Language is a complex system of communication that humans learn through both innate and environmental factors. It involves using symbols according to a set of rules. Children progress through several stages in acquiring language, starting with babbling and moving to one-word, two-word, and multi-word sentences as their vocabularies and understanding of grammar increase. Theories on language development include nativist, behaviorist, and interactionist perspectives on the roles of biological predisposition, environmental learning, and social interaction.
Language Development, Theories and ComponentsR.A Duhdra
After studying this topic, you can be able to
Describe what is language and how it develops?
Describe different theories regarding the development of language
Explain diverse components involved in the development of language
Describe environmental influence on language
Explain development of language at preschool, kindergarten and at elementary level
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Psycholinguistics and foreign language teaching.Tony Viethao
PG20- topics presented by group 4 with contents:
1, Definitions of linguistics2, Key concepts of psycholinguistics3, First language acquisition (FLA)4, Second language learning ( SLL)5, The similarities & differences between FLA & SLL
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
Language Development, Theories and ComponentsR.A Duhdra
After studying this topic, you can be able to
Describe what is language and how it develops?
Describe different theories regarding the development of language
Explain diverse components involved in the development of language
Describe environmental influence on language
Explain development of language at preschool, kindergarten and at elementary level
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Psycholinguistics and foreign language teaching.Tony Viethao
PG20- topics presented by group 4 with contents:
1, Definitions of linguistics2, Key concepts of psycholinguistics3, First language acquisition (FLA)4, Second language learning ( SLL)5, The similarities & differences between FLA & SLL
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
Language
Language development
Theories of language development
components of language development
influences on language development
Note: All the content is adapted from AIOU Course Code 8610-Human learning and development
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Language
Special form of communication in which
we learn complex rules to manipulate
symbols that can be used to generate an
endless number of meaningful sentences.
Communication
Set of Symbols
Complex Rules
Endless Number of Meaningful Sentences
6. All languages contain….
Phonemes
The smallest units of
sound in a language.
English has about 44
phonemes.
Morphemes
The smallest unit of
meaningful sound.
Can be words like a or
but.
prefixes or
suffixes…”ed” at the
end of a word means
past tense
How many phonemes in cats?
How many morphemes in cats?
How many
phonemes
does platypus
have?
7. Language Structure
Grammar: The rules of
a language.
Semantics - rules by
which we derive meaning
from morphemes, words,
and sentences.
Syntax: the order of
words in a language.
Is this the White
House or the House
White?
8. First Steps to Speech
2
months:
cooing
6
months:
babbling
8 to 11
months:
babbling
includes
intonation
1 year:
first words
appear
9. Language Acquisition
Stages that we learn language…
1. Babbling Stage
make speech sounds both in and out of native
language
First able to discriminate speech sounds
2. Holophrastic Stage/one word
stage
Productive language begins (speaking
meaningful words)
Receptive language (comprehension of
meaning)
3. Telegraphic Stage/two word stage
Grammatically correct 2 word saying
Contains mostly nouns and verbs
Follows rules of syntax
Overgeneralization – extending the
application of a rule to items that are
excluded from it in the language norm
12. Language Development
VIDEO
6 Months
Vocalization with intonation
Responds to human voices
without visual cues by
turning his head and eyes
12 Months
Babies begin to
produce one or two
recognizable words
(esp. content word);
producing single-word
sentences.
18 Months-Video
Has vocabulary of
approximately 5-20 words
13. Language Development
24 Months-video
1) at least 50 different words
2) “telegraphic” sentences
(no function words and
grammatical morphemes)
e.g., “Mommy juice”, “baby fall
down”
3) reflecting the order of the
language
e.g., “kiss baby”, “baby kiss”
4) creatively combining
words
e.g., “more outside”, “all gone
cookie”
14. Language Development
36 Months-Video
Knows chief parts of body
and should be able to
indicate these if not name
Handles three word
sentences easily
About 90% of what child
says should be intelligible
15. Language Development
4 Years
Knows names of familiar animals
Names common objects in picture books or magazines
Knows one or more colors
Often indulges in make-believe
5 Years
Can count to ten
Speech should be completely intelligible, in spite of
articulation problems
Speech on the whole should be grammatically correct
6 Years
Speech should be completely intelligible and socially useful
16. Language Development
7 Years
Should be able to tell time to
quarter hour
Should be able to do simple
reading and to write or print
many words
8 Years
All speech sounds, including
consonant blends should be
established
Should be reading with
considerable ease and now
writing simple compositions
Can carry on conversation at
rather adult level
17. Language in Middle Childhood
Vocabulary continues to increase;
receptive vocabulary is about 40,000
words by age 10
Phonemes mastered and aspects of
intonation better understood
Increases in mastery of grammar and
syntax, along with improvement in
pragmatic skills
Development of metalinguistic
awareness
Increasing sophistication in language play
18. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
Language as a Learned Skill
Learning theory based on behaviorist
theories of learning - operant conditioning,
modeling
Language viewed as behavior learned like
other skills
Parents also provide models of advanced
language that child then imitates
19. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
Language As A Learned Skill
Criticisms of theory:
- parents do not explicitly teach rule systems
- pace of language development difficult to explain
through learning principles
- ignores evidence that humans biologically
predisposed to
detect language stimuli
21. 21
Behaviorism: Say what I say
Skinner: language behavior is the production of
correct responses to stimuli through reinforcement.
Language learning is the result of 1) imitation (word-for-
word repetition), 2) practice (repetitive manipulation of
form), 3) feedback on success (positive reinforcement),
and 4) habit formation.
The quality and quantity of the language that the child
hears, as well as the consistency of the reinforcement
offered by others in the environment, would shape the
child’s language behavior.
