This document provides an overview of medium formulation for microbial growth. It discusses the basic requirements including carbon, nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources. Key factors that affect medium design are described such as pH, temperature, oxidation-reduction potential and water activity. The document outlines different types of media including defined, complex, and industrial formulations. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive overview of the nutrients, environmental conditions, and considerations for optimizing microbial growth media.
The term “fermentation” is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, thus describing the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain. The boiling appearance is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract. However, fermentation has come to have different meanings to biochemists and to industrial microbiologists. Its biochemical meaning relates to the generation of energy by the catabolism of organic compounds, whereas its meaning in industrial microbiology tends to be much broader. Fermentation is a word that has many meanings for the microbiologist: 1 Any process involving the mass culture of microorganisims, either aerobic or anaerobic. 2 Any biological process that occurs in the absence of O2. 3 Food spoilage. 4 The production of
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
The term “fermentation” is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, thus describing the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain. The boiling appearance is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract. However, fermentation has come to have different meanings to biochemists and to industrial microbiologists. Its biochemical meaning relates to the generation of energy by the catabolism of organic compounds, whereas its meaning in industrial microbiology tends to be much broader. Fermentation is a word that has many meanings for the microbiologist: 1 Any process involving the mass culture of microorganisims, either aerobic or anaerobic. 2 Any biological process that occurs in the absence of O2. 3 Food spoilage. 4 The production of
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
How to produce enzyme based products at home: cleaning & Personal careMurray Hunter
The production of enzyme based products in Thailand & emerging cosmetic & personal care industry. Presented to the IAB WOMEN IN SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH, BEAUTY AND AGEING
7-8 MAY 2012
Production of secondary metabolites : enzymes which involves the upstream technological process
Introduction
History
Process involved
Contribution of different micro-organisms
Flowchart
Example: Methods Production of Amyalse in industrial view
Use of microbes in industry. Production of enzymes-General consideration-Amyl...Steffi Thomas
Industrial uses of microbes, properties of useful industrial microbes, various industrial products, production of enzymes-general consideration-amylase, catalase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, penicillinase, procedure for culturing bacteria and inoculum preparation, submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, uses of different enzymes
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
How to produce enzyme based products at home: cleaning & Personal careMurray Hunter
The production of enzyme based products in Thailand & emerging cosmetic & personal care industry. Presented to the IAB WOMEN IN SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH, BEAUTY AND AGEING
7-8 MAY 2012
Production of secondary metabolites : enzymes which involves the upstream technological process
Introduction
History
Process involved
Contribution of different micro-organisms
Flowchart
Example: Methods Production of Amyalse in industrial view
Since 1957, Lord was involved in swiflet research. Till todate, more of his works has not been shared. This is the opportunity for those interested to share his works...
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU SirKAUSHAL SAHU
METABOLITES : Introduction . . .
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively called as phytochemicals.
Primary metabolites – participating in nutrition and metabolic processes inside the plant.
Secondary metabolites – those chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants but influencing the
ecological interactions between the plant and its environment.
Media is one of the important components for in vitro cultivation of animal cells. Every animal cells have specific requirements and media are designed by keeping in mind those requirements. However, the basic components and design principle remains the same. Every cell culture media contain carbon source, nitrogen source, trace elements, pH indicator, antibiotics ( although it is not recommended) for high value cell culture applications. While designing media various aspects are considered such as availability, cost effectiveness, types off cells to be grown and regulatory requirements. Tis slide also contains sample MCQs questions
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Overview
Medium Formulation SURVIVAL
ENZYMES
(limited)
supplies METABOLITES
of substrate Catabolism
Anabolism
Biosynthesis
Transport
Prof. S.T. Yang
Dept. Chemical & Biomolecular Eng. REPRODUCTION
The Ohio State University environment
Basic knowledge Basic knowledge (cont’d)
Must satisfy the elemental requirements for Might affect final fermentation products
cell growth and metabolites production
Need to consider broth rheology:
Adequate supply of energy for biosynthesis
and cell maintenance Affect oxygen transfer
Optimal compositions might differ greatly Power consumption
depending on the aims:
Foaming – need anti-foaming agent?
cell growth vs. metabolites production
Sporulation vs. fermentation (in molds and Impurity – inhibition or toxic? affecting
Acetomyces) product recovery / purification?
1
2. Type of Medium Medium Formulation
Defined Substrates
Pure chemical components known in exact amount Cheap
Expensive Available in large quantity
Mostly for research studies Easy to handling
Complex (Undefined) Meet nutrient requirements
Natural substrates Non-toxic
Unknown composition
Buffer capability
Contains necessary growth factors
Ex: corn starch, molasses, whey, soybean meals
Less expensive
Medium Formulation (cont’d) Medium Formulation (cont’d)
Nutrient Supplements Inducers
Supplement to the substrate For induced enzymes
Ex: methanol for citric acid (help product diffuse
Corn steep liquor, malt extract, yeast extract, out of cell)
casein hydrolysate, etc.
