This document discusses the importance of language and a child's mother tongue in their education and development. It outlines several key points:
1) Developing strong language skills in a child's mother tongue helps develop their identity and leads to better educational outcomes like understanding the curriculum. It also makes learning additional languages easier.
2) Using a child's mother tongue in education improves self-esteem, parent involvement, and academic performance. It allows skills to transfer rather than be re-learned.
3) Mastering the four language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening in one's mother tongue is important for developing communication abilities and logical thinking. It also fosters creativity and knowledge acquisition.
Need, Meaning, Forms, different facets, Link Language of Minorities, Place of English – Recommendations of Eshwar Bhai Patel Committee and Classical Languages
Language across curriculum: Meaning, definition and principles.Hathib KK
Language Across Curriculum- Definition-Significance-what is LAC? What are the principles behind its emergence? What is the role of language teacher and other subject teachers in lac? What is CBI? WHAT IS CONTENT BASED INSTRUCTION (CBI)
?WHAT IS CONTENT INTEGRATED LANGUAGE LEARNING(CILL)?
This document provides information about language and its functions from a presentation given by Aditi Bhushan. It discusses language as a medium for social participation and problem solving. It also outlines the four fundamentals of language as listening, reading, speaking and writing. The document then describes the components of language development, including phonology, semantics, grammar and pragmatics. Finally, it lists several key characteristics of language such as it being a means of communication, arbitrary, a system of symbols, always changing, learnt, follows conventions and evolves, made up of habits, based on common cultural experience, and unique.
The document discusses the education of socially disadvantaged groups in India, specifically scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and women. It provides background on who constitutes socially disadvantaged groups and why their development is important. It outlines challenges faced by scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and women in accessing education. The Indian Constitution includes provisions to promote the education of these groups. The government of India has implemented various schemes and policies like reservations, scholarships, and hostels to improve access to education for socially disadvantaged communities.
The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) is a government of India scheme launched in 2009 to improve access to and quality of secondary education across the country. It aims to increase secondary school enrollment to 75% by 2017 from 52.26% in 2006, improve infrastructure and facilities in all secondary schools, remove barriers to education, and achieve universal retention in secondary education by 2020. Key activities under RMSA include expanding and upgrading secondary schools, increasing teacher numbers, improving science and English education, providing residential schools in tribal areas, and focusing on improving access for disadvantaged groups.
Multilingualism - Meaning, Nature and ScopeSuresh Babu
This document defines and discusses multilingualism. It begins by defining multilingualism as the use of more than one language by an individual or community. It then provides further details on the definition, noting that multilingual individuals are also called multilingual. It also discusses multilingual education. The document then discusses multilingualism in the Indian context, noting that India has over 1700 languages spoken. It also discusses the nature, scope and characteristics of multilingualism.
Policies and programmes of inclusive education.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discusses on what are the policies and programmes helps to combine the special students with main stream of education. It also talks about old to new policies
Need, Meaning, Forms, different facets, Link Language of Minorities, Place of English – Recommendations of Eshwar Bhai Patel Committee and Classical Languages
Language across curriculum: Meaning, definition and principles.Hathib KK
Language Across Curriculum- Definition-Significance-what is LAC? What are the principles behind its emergence? What is the role of language teacher and other subject teachers in lac? What is CBI? WHAT IS CONTENT BASED INSTRUCTION (CBI)
?WHAT IS CONTENT INTEGRATED LANGUAGE LEARNING(CILL)?
This document provides information about language and its functions from a presentation given by Aditi Bhushan. It discusses language as a medium for social participation and problem solving. It also outlines the four fundamentals of language as listening, reading, speaking and writing. The document then describes the components of language development, including phonology, semantics, grammar and pragmatics. Finally, it lists several key characteristics of language such as it being a means of communication, arbitrary, a system of symbols, always changing, learnt, follows conventions and evolves, made up of habits, based on common cultural experience, and unique.
The document discusses the education of socially disadvantaged groups in India, specifically scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and women. It provides background on who constitutes socially disadvantaged groups and why their development is important. It outlines challenges faced by scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and women in accessing education. The Indian Constitution includes provisions to promote the education of these groups. The government of India has implemented various schemes and policies like reservations, scholarships, and hostels to improve access to education for socially disadvantaged communities.
The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) is a government of India scheme launched in 2009 to improve access to and quality of secondary education across the country. It aims to increase secondary school enrollment to 75% by 2017 from 52.26% in 2006, improve infrastructure and facilities in all secondary schools, remove barriers to education, and achieve universal retention in secondary education by 2020. Key activities under RMSA include expanding and upgrading secondary schools, increasing teacher numbers, improving science and English education, providing residential schools in tribal areas, and focusing on improving access for disadvantaged groups.
Multilingualism - Meaning, Nature and ScopeSuresh Babu
This document defines and discusses multilingualism. It begins by defining multilingualism as the use of more than one language by an individual or community. It then provides further details on the definition, noting that multilingual individuals are also called multilingual. It also discusses multilingual education. The document then discusses multilingualism in the Indian context, noting that India has over 1700 languages spoken. It also discusses the nature, scope and characteristics of multilingualism.
Policies and programmes of inclusive education.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discusses on what are the policies and programmes helps to combine the special students with main stream of education. It also talks about old to new policies
A common language is one of the most important features of a community. Language is a means of communication that conveys culture and traditions. It is a social phenomenon that allows people to interact and cooperate. Language is symbolic, systematic, vocal, non-instinctive, and conventional. It is acquired through social learning rather than innate instincts. A first language is acquired naturally as a child, while additional languages are learned later in life, requiring more effort. Understanding students' language backgrounds is important for effective education.
The Kothari Commission of 1964-1966, also known as the Education Commission, was tasked with reviewing India's education system and providing recommendations. The Commission was chaired by Dr. D.S. Kothari and had 17 members including 5 foreign experts. It provided extensive recommendations on reforming curriculum, improving teacher quality, increasing access to education, and making education more relevant to India's needs for national development, social cohesion, and modernization. The Commission's report emphasized that education is the most powerful tool for national development and shaping India's future.
This document discusses learning design, including its concept, types, steps, and qualities. Learning design refers to the sequence of activities and interactions that comprise a student's learning experience. There are several types of learning design models described, including ADDIE, Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction, and ASSURE. The learning design process typically involves 8 steps: introducing the topic, presenting objectives and materials, demonstrating performance, providing practice, giving feedback, assessing performance, and providing reviews and summaries. Good learning design is learner-centric, detailed, passionate about learning, creative, analytical, communicative, technology-savvy, and open-minded.
