This document discusses different bioprocess cultivation systems and operation modes. It covers two-phase and three-phase cultivation systems, as well as free and immobilized cell systems. Batch, fed-batch, and continuous cultivation modes are described in detail. Specific topics covered include microbial growth curves, factors affecting lag phase, kinetics of exponential and stationary phases, and product formation under different operation modes. Advantages of fed-batch cultivation like avoiding inhibition and catabolite repression are highlighted. High cell density cultivation using exponential feeding strategies is also summarized.