they are
used.
Speech in which words not critical to the
message are left out.
For example: - Mama, kitty etc. For example: - I want keys
8. Under-extension Over-extension
The overly restrictive use of words,
common among children just mastering
spoken language.
The overly broad use of words,
overgeneralizing their meaning.
Blanket example- ‘blankie’ Motor vehicles example
9. Referential Style Expressive Style
A style of language use in which language
is used primarily to label objects.
A style of language use in which language
is used primarily to express feelings and
needs about oneself and other.
US mothers Japanese mothers
10. Language as an innate skill
• Nativist approach to language: - The theory
that a genetically determined, innate
mechanism directs language development.
• Universal Grammar:- Noam Chomsky’s theory
that all the world’s languages share a similar
underlying structure.
11. Language Acquisition Device
• Also abbreviated as LAD
• LAD is considered a neural system of the brain,
hypothesized to permit a formal understanding
of language.
• It helps in understanding language structure
and provides a set of strategies and techniques
for learning the particular characteristics of
language to which the child is exposed.