Programme of Action 1992 by Dr.C.ThanavathiThanavathi C
The document outlines the Programme of Action under the National Policy on Education in India from 1992. It discusses key objectives of correcting social and regional imbalances and empowering women. It covers features like the role of education, establishing a national education structure, providing equal access to education, and programs for scheduled castes, women, tribes, adults, minorities, and primary education. It also discusses vocational education, higher education, technical education, and concludes by comparing India's education system to others.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005) in India. The NCF 2005 aims to provide guidelines for educational experiences and reform the school education system. It advocates for a learner-centered and constructivist approach. It emphasizes the holistic development of the child, connecting knowledge to their life experiences and promoting critical thinking. The NCF 2005 also focuses on multilingual education, making learning engaging, continuous and comprehensive assessment, and increasing community participation in schools.
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 provides guidelines for developing school curricula, textbooks, and teaching practices in India. It was developed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) based on previous government reports and focus group discussions. The NCF 2005 aims to shift learning away from rote memorization and make it more student-centered and connected to life outside of school. It recommends integrating examinations into classroom learning and enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks. Key goals include implementing the three language formula, using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction, developing thinking skills, and incorporating art, health, and peace education into the curriculum.
The document discusses the concept of language and its functions. It defines language and examines its key characteristics such as being social, symbolic, systematic, vocal, conventional, productive, and a means of communication. The document also explores several important functions of language, including communication, transmission of culture, thought, diffusion of knowledge, political cohesion, cultural identity, and facilitating human cooperation and society.
This document discusses curriculum transaction, which involves effectively planning and implementing curriculum contents based on listed aims and objectives, and providing learning experiences for students. It involves clear planning, organization, implementation, review, teamwork, communication, time management, and understanding students. Curriculum transaction is based on factors like social philosophy, national needs, course structure, exams, government, human development theory, and committee recommendations. It requires active contributions from students, teachers, parents, administrators, and writers, and the intended curriculum is transformed through these interactions from its idealized design in actual classrooms.
The three-language formula is a language learning policy formulated by the Indian government in 1968. It aims to promote multilingualism and national harmony. The policy prescribes studying three languages - the regional language or mother tongue as the first language, Hindi or English as the second language, and English or another modern Indian language as the third. While the policy aims to enhance cognitive development and career opportunities, there have been issues in implementation due to lack of resources and reluctance of some states to adopt Hindi. The Indian constitution contains various provisions regarding the official use of languages and promoting linguistic diversity.
The document provides information on the functions of the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET) in Delhi, India.
SCERT is responsible for curriculum development, teacher education programs, and material development for pre-primary and elementary education. It oversees 9 DIETs. DIETs provide in-service training to elementary school teachers and conduct research. Their functions include teacher training, academic support to schools, and action research on education issues in their districts.
Dr. Priti Sonar has extensive educational qualifications and experience in teaching and administration. She has over 14 years of teaching experience and 7 years of administrative experience. She was previously a member of the Board of Studies at SNDT Women's University.
The 1986 National Education Policy aimed to democratize education in India. It recommended reorganizing education into different stages, from early childhood to higher education. Key recommendations included implementing free and compulsory education up to age 14, establishing a national curriculum framework with common core subjects, strengthening vocational education, and improving the quality of higher education through better facilities and research. The policy emphasized removing disparities in access to education for disadvantaged groups and providing opportunities for talented students across India.
Unit VIII Language Policy in Education Dr.C.ThanavathiThanavathi C
1. The document discusses India's language policy during pre-independence and post-independence periods. During British rule, English became the medium of instruction in educational institutions established by Christian missionaries. Various commissions after independence recommended adopting the mother tongue or regional languages as mediums of instruction up to higher secondary levels, with Hindi and English as additional compulsory languages.
2. The Indian Constitution designates Hindi as the official language of the Union, while allowing the continued use of English for official purposes. It also requires states to provide education in mother tongues for linguistic minority groups.
3. The document outlines the views of Tagore, Gandhi, and Vivekananda on medium of instruction. Tagore emphasized mother
A language laboratory is a computer room setup to improve foreign language learning through speaking and listening practice. It contains individual soundproof booths for students, each connected to a console room for the instructor. The instructor can monitor and communicate with students to evaluate their speaking skills and provide feedback as students practice pronunciation by listening to recordings and repeating aloud. While language labs provide benefits like individualized self-paced learning and exposure to native speech, they also have limitations such as not developing reading/writing skills and being difficult to implement in rural areas.
Education of the Marginalized with Special Reference TO IndiaHathib KK
The document discusses the status of women in India over different time periods and the provisions made for their advancement. It notes that during the Vedic age, women were respected but largely restricted to domestic roles and denied some educational opportunities afforded to men. Views differ on their status during the Buddhist era, with some arguing for greater equality but others saying it deteriorated. The medieval Islamic period is regarded as particularly restrictive for women due to practices like purdah that limited their participation. The document goes on to outline affirmative action policies and programs introduced in modern India to promote greater access to education and opportunities for women as a historically marginalized group.
The document discusses India's Three Language Formula policy for promoting multilingualism and national integration. The policy recommends that in Hindi-speaking states, students learn Hindi, English, and one Modern Indian Language. In non-Hindi states, students learn the regional language, Hindi or English, and a Modern Indian Language. There have been implementation issues due to uneven adoption of the 3+1/-1 formula and preference for English. Fully implementing mother tongue education and managing the language load are ongoing challenges. Improving resources for teaching additional languages and making duration requirements consistent could help address non-implementation.
Language plays a crucial role in human thought and culture. It influences what we think, feel and believe. There are approximately 6,000 languages worldwide, with 95% of people speaking just 100 of those, and linguists are concerned about the languages threatened with disappearance. Language serves seven main functions: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, imaginative, heuristic, and informative. It is unique to humans and acquiring it is critical in early childhood. Language both shapes and reflects the culture of its speakers.
The document outlines six methodologies used in a language learning series:
1. The communicative approach focuses on using language for real communication and allows students to practice real-life situations.
2. The natural approach reproduces how a first language is acquired to help students learn unconsciously through meaningful use of language.
3. Task-based learning makes learning more meaningful by having students focus on completing tasks using the target language.
4. Content-based learning teaches topics that interest students to make learning fun while showing how the target language can be useful.
5. Learning through literature exposes students to natural language through stories that are just above their level while developing related language activities.