Inhibitors
Minerals and Salts To accumulate the metabolic intermediate
Buffers: Ex: glycerol
Calcium carbonate, phosphate Precursors:
Directly incorporated into the desired products
Proteins, peptides, amino acids and salts
Ex: Penicillin
2
3. Industrial Media Nutrient Requirements
Carbohydrate Nitrogen
o Glucose: - Glucose monohydrate Barley Basic Growth:
- Hydrolysed starch Beet molases Water
o Lactose: - Pure lactose Corn-steep liquor
- Whey Oat flour
Energy source
o Starch: - Barley Pharma media Carbon source
- Groundnut meal Rye flour Nitrogen source (10% – 14% of cell weight)
- Oat flour Soybean meal
- Rye flour Whey powder
Minerals
- Soybean meal
o Sucrose: - Beet molasses
Others:
- Cane molasses Growth factors; i.e. amino acids and vitamins
- Crude brown sugar
- Pure white sugar
Oxygen for aerobic growth
Energy Sources Carbon Sources
Phototrophs: Heterotrophs:
Energy from light Carbon for oxidation
Use light for ATP formation Mostly carbohydrates (molasses, starch)
e.g. Photosynthetic bacteria Can be lipids or proteins
Chemotrophs: Autotrophs:
Energy from oxidation of medium components: CO2 as carbon source
Two classes: Phototrophs:
Autotrophs: from inorganic compounds CO2 as carbon source
Heterotrophs: from organic compounds
3
4. Nitrogen Sources
Nitrogen for amino acids, purines, pyrimidines
and vitamins
Most microorganisms can metabolize
inorganic nitrogen, i.e. ammonia or
ammonium salts
But might grow faster with organic nitrogen
Some require organic nitrogen
Organic nitrogen compounds:
Yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, tryptophan, peptone, corn
steep liquor, soybean meal
Mineral sources Trace metals
Need to be added as distinct components Essential - act as cofactors for enzymes
Phosphorous for ATP: phosphate (as buffer) Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co),
Sulfur: sulfate, H2S, cystein Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum
Magnesium: MgSO4 (Mo)
Potassium: KH2PO4, K2HPO4 (as buffer) Some require Selenium (Se) and Nickel (Ni)
Calcium: CaCl2, CaSO4
Sodium: NaCl (halophilic bacteria) Present as impurities in major ingredients
Chloride: NaCl (halophilic bacteria) Some present in (tap) water
4
5. Growth Factors Auxotrophy
Vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids Auxotrophs
Cannot be synthesized by some cells Lack of one or more biosynthetic pathway
Need to be supplied from growth medium Inability to synthesize some organic compounds
Prototrophs
Ability to synthesize all the needed organic
OXYGEN
compounds from C sources and salts.
From O2 or air e.g. E. coli
Act as electron receptor (for aerobic) Fastidious Auxotrophs
20% of cell dry weight
Environmental Factors Environmental Factors (cont’d)
pH
Temperature
Acidophiles: pH 2 – 5.5
Mesophiles: 25 – 40 ˚C; optimum: 30 – 37 ˚C
fungi
Psychrophiles: -5 – 35 ˚C; optimum: 15 – 20 ˚C
Thermophiles: 40 – 75 ˚C; optimum: 45 – 60 ˚C Alkalophiles: pH 9 - 12
Extremophiles: 60 – 110 ˚C Neutrophiles: pH 5.5 – 8
Gaseous Requirement (free oxygen) Most bacteria
Aerobic (e.g. molds) Optimum 6.5 – 7.5
Anaerobic (e.g., methanogens) Osmolality (Tonicity)
Facultative anaerobic (can grow under both aerobic and
Osmotic pressure, π = RT(W/Mw) = RTC
anaerobic conditions; E. coli, LAB, Yeasts, etc.)
5
6. Environmental Factors (cont’d) Environmental Factors (cont’d)
Water activity (aw)
Amount of free water in the system
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential (Eh)
Aw = Ps / Pw The tendency of a solution to give or take up e-
Ps = vapor pressure of water in solution
Pw = vapor pressure of pure water a (oxidant ) + bH + + ne − ⇔ c(reductant)
Aw = MW / (Ms + MW )
Mw = molar concentration of water (55 M) E h = E0 +
RT [oxidant ] H +
ln
a
[ ]b
Ms = molar concentration of solute nF [reductant ]c
Bacteria: > 0.9, G(-) > G(+); F: Faraday quantity of electricity
Yeasts: 0.88
Molds: 0.8
halophilic bacteria (~0.75); xerophilic fungi (~0.65); osmophilic
Aerobe: (+) mV of Eh
bacteria (~0.60) Anaerobe: (-) mV of Eh
Environmental Factors (cont’d)
Ionic Strength (I)
1 mi: molal concentration of ion I
I= Σm i z i
2
Zi: charge
2
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
1
I= ( m + + mCl − ) = m NaCl
2 Na
6