This document discusses various types of bioreactors and their key properties and design considerations. It covers topics like:
1) Desirable properties of bioreactors include simplicity of design, continuous operation, large number of organisms, and uniform distributions of oxygen and microorganisms.
2) Common bioreactor types include stirred tank, airlift, packed bed, and immobilized cell bioreactors.
3) Important design considerations for bioreactors include agitation and mixing, aeration, mass transfer, power requirements, and fluid rheology which can be Newtonian or non-Newtonian.
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
Process scale-up is a critical activity that enables a fermentation process achieved in research and development to operate at a commercially viable scale for manufacturing.
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
This presentation provides an overview of different types of bioreactors used in various industries. Explore the following bioreactor types:
Stirred Tank Bioreactor: Versatile and widely used for efficient mixing and oxygen transfer in microbial cultures and large-scale production.
Airlift Bioreactor: Ideal for gentle mixing in shear-sensitive and mammalian cell cultures using gas injection.
Fluidized Bed Bioreactor: Offers a large surface area for cell attachment, suitable for immobilized cell cultures or biofilm formation.
Packed Bed Bioreactor: Supports high-density cell growth, commonly employed in wastewater treatment and biofiltration processes.
Membrane Bioreactor: Combines biological treatment with membrane filtration for effective contaminant removal in wastewater treatment applications.
Photobioreactor: Utilizes light to promote photosynthetic growth, commonly used for cultivating photosynthetic organisms.
Discover the unique features and applications of each bioreactor type in this informative presentation.
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1. Desirable properties of
bioreactors
Bioreactor Simplicity of design
Continuous operation w/ narrow distribution time
Large number of organisms per unit volume
Prof. S.T. Yang Uniform distributions of microorganisms
Dept. Chemical & Biomolecular Eng. Simple and effective oxygen supply
The Ohio State University Low energy requirement
Uniform distribution of energy
Bioreactor design Stirred tank bioreactor
Types of bioreactors
Agitation and Mixing
Aeration
Immobilized cell
bioreactors
1
2. Air-lift and bubble-column
bioreactors Membrane bioreactors
Typical membrane bioreactors for biological wastewater treatment
Immobilized cell bioreactors Bioreactors for cell culture
Stirred Tank Packed Bed Fluidized Bed Air-lift
Bioreactor Bioreactor Bioreactor Bioreactor
Gas outlet
Immobilized Products Products
Feed
cells
Bubble
Stirred tank bioreactor
Air-lift bioreactor
Draft tube Packed bed bioreactor
Hollow fiber bioreactor
Products Feed Feed Rotating wall bioreactor
Air Sparger
2
3. Solid State Fermentation
Bioreactors Photobioreactors
Water spray
Tray reactor
Air Exhaust
supply
Fountain height
Bed height
PlaFractor™ stacks fermenter Rotating Drum Spouted bed
Microbioreactors Other Bioreactors?
3
4. Stirred Tank Bioreactor Agitation / Mixing
Agitation and Mixing Keep the cells in suspension
Impeller design Increase homogeneity (pH, Temp, Conc…)
Mixing time
Disperse air bubbles
Power consumption
Increase mass transfer efficiency
Mass transfer coefficient
Aeration
Types of impellers Fluid Movement
4
5. Flow Patterns with aeration Mixing with aeration
Geometry of a standard stirred tank fermentor
Design considerations
Agitation power consumption
Aeration determination of kla
Mass transfer correlation
5
7. Non-Newtonian fluid Non-Newtonian fluid
For aerated system, the power requirement is τ0 = 0 (power-law fluid)
less due to decrease in density
τ = τ 0 + κ (γ ) n τ = (κ ⋅ γ n −1 ) ⋅ γ = η a ⋅ γ
τ = shear stress = F/A (g/cm2-sec2) ηa = apparent viscosity (time dependent)
τ0 = yield stress = F/A (g/cm2-sec2)
γ = shear rate n>1 dilatant fluid
κ = consistency coefficient n=1 Newtonian fluid
N = flow behavior index n<1 pseudoplastic fluid
Power requirement for
Non-Newtonian fluid agitation
τ0 ≠ 0 Newtonian fluid:
Non-gassed system
τ = (τ 0 ⋅ γ n −1
+ κ ⋅γ n −1
) ⋅γ Gassed system
Multiple impeller fermenter
n=1 τ > τ0 Bingham plastic fluid
Non-Newtonian fluid:
Non-gassed system
1 1 1 Gassed system
Casson body fluid: τ 2
=τ0 2 + κc ⋅γ 2
7
8. Agitation – Power number Agitation – Reynolds number
Non-gassed, Newtonian fluid Non-gassed, Newtonian fluid
P⋅g ρ l ⋅ N i ⋅ Di 2
Pno = Re i =
ρ l N i 3 Di 5 μl
Pno = power number = external force / inertial force Rei = Reynolds number = inertial force / viscous force
P = Power (g cm/sec) ρl = density of the fluid (g/cm3)
g = Newton’s law conversion favtor (cm/sec2) Ni = rotational speed (sec-1)
ρl = density of the fluid (g/cm3) Di = impeller diameter (cm)
Ni = rotational speed (sec-1) μl= viscosity (g/cm-sec)
Di = impeller diameter (cm)
Power Number vs. Re Correlation
In the turbulent regime: Pno = constant
Pno ∝ N i Di
3 5
1
In the laminar flow: Pno ∝
Re i
Pno ∝ N i Di
2 3
The proportionality constant in each case depends
on the impeller geometry (shape factor)
8
9. Simultaneous aeration &
agitation
For aerated system, the power requirement is less due to
decrease in density
2
Fg Fg Di
Na = 3
=
N i Di N i Di
Na = aeration number = superficial gas velocity ÷ impeller top velocity
Pa = Power requirement for aerated system
P = Power requirement for non-aerated system
Power in multiple impeller
fermenter Gassed Power Consumption
Di < Hi < 2 Di Michel and Miller empirical equation
Valid for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid
Independent of the impeller Reynolds number
HL H L − 2 Di H − Di
<N< L
Hi Di Di 3
P 2 N i Di
Pno = c ⋅ ( 0.56 ) 0.45
Di Pno α N (# of impellers)
Fg
9
10. Non-Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid
non-gassed system gassed system
Modified Reynolds Number
2−n Valid for the turbulent flow region
D ⋅ Ni ⋅ ρl ⎛ n ⎞
2 n
Re i ' = i ⎜ ⎟
0.1 ⋅ K ⎝ 6n + 2 ⎠ 3
P 2 N iDi
In fermentation, K and n change with Pno = c ⋅ ( 0 . 56 ) 0 . 45
Fg
concentration of macromolecules and time
K = a [P]b
ln K = c + dn
10