6. The integrated approach engages
A common language is one of the most important features of a community. Language is a means of communication that conveys culture and traditions. It is a social phenomenon that allows people to interact and cooperate. Language is symbolic, systematic, vocal, non-instinctive, and conventional. It is acquired through social learning rather than innate instincts. A first language is acquired naturally as a child, while additional languages are learned later in life, requiring more effort. Understanding students' language backgrounds is important for effective education.
The Kothari Commission of 1964-1966, also known as the Education Commission, was tasked with reviewing India's education system and providing recommendations. The Commission was chaired by Dr. D.S. Kothari and had 17 members including 5 foreign experts. It provided extensive recommendations on reforming curriculum, improving teacher quality, increasing access to education, and making education more relevant to India's needs for national development, social cohesion, and modernization. The Commission's report emphasized that education is the most powerful tool for national development and shaping India's future.
This document discusses learning design, including its concept, types, steps, and qualities. Learning design refers to the sequence of activities and interactions that comprise a student's learning experience. There are several types of learning design models described, including ADDIE, Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction, and ASSURE. The learning design process typically involves 8 steps: introducing the topic, presenting objectives and materials, demonstrating performance, providing practice, giving feedback, assessing performance, and providing reviews and summaries. Good learning design is learner-centric, detailed, passionate about learning, creative, analytical, communicative, technology-savvy, and open-minded.
Programme of Action 1992 by Dr.C.ThanavathiThanavathi C
The document outlines the Programme of Action under the National Policy on Education in India from 1992. It discusses key objectives of correcting social and regional imbalances and empowering women. It covers features like the role of education, establishing a national education structure, providing equal access to education, and programs for scheduled castes, women, tribes, adults, minorities, and primary education. It also discusses vocational education, higher education, technical education, and concludes by comparing India's education system to others.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005) in India. The NCF 2005 aims to provide guidelines for educational experiences and reform the school education system. It advocates for a learner-centered and constructivist approach. It emphasizes the holistic development of the child, connecting knowledge to their life experiences and promoting critical thinking. The NCF 2005 also focuses on multilingual education, making learning engaging, continuous and comprehensive assessment, and increasing community participation in schools.
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 provides guidelines for developing school curricula, textbooks, and teaching practices in India. It was developed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) based on previous government reports and focus group discussions. The NCF 2005 aims to shift learning away from rote memorization and make it more student-centered and connected to life outside of school. It recommends integrating examinations into classroom learning and enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks. Key goals include implementing the three language formula, using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction, developing thinking skills, and incorporating art, health, and peace education into the curriculum.
The document discusses the concept of language and its functions. It defines language and examines its key characteristics such as being social, symbolic, systematic, vocal, conventional, productive, and a means of communication. The document also explores several important functions of language, including communication, transmission of culture, thought, diffusion of knowledge, political cohesion, cultural identity, and facilitating human cooperation and society.
This document discusses curriculum transaction, which involves effectively planning and implementing curriculum contents based on listed aims and objectives, and providing learning experiences for students. It involves clear planning, organization, implementation, review, teamwork, communication, time management, and understanding students. Curriculum transaction is based on factors like social philosophy, national needs, course structure, exams, government, human development theory, and committee recommendations. It requires active contributions from students, teachers, parents, administrators, and writers, and the intended curriculum is transformed through these interactions from its idealized design in actual classrooms.
The three-language formula is a language learning policy formulated by the Indian government in 1968. It aims to promote multilingualism and national harmony. The policy prescribes studying three languages - the regional language or mother tongue as the first language, Hindi or English as the second language, and English or another modern Indian language as the third. While the policy aims to enhance cognitive development and career opportunities, there have been issues in implementation due to lack of resources and reluctance of some states to adopt Hindi. The Indian constitution contains various provisions regarding the official use of languages and promoting linguistic diversity.
The document provides information on the functions of the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET) in Delhi, India.
SCERT is responsible for curriculum development, teacher education programs, and material development for pre-primary and elementary education. It oversees 9 DIETs. DIETs provide in-service training to elementary school teachers and conduct research. Their functions include teacher training, academic support to schools, and action research on education issues in their districts.
Dr. Priti Sonar has extensive educational qualifications and experience in teaching and administration. She has over 14 years of teaching experience and 7 years of administrative experience. She was previously a member of the Board of Studies at SNDT Women's University.
The 1986 National Education Policy aimed to democratize education in India. It recommended reorganizing education into different stages, from early childhood to higher education. Key recommendations included implementing free and compulsory education up to age 14, establishing a national curriculum framework with common core subjects, strengthening vocational education, and improving the quality of higher education through better facilities and research. The policy emphasized removing disparities in access to education for disadvantaged groups and providing opportunities for talented students across India.
Unit VIII Language Policy in Education Dr.C.ThanavathiThanavathi C
1. The document discusses India's language policy during pre-independence and post-independence periods. During British rule, English became the medium of instruction in educational institutions established by Christian missionaries. Various commissions after independence recommended adopting the mother tongue or regional languages as mediums of instruction up to higher secondary levels, with Hindi and English as additional compulsory languages.
2. The Indian Constitution designates Hindi as the official language of the Union, while allowing the continued use of English for official purposes. It also requires states to provide education in mother tongues for linguistic minority groups.
3. The document outlines the views of Tagore, Gandhi, and Vivekananda on medium of instruction. Tagore emphasized mother
A language laboratory is a computer room setup to improve foreign language learning through speaking and listening practice. It contains individual soundproof booths for students, each connected to a console room for the instructor. The instructor can monitor and communicate with students to evaluate their speaking skills and provide feedback as students practice pronunciation by listening to recordings and repeating aloud. While language labs provide benefits like individualized self-paced learning and exposure to native speech, they also have limitations such as not developing reading/writing skills and being difficult to implement in rural areas.
Education of the Marginalized with Special Reference TO IndiaHathib KK
The document discusses the status of women in India over different time periods and the provisions made for their advancement. It notes that during the Vedic age, women were respected but largely restricted to domestic roles and denied some educational opportunities afforded to men. Views differ on their status during the Buddhist era, with some arguing for greater equality but others saying it deteriorated. The medieval Islamic period is regarded as particularly restrictive for women due to practices like purdah that limited their participation. The document goes on to outline affirmative action policies and programs introduced in modern India to promote greater access to education and opportunities for women as a historically marginalized group.
The document discusses India's Three Language Formula policy for promoting multilingualism and national integration. The policy recommends that in Hindi-speaking states, students learn Hindi, English, and one Modern Indian Language. In non-Hindi states, students learn the regional language, Hindi or English, and a Modern Indian Language. There have been implementation issues due to uneven adoption of the 3+1/-1 formula and preference for English. Fully implementing mother tongue education and managing the language load are ongoing challenges. Improving resources for teaching additional languages and making duration requirements consistent could help address non-implementation.