22. 22
Behaviorism: Say what I say
Children’s imitations are not random:
Their imitation is selective and based on what they are currently
learning. They choose to imitate something they have already
begun to understand, rather than simply imitating what is available
in the environment.
Children’s practice of new language forms
The way they practice new forms is very similar to the way
foreign language students do substitution drills.
Their practice of language forms is also selective and reflects
what they would like to learn. They are often in charge of the
conversation with adults.
23. Nativist Theory
‘Born to Talk’
Noam Chomsky’s Viewpoints
Language is an innate human
capability- Children are
biologically programmed for
language and language develops
in the child in just the same way
that other biological functions
develop.
24. Nativist Theory
Chomsky’s Viewpoints Cont’d
The environment makes only a basic contribution, that is,
the availability of people who speak to the child.
Therefore, the child’s biological endowment (LAD) will do
the rest.
Children are born with a specific innate ability to discover
for themselves the underlying rules of a language
system on the basis of the samples of a natural
language they are exposed to.
25. 25
Nativism: It’s all in your mind
LAD (an imaginary “black box” existing
somewhere in the brain):
LAD contains the principles which are universal to all
human languages (i.e.. Universal Grammar – UG).
For the LAD to work, children need access only to
samples of a natural language, which serve as a
trigger to activate the device.
Once the LAD is activated, children are able to
discover the structure of the language to be learned
by matching the innate knowledge of basic
grammatical principles (UG) to the structures of the
particular language in the environment.
26. The Nativist Theory
‘Born to Talk’
Specific physical structures in humans
specialized for producing/processing
language
No single organ is LAD
Constellation of several brain areas that
are specialized to process linguistic input
and their connections (Wernicke’s area,
Broca’s area)
27.
28. How Language Works
Left hemisphere – more
verbal side. We literally
speak with half a brain. The
dominant location of
language for more than 95%
of people, including a sizable
majority of left-handers
Right hemisphere –
responsible for the inflection
and overall musical quality
that lend important emphasis
to verbal communication
29. The Nativist Theory
Existence of critical periods for language
development supports nativist position
- children deprived of language have
poorer language skills
- older children and adults have greater
difficulty learning second language
- older children and adults show less
recovery from brain damage affecting
language areas
30. 30
Critical Period: It’s all in your mind
The biological basis for the nativist position:
The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) –
Lenneberg: There is a specific and limited time
period (i.e., “critical period”) for the LAD to work
successfully.
The best evidence for the CPH is that virtually every
child learns language on a similar schedule in spite
of different environments.
31. Critical Periods
Critical Period –
sensitive period for
mastering certain
aspects of language
Children not exposed
to language by age 7
gradually lose ability
to master any
language
Learning a language
as an adult you will
always speak with an
accent
Most easily master
language as a child
32.
33. 33
The Interactionist Position
Piaget: Language is dependent upon and springs from cognitive
development. That is, children’s cognitive development determines
their language development.
(e.g., the use of words as “bigger” or “more” depends on children’s
understanding of the concepts they represent.)
He argued that the developing cognitive understanding is built on
the interaction between the child and the things which can be
observed, touched, and manipulated.
34. 34
The Interactionist Position
Vygotsky: sociocultural theory of human mental processing. He
argued that language develops primarily from social interaction.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD): a level that a child is able to do
when there is support from interaction with a more advanced
interlocutor. That is, a supportive interactive environment enables
children to advance to a higher level of knowledge and performance
than s/he would be able to do independently.
He observed the importance of conversations which children have
with adults and with other children and saw in these conversations
the origins of both language and thought.
35. 35
Connectionism
Though both Nativism and connectionism look at the cognitive
aspect of language acquisition, yet they differ in the following:
Connectionists hypothesize that language acquisition dose
not require a separate “module of the mind” but can be
explained in terms of learning in general.
Connectionists argue that what children need to know is
essentially available in the language they are exposed to.
They attribute greater importance to the role of the
environment than to any innate knowledge in the learner.
video
36. Connectionism
Connectionism views language as a complex system of
units which become interconnected in the mind as they
are encountered together. The more often units are
heard or seen together, the more likely it is that the
presence of one will lead to the activation of the other.
Language acquisition is not just a process of associating
words with elements of external reality. It is also a
process of associating words and phrases with the other
words and phrases that occur with them, or words with
grammatical morphemes that occur with them.
36
37. 37
Childhood bilingualism
“Simultaneous bilinguals”
Children who learn more than one language from
birth.
“Sequential bilinguals”
Children who begin to learn a second language after
they have acquired the first language.
38. 38
Childhood bilingualism
Is it difficult for children to cope with 2 language?
1. There is little support for the myth that learning more than one
language in early childhood slows down the child’s linguistic
development or interferes with cognitive and academic development.
2. Bilingualism can have positive effects on abilities that are related to
academic success, such as metalinguistic awareness.
3. The learning of languages for bilingual children is more related to
the circumstances in which each language is learned than to any
limitation in the human capacity to learn more than one language.
39. 39
Childhood Bilingualism
Language attrition for bilinguals -
“Subtractive bilingualism” (Lambert, 1987)
When children are “submerged” in a second language for long
periods in early schooling, they may begin to lose their native
language before they have developed an age-appropriate
mastery of the second language.
It can have negative consequences for children’s self-esteem.
In some cases, children continue to be caught between two
languages; not having mastered the second language, but not
having continued to develop the first language.
40. Whorf’s Linguistic Determination
Hypothesis
The idea that language
determines the way we
think.
The Hopi tribe has no
past tense in their
language, so Whorf says
they rarely think of the
past.
Underestimates how
much thinking occurs
without language
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the syntax of the English language.
Syntax – in English, adjectives precede nouns
Nouns precede verbs