Language plays a crucial role in human thought and culture. It influences what we think, feel and believe. There are approximately 6,000 languages worldwide, with 95% of people speaking just 100 of those, and linguists are concerned about the languages threatened with disappearance. Language serves seven main functions: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, imaginative, heuristic, and informative. It is unique to humans and acquiring it is critical in early childhood. Language both shapes and reflects the culture of its speakers.
The document outlines six methodologies used in a language learning series:
1. The communicative approach focuses on using language for real communication and allows students to practice real-life situations.
2. The natural approach reproduces how a first language is acquired to help students learn unconsciously through meaningful use of language.
3. Task-based learning makes learning more meaningful by having students focus on completing tasks using the target language.
4. Content-based learning teaches topics that interest students to make learning fun while showing how the target language can be useful.
5. Learning through literature exposes students to natural language through stories that are just above their level while developing related language activities.
6. The integrated approach engages
The document outlines six methodologies used in a language learning series:
1. The communicative approach focuses on using language for real communication and allows students to practice real-life situations.
2. The natural approach replicates how a first language is acquired to help students learn unconsciously through meaningful use of language.
3. Task-based learning makes learning more meaningful by having students focus on completing tasks using the target language.
4. Content-based learning teaches topics that interest students to make learning fun while showing how the target language can be useful.
5. Learning through literature exposes students to natural language through stories that are just above their level while developing related language activities.
6. The integrated approach engages students
This document discusses concepts related to communication and language in learning. It covers Vygotsky's theory of semiotic mediation and internalization, where social interactions become internalized. Effective classroom communication involves assuming positive intent, maintaining a positive attitude, and using "I statements". Language has characteristics like being systematic, arbitrary, and social. It also serves functions like being instrumental, regulatory, and interactional.
This document discusses effective early literacy instruction strategies for English language learners. It outlines key early literacy skills like alphabet knowledge and phonological awareness that ELL students need to acquire. Recommendations include supporting students' native language, providing balanced and meaningful literacy programs, and ensuring instruction is culturally appropriate. Classroom strategies presented focus on interactive storybook reading, games to identify letters, and connecting skills between a student's first and second language. Potential pitfalls for teachers to avoid are mismatched instruction, an imbalanced focus on skills, and a lack of ongoing professional development.
English Pedagogy in One-shot by Himanshi Singh.pdfsalonirajpoot7
The document provides an overview of key concepts in English pedagogy and language teaching, including:
1. It discusses different forms of language like oral, written, and sign language and concepts like phonology, morphology, syntax, and language families.
2. It explains the differences between language acquisition vs learning, and theories around language acquisition by Chomsky, Skinner, Piaget, and Vygotsky.
3. It covers language skills, methods of teaching English like direct method and grammar translation, and concepts like multilingualism, bilingual education, and the three language formula in India.
1) There are several stages of acquiring a first language from birth to age 12, involving babbling, first words, grammar development, and conversational skills.
2) Views of first and second language acquisition include behaviorist, nativist, cognitive-developmental, and social-interactionist perspectives incorporating imitation, practice, motivation, and social relationships.
3) While first and second language acquisition share similarities through practice and imitation, second language learners are more cognitively developed but less immersed than first language learners.
1) There are several stages of acquiring a first language from birth to age 12, involving babbling, first words, word combinations, and developing complexity in phonology, syntax, lexicon, and conversational skills.
2) Views of first and second language acquisition include behaviorist, nativist, cognitive-developmental, and social-interactionist perspectives involving imitation, practice, innate abilities, cognitive development, motivation, and social interactions.
3) While first and second language acquisition share similarities through practice and imitation, second language learners are more cognitively developed but learn in a more decontextualized environment compared to first language learners.
This document provides an overview of psycholinguistics, which studies the relationship between linguistic competence and performance. It discusses key topics including language acquisition theories like behaviorism, innateness, cognition, and input theory. The document outlines typical stages of language acquisition from babbling to telegraphic speech. It also covers bilingualism, second language acquisition, and how sign language is acquired similarly to spoken language.
The document discusses the importance of oral language development for students learning a second language. It notes that for these students, language can act as a barrier to learning if they have poor English skills. As such, teachers need to be aware of the language they use and deliberately create opportunities for students to practice listening and speaking. The document provides strategies for supporting oral language development, such as encouraging conversation, teaching vocabulary, and establishing a literacy-rich classroom environment.
This document discusses various issues and trends related to teaching English as a foreign language. It addresses common problems that can arise, such as learner inhibition, low participation, and lack of motivation. It also explores different methods for teaching second languages to children, such as immersion programs, sign language instruction, and combining language learning with physical actions. The document emphasizes the importance of finding an instructional method that suits each learner's individual needs. It also notes challenges like insufficient time and resources for language teaching in some contexts. Overall, the document provides an overview of current issues, methods, and debates surrounding the field of teaching English as a foreign language.
This document defines key terms related to language teaching and learning:
Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher based on observing child language development. The silent period refers to the early stage of second language acquisition where learners do not speak. Drills involve repetitious exercises to teach and perfect a skill. Phonics teaches reading by associating letters with sounds. An approach establishes effective learning environments for individuals with disabilities or impairments. Multiple intelligences sees intelligence as consisting of distinct capacities rather than a single ability.
This document provides an overview of an online training on supporting communication and language development. It includes:
- An outline of the course units which will cover what communication and language are, how to develop them, creating an enabling environment, and communication difficulties.
- A section defining communication, speech, and language, explaining that communication involves sending and receiving messages through spoken, written, or signed language and non-verbal means.
- An explanation of typical language development from birth to age 5, including the stages of comprehending language, producing first words, combining words, and understanding social rules of communication.
- The importance of early language skills which predict later literacy and academic achievement.
Lecture 5 Language Development in Infancy.pptxUneezaRajpoot
By 15 months, the average child has a vocabulary of 10 words that continues expanding rapidly. Between 16-24 months, vocabulary increases from 50 to 400 words. At around 18 months, children begin linking words together in simple sentences. Early infant sounds like cooing and babbling play an important role in language development before words emerge. A child's first words are usually single "holophrases" that represent whole thoughts. Between ages 1-2, children begin using "telegraphic speech" that leaves out unnecessary words. The document discusses theories of innate and environmental influences on early language acquisition.
This document discusses teaching English in Pakistan. It begins by stating that English has become a global lingua franca and is taught in Pakistan up to the college level. It then defines language and discusses the key components of language including semantics, phonetics, syntax, and morphology. It outlines some of the main functions and aspects of language study such as phonetics, phonology, grammar, and semantics. The document also discusses some of the challenges of teaching English in Pakistan, including psychological factors, outdated textbooks, and the relationship between language learning and the learner. It concludes by outlining some of the objectives of teaching English in Pakistan.
The document discusses mother tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE). It notes that children learn best when instruction is in a language they understand. MTB-MLE is a key feature of the K-12 program in the Philippines, with the goal of preparing students for a changing world through strengthening literacy in their first language. Research shows students develop stronger abilities in other languages when grounded in their mother tongue first. The document advocates for MTB-MLE and maintaining students' various languages.
The document discusses emergent literacy, language, and literacy. It defines emergent literacy as the process where children develop literacy skills from birth to age 6 in informal ways. Key aspects of emergent literacy discussed include: it being child-centered, developing through social environments, involving scaffolding, and including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The document also discusses blended literacy, which integrates technology into the classroom. Examples of emergent literacy activities provided include read alouds, environmental print, centers, writing, and interacting with books. Theories behind emergent literacy mentioned include linguistics, psycholinguistics, information processing, and sociolinguistics.
The document discusses various topics related to intelligence including definitions of intelligence, intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, factors that influence intelligence development, IQ classification, and characteristics of mentally retarded and gifted children. Some key points include:
- Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand complex issues, solve problems, and think rationally. IQ tests measure intelligence relative to others of the same age.
- Factors like heredity, environment, health, socioeconomic status can influence intelligence development.
- IQ ranges include below average (80-95), average (100), and above average (110-120). Mentally retarded children have IQs of 50-70.
- Characteristics of mentally retarded
Similar to Language issues in elementary education in India, Bhutan and Finland (20)
The document outlines the National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education 2009 (NCFTE 2009) in India. It was created by a committee of experts to improve teacher education and prepare ideal, innovative, and caring teachers. The NCFTE 2009 focuses on professionalizing teacher education, preparing teacher educators, promoting research and innovation, and using open and distance learning. It includes 6 chapters that cover the context, concerns, and vision of teacher education; curriculum areas; transacting curriculum and evaluating teachers; continuing professional development; preparing teacher educators; and implementation strategies.
Teaching methods refers to the strategies teachers use to achieve learning objectives and create effective learning environments. These methods are classified into teacher-controlled methods like lectures and demonstrations, learning-controlled methods involving self-study and assignments, and group-controlled methods such as projects, simulations, field trips, and problem-based learning which encourage student collaboration. Effective teaching methods stimulate and guide students towards self-directed learning.
The document outlines the components of a Teacher Education program curriculum. It includes 6 core courses that cover perspectives on education, contemporary issues, learning and teaching, gender issues, knowledge and curriculum, and inclusive schools. It also includes components like language studies, understanding disciplines/subjects, pedagogy courses, assessment, and curriculum studies. Students complete tasks/assignments, school internships, and engage with the field. Courses utilize lecture-discussions, focused readings, observations, seminars, case studies, workshops, and written assignments. Modes of assessment include records of school experiences, seminar presentations, lab journals, teaching observations and evaluations.
Simulated teaching is a teacher training technique used to develop teaching skills in a low-stress environment. In simulated teaching, one student teacher acts as the teacher while other teacher trainers act as students. This allows the student teacher to practice their teaching skills while receiving feedback. The procedure involves assigning roles, planning lessons, and observing teaching sessions. Simulated teaching helps student teachers gain experience handling classroom situations before teaching real students. It improves teaching abilities and self-confidence through practice and feedback.
The document discusses the evolution of teacher education in independent India through various commissions and policies over time. Key commissions and policies that shaped teacher education include the University Education Commission (1948), Secondary Education Commission (1952), Kothari Commission (1964-66), and National Policy on Education (1986). These bodies recommended professionalizing teacher education, expanding training facilities, integrating theory and practice, and establishing national standards for teacher education.
The document discusses several agencies involved in teacher education in India - NCERT, NCTE, DIET, SCERT. It provides details on the objectives, functions and history of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET) and the University Grants Commission's Academic Staff Colleges. The agencies work to conduct research, develop curriculum, provide training and professional development support for teachers across India.
The document outlines the aims and objectives of teacher education programs at various levels. At a primary level, it aims to enable student teachers to manage community resources for schools, impart integrated subjects, develop a holistic understanding of life, and create environmental awareness. At a secondary level, it aims to develop teaching competencies in subjects, integrate educational activities, and sensitize students to life skills topics. Across levels, it aims to provide competent teaching professionals, opportunities for self-reflection and analysis, an understanding of disciplinary knowledge and social realities, and a vision for good teaching.
The document discusses the history and concept of teacher education in India. It outlines that teacher education aims to equip prospective teachers with knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills to perform effectively. It describes teacher education in India progressing from informal training of Brahmins during ancient times, to a more formal monitoring system under Buddhism, and the development of training programs under British rule from the 1800s onward. The document also outlines the 10 competencies model of teacher education promoted by the National Council for Teacher Education in India.
This document discusses professional development of teachers. It begins by defining what it means to be a professional and the meaning of professional development, which can include both formal and informal learning opportunities. Some key qualities of professional teachers are described such as developing student relationships and being lifelong learners. Principles of professionalism in teaching from the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards are outlined. The document then discusses professional ethics for teachers, focusing on qualities like honesty, integrity and treating students with respect. It provides examples of professional ethics codes for teachers related to student welfare, job commitment, continuous learning and healthy relationships. The role of information and communication technology in teacher education is explored, along with innovations like constructivism, blended learning and team teaching.
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The document discusses the importance and uses of information and communication technology (ICT) for effective teaching. It outlines key technological trends transforming communication like the internet, email, and social media. The document also explains how teachers can use ICT tools and skills to enhance their instruction, conduct assessments, and engage in continuous professional development.
The document summarizes the structure of education in India. It outlines the common 10+2+3 pattern of education consisting of primary, secondary, and higher secondary levels. It describes the roles and responsibilities of central and state governments in education. Key organizations that govern education in India include the Ministry of Human Resource Development at the central level, state education ministries, and statutory bodies like the UGC, NCERT, NCTE, NAAC, and DIETs that regulate standards and support education.
The document provides an overview of the history of education in ancient, medieval, and British colonial India. Some key points:
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This document discusses the universalization of elementary education in India. It outlines key efforts by the central and state governments to achieve universal elementary education as mandated by the Indian constitution. Some of the key efforts discussed include the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan launched in 2001 to provide quality elementary education to all children ages 6-14, and the Right to Education Act passed in 2009 to make elementary education a fundamental right for children in that age group. The document also briefly discusses efforts to universalize secondary education for students ages 14-18.
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Types and areas of counseling multicultural counselingDr. Satish Kumar
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Language issues in elementary education in India, Bhutan and Finland
1. Place of language in elementary
school curriculum
Dr. Satish Kumar, Asst. Prof. in Education, School of Education, LPU
satishnurpur.gamil.com +91-7589110552
2. • Meaning:
• Language is a system of symbols with an agreed
upon meaning that is used by a group of people.
• Language is a means of communication ideas or
feelings by the use of conventionalised sounds
and signs, thus, being the spoken and written
language.
• Language is the ability to acquire and use
complex systems of communication, particularly
the human ability to do so and a language is any
specific example of such a system.
• The scientific study of language is called
linguistics.
3. • Owens:
“Language is socially shared code or conventional
system for representing concepts with arbitrary symbols
and the rules governing the combinations of those and
the rules governing the combinations of those
symbols.”
• B. Bloch:
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by
means of which a social group co-operates.”
• Edward Sapir:
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive
method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires
by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”
4. Nature of Language
• Language is systematic
• Language is system of symbols
• Language is meaningful
• Language is arbitrary
• Language is conventional
• Language is creative
• Language is unique
• Language is dynamic
• Rooted in culture
5. Objectives & Importance of Language
• 1) Developing personality:
• Language aids in developing and grooming one’s
personality as a whole. Since learning a language
is part of our knowledge, it becomes one of the
key factors in competitiveness.
• 2) Way of communication:
• Language has become a major tool of
communication between countries, cultural
groups, various companies and organisations,
communities and friends.
6. Objectives & Importance of Language
• 3) Cognitive development:
Language use contributes to a pre-requisite for cognitive
development. Language is the medium for reflecting on
learning, for improving it, for becoming (more or less)
autonomous as learners.
• 4) Different ways to use:
Language develops mainly through its purposeful use
(domains to be broadened) Learning (often) involves
talking, writing, shaping and moving (normally in reaction
to perceptions) Learning often occurs through speaking or
writing as much as through shaping and moving.
7. Objectives & Importance of Language
• 5) Easy social contact:
• It makes social contact easy. Society, as we have
seen, is a web of social relationships which imply
development of social contacts and only language
helping us to do the same.
• 6) Culture carrier:
• Language helps or hinders the spread of culture.
Ideas require language.
8. Objectives & Importance of Language
• 7) Development of civilizations :
• Through language people make progress in the
society and human development can be spread
across the world.
• 8) Medium of growth:
• Language is not merely the medium of instruction
at all levels of education; it is the medium of
growth.
9. Objectives & Importance of Language
• It provides capacity for preservation and
communication of intellectual life.
• At higher level, language provides the medium of
fresh and free thinking and research.
• In education it communicates knowledge and in
general life it is the instrument to pick up
information.
• We need language to learn, to retain and to recall
our knowledge. It is the primary need of the child.
10. Function of a language in curriculum
• 1. Social function
• 2. Develops four skills LSRW( listening, speaking,
reading, writing)
• 3. Cultural function
• 4. Verbal interaction
• 5. The expressive function
• 6. Communicative approach : helps in understanding
phonemes ( pronunciation), morphemes ( spellings )
and grammar.
• 7. Aesthetic aspect: in the form of literature and other
written records for the posterity ( future generation).
11. Function of a language
• Actually, Geoffery Leech( 1974 ). Mentioned
that language has five functions. They are:
• Informational
• Expressive
• Directive
• Aesthetic
• Phatic
12.
13. • Mother Tongue Meaning
• The meaning of mother tongue can often be referred
to as your first language or native language. It is the
language that you most commonly speak.
• The mother tongue meaning for a child involves
more than just language and includes the child’s
personal, social and cultural identity.
• Mother tongue in education refers to when a school
or educational institution integrates the language a
child is most familiar with (their mother tongue) into
the classroom lesson along with the school’s lesson
(such as English). This is normally the language that
the child speaks at home with their family.
14. • Research indicates that having a strong mother tongue foundation
leads to a much better understanding of the curriculum as well as a
more positive attitude towards school, so it’s vital that children
maintain their first language when they begin schooling in a
different language.
• The importance of mother tongue was studied by Professor Jim
Cummins from the University of Toronto in Canada. He explored
why is it so important that parents speak their own mother tongue
to their children.
• His research uncovers the link between a child’s development and
their mother tongue. He found that children who develop skills in
two or even three languages, grow up to have a deeper
understanding of how to form sentences and expressions, making
the use of language as a whole a lot easier.
15. Role of mother tongue in child development
• It’s also well known that a strong mother tongue foundation
equips children with the skills they need to learn additional
languages, allowing them to transfer their understanding of
the structure of language to several new languages. The
intuitive understanding of grammar that develops when
children learn their first language can easily be passed on to
other languages.
• With multilingualism becoming an increasingly sought-after
attribute within the workplace, this advantage cannot be
overstated; globalisation and increased co-operation between
nations mean that, in many organisations, it has become a
requirement to have language skills in addition to being a
specialist within a particular field.
16. Advantages of mother tongue in education
• Mother tongue makes it easier for children to pick up and
learn other languages
• Mother tongue develops a child’s personal, social and
cultural identity
• Using mother tongue helps a child develop their critical
thinking and literacy skills
• Research shows that children learning in mother tongue
adopt a better understanding of the curriculum
• Skills learnt in mother tongue do not have to be re-taught
when the child transfers to a second language
17. Advantages of mother tongue in education
• Children learning in mother tongue enjoy school
more and learn faster due to feeling comfortable
in their environment
• Self-esteem is higher for children learning in
mother tongue
• Parent child interaction increases as the parent can
assist with homework
• Studies show that children that capitalise on
learning through multilingualism enjoy a higher
socioeconomic status earn higher earnings
18. Role of mother tongue in child development
• 1. To Give Command of Language
• The first and foremost aim of teaching mother-tongue is
to help our pupils to say simply and clearly what they
want to say, and write simply and clearly what they want
to write. In other words, mother-tongue teaches them to
express themselves clearly and simply.
• 2. Acquisition of Knowledge.
• Another important aim of teaching mother tongue is to
teach the pupils to read for information and for pleasure.
Mastery of the mother-tongue will cultivate in him the
habit of reading for the acquisition of knowledge.
19. Role of mother tongue in child development
• 3. To bring about mental and emotional development.
• One of the important aims of teaching mother-tongue is to
give our pupils a medium through which they can express
themselves, not only for purpose of day-to-day life. They will
be able to express their feelings, thought and experiences.
This expression may be oral and written.
• 4. To Develop Creative Faculties.
• Developing creative faculties of the pupils is one of the most
significant aims of teaching mother tongue. The pupil has in
his mother-tongue a medium through which he can give
expression, in different directions, to his creative urge.
20. Role of mother tongue in child development
• 5. To give training in logical thought and expression.
• Another important aim is to give pupils training in logical
thought and its expression. This aim is in fact the aim of
all education; but mother-tongue is the m
22. Four skills of language
• Reading, writing, speaking and listening – the
four foundational skills of language learning.
• The skills work in pairs. When you’re reading
or listening, you’re consuming a language.
• However, when you’re writing or speaking,
you’re producing a language.
• Once you’ve mastered these skills, you can
safely say that you’re fluent in that language.
23. Why are the four skills useful?
• In-order to become a well-rounded communicator one
needs to be proficient in each of the four language
skills.
• These four skills give learners opportunities to create
contexts in which to use the language for exchange of
real information, evidence of their own ability (proof of
learning) and, most important, confidence.
• Listening and reading are the receptive skills because
learners do not need to produce language, they receive
and understand it. These skills are sometimes known as
passive skills.
• The productive skills are speaking and writing because
learners are applying these skills in a need to produce
language. They are also known as active skills.
24. Listening
• Listening is a receptive language skill which learners usually find
the most difficult. This often is because they feel under
unnecessary pressure to understand every word.
• The listener has to get oriented to the listening portion and be all
ears. The listener is also required to be attentive.
• Anticipation is a skill to be nurtured in Listening. In everyday life,
the situation, the speaker, and visual clues all help us to decode
oral messages.
• In due course of listening, be in a lookout for the sign post words.
• Thirdly one should be able to concentrate on understanding the
message thoroughly.
25. Listening
• Listening Skills could be enhanced by focusing on making the
students listen to the sounds of that particular language. This
would help them with the right pronunciation of words.
• To equip students with training in listening, one can think about
comprehending speeches of people of different backgrounds and
regions.
• This intensive listening will ultimately help a student to understand
more on the accents to be used and the exact pronunciation of
words.
26. Role of Listening
• To listen , repeat and memorize
• Enable students to do pattern drills, repeat dialogues and imitating
pronunciation patterns.
• It involves understanding a speaker’s accent and pronunciation.
• Enables learners to interact in spoken communication.
• Students with good listening comprehension skills are better able
to participate effectively in class
• According to Nation and Newton “listening is the way of learning
a language”.
27. Types of Listening
Listening and Repeating
• To listen , repeat and memorize
• Enable students to do pattern drills, repeat dialogues and
imitating pronunciation patterns.
Listening and Answering Comprehension Questions.
• With increasing speed and accuracy of recall.
• Can increase students’ stock of vocab units and grammar
constructions.
28. Types of Listening
Task Listening
• Listening and using model.
• Follow directions, complete tasks, solve problem
Interactive Listening
• Develop aural/oral skills in interactive academic
communication.
• Presentation and discussion activities
29. Techniques of developing Listening skills
• Daily listening activities
• The Storytelling Game
• Watch films that model conversation skills.
• Use technology.
• Reinforce active listening.
• Offer group presentations and assignments
• Ask open-ended questions.
30. Speaking skills
• Language is a tool for communication. We communicate
with others, to express our ideas, and to know others’
ideas as well.
• We must take into account that the level of language
input (listening) must be higher than the level of
language production.
• In primary schools elocution and recitation are main
sources to master the sounds, rhythms, and intonation of
the English language through simple reproduction.
31. Speaking skills
• The manifestations of the language in games and pair
work activities are encouraging source to learn to speak
the language.
• This assists the learners to begin to manipulate the
language by presenting them with a certain amount of
choice, albeit within a fairly controlled situation.
• This skill could be improved by understanding linguistic
attributes such as voice quality, volume and tone, voice
modulation, articulation, pronunciation etc. This could
also be further enhanced with the help of debates and
discussions.
32. Types of Speaking skills
• There are three kinds of speaking
• Interactive, ( discussion, dialogue)
• Partially interactive ( Lecture )
• Non-interactive (Sermons and Speeches)
33. Importance of Speaking skills
• Most obvious skill
• Most interactive skill
• Develops understanding through communication
• Develops inter-personal skills (team working)
• One-to-one sessions (personal tutor, doctor, employer
etc.)
• Class group discussions
34. Techniques of developing Speaking skills
• Take every opportunity to speak
• Ask questions
• Use Academic Skills resources (presentation space)
• Observe native speakers
• Repetitive/oral practices
• Ask for clarification
• Communicative teaching
• Content of speaking should be practical and useable in
real life.
• Address both interactive fluency and accuracy.
35. Reading skills
• Reading is the receptive skill in the written mode.
• It can develop independently of listening and speaking
skills
• Reading can help build vocabulary that helps listening
comprehension.
• It helps to develop language intuition in the corrected
form. Then the brain imitates them, producing similar
sentences to express the desired meaning.
• Using skimming or scanning technique to read quickly is
highly effective.
36. Reading skills
• SKIMMING is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over
text with the purpose of getting only the main ideas and a
general overview of the content.
37. Reading skills
A.Skimming is useful in three different situations.
Pre-reading--Skimming is more thorough than simple
previewing and can give a more accurate picture of text to be
read later.
Reviewing--Skimming is useful for reviewing text already read.
Reading--Skimming is most often used for quickly reading
material that, for any number of reasons, does not need more
detailed attention.
38. Reading skills
A.Steps in skimming an article
Read the title--it is the shortest possible summary of the content.
Read the introduction or lead-in paragraph.
Read the first paragraph completely.
If there are subheadings, read each one, looking for relationships among
them.
Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph.
a.The main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first
sentence.
b.If the author's pattern is to begin with a question or
anecdote, you may find the last sentence more valuable.
39. • SCANNING covers a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of
information.
A. Scanning is very useful for finding a specific name, date, statistic, or fact without reading the
entire article.
B. Steps in scanning an article.
Keep in mind at all times what it is you are searching for. If you hold the image of the
word or idea clearly in mind, it is likely to appear more clearly than the surrounding
words.
Anticipate in what form the information is likely to appear-- numbers, proper nouns,
etc.
Analyze the organization of the content before starting to scan.
a. If material is familiar or fairly brief, you may be able to scan the entire article in a
single search.
40. Reading skills
a.If the material is lengthy or difficult, a preliminary
skimming may be necessary to determine which part of the
article to scan.
Let your eyes run rapidly over several lines of print at a time.
When you find the sentence that has the information you seek,
read the entire sentence.
A.In scanning, you must be willing to skip over large sections of text
without reading or understanding them.
41. Reading skills
• While reading underlining of key words is a must.
• Reading Skills help the students grasp the content and
draw conclusions. The students should also make it a
point to familiarize themselves with the new words by
making reading a habit be it reading newspapers, articles,
books, magazines etc
42. Importance of Reading skills
• Informs writing and writing style
• Develops knowledge of language structure
• Develops vocabulary (specific vocab. for subject)
• Essential for research and internet uses
• Most dominant source of knowledge
• Serves as prerequisite of writing a language
43. Techniques for improving Reading skills
• For beginners reading text should be simple in terms of
grammar and vocabulary.
• The text should be relevant to the context, real life and
background knowledge of reader.
• Use reading strategies prediction, Guessing from the
context, skimming and scanning.
• Silent Reading vs. Reading Aloud
• Reading aloud improve pronunciation and silent reading
focus comprehension.
• Practice problem solving skills
• Incorporate more senses
44. Writing skills
• Writing is the productive skill in the written mode.
• It, too, is more complicated , seems to be the hardest of
the skills.
• It involves not just a graphic representation of speech,
but the development and presentation of thoughts in a
structured way.
• Good writing conveys a meaningful message .
• Free writing Vs process writing
• Free for collecting ideas and process for polishing writing
piece.
45. Importance of Writing skills
• Coursework, Exams, Lectures, Tutorials
• Group work
• Presentations
• Main method of assessment
• Strict methods and conventions in academic writing
• Various formats/styles/functions depending on subject
area
• Essential skill for exams
• Expressive functions
46. Techniques for improving Writing skills
• Copying text word for word framing
• Writing what you dictate
• Imitation
• Filling in blanks in sentences or paragraphs
• Taking a paragraph and transforming certain language,
for example changing all verbs and time references to
past tense
• Summarizing a story text, video, or listening clip.
48. Bhutan
• Languages are national resources. Learning different
languages enables children to engage meaningfully with
people of other cultures and languages, and this in turn
enhances their understanding of their own language.
• Children understand that language is a system for
communication of meanings deeply embedded in a culture.
It provides opportunities to children and adults to engage in
real life situations and connect with the wider world. Most
importantly language develops the critical thinking and
reasoning of an individual and as a result enables them to
be lifelong learners.
• National Education Framework 2009
49. • One of the major objectives of language
teaching is to equip learners with the ability to
become literate, and read and write with
understanding.
• Our effort is to sustain and enhance the
degree of multilingualism and the
metalinguistic awareness that children have.
50. Key objectives of school curriculum
• Towards the ideal of enabling all children and
young people in Bhutan to achieve the
maximum benefit from their learning
experience, the school curriculum will seek to
develop and promote among learners the
following:
• Language abilities (listening, speaking, reading
and writing) and communication skills needed
for social living and further learning;
51. • Mathematical abilities to develop a logical
mind and enable learners to perform
mathematical operations and their application
in everyday life;
• Scientific temper characterised by spirit of
enquiry, courage to question, objectivity,
divergent and independent thinking, and
knowledge of scientific methods of enquiry
and its use in solving problems;
55. • India has,now, 23 constitutionally recognized
official languages. And there are several
hundreds of language varieties in India. Hindi is
the most spoken language in India, while
English, too, has a very strong hold in this
country.
• Census of India of 2001 says that India has
122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
57. • In1952, Muthaliyar Commission,
recommended Three Language
Formula which stated that mother
tongue should be taught at primary
stage and English and Hindi should
be introduced later.
58. • In 1966, Kothari Commission put
forth a revised or modified Three
Language Formula which stated that
along with Mother tongue English and
Hindi should be taught at non-Hindi
states while instead of Hindi, any other
modern South Indian language should
be taught at Hindi speaking states.
59. Most of the
Hindi Speaking
statesis, now,
following Hindi,
English and
Sanskrit
formula
Some non-Hindi
speaking states
like Tamil Nadu
a two language
formula i.e.
Mother tongue
and English
Thestateslike
Orissa, West
Bengal, and
Maharashtra still
follows the real
threelanguage
formula i.e. Hindi
+ English+a
modern south
Indian language
ThePresent Status of Three
Language Formula
60. It offers multi lingual capacity
It facilitates learning of national
language
It facilitates learning of
International Language
It promotes national integration
Learning of mother tongue
helps in cultural preservation
Learning of English provides
global identity
Learning of Hindi widens
opportunities
Learning of mother tongue
facilitates expression of ideas
Merits and Demerits of Three
Language Formula
It often creates administrative
confusion
The south Indian people feel
that Hindi is imposed on them.
It often becomes a burden for
children tolearn three
languages together before
mastering the mother tongue.
Merits Merits
62. Population of Finland
54, 58, 123, (2014 Apr. 22)
First language:
• 89 % Finnish
• 5,4 % Swedish
• 1.2 % Russian
• 4.1% Other
63. The Constitution of Finland
• Section 17 – Right to one's language and culture
The national languages of Finland are Finnish and
Swedish. The right of everyone to use his or her own
language, either Finnish or Swedish, before courts of
law and other authorities, and to receive official
documents in that language, shall be guaranteed by an
Act.
The public authorities shall provide for the cultural and
societal needs of the Finnish-speaking and Swedish-
speaking populations of the country on an equal
basis…
64. Basic Education Act
• Section 11 Content of education
The basic education syllabus shall contain the
following core subjects:
Mother tongue and literature, the second
national language, foreign languages,
environmental studies, health education, religious
education or ethics, history, social studies,
mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology,
geography, physical education, music, art, crafts,
and home economics.
66. • Besides their mother tongue, all pupils have to
choose one language for at least 7 grades
(”A1/NN”) and one at least for 3 grades (”B1”).
• One of these languages has to be the second
national language (Swedish or Finnish) and the
other a foreign language (typically English).
• In addition the school can offer different foreign
languages on a voluntary bases (“A2”/”B2”)
typically: German, French, Spanish, Russian.