The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also discusses added impurities from sizing agents used in weaving. The purpose of preparatory processes is to remove impurities from cotton to impart desirable properties. Desizing is the process of removing size, which facilitates further processing by making starch water soluble through hydrolysis, oxidation, or enzymatic reactions. Common desizing methods include acid desizing, enzyme desizing, and oxidative desizing.

1. Composition of cotton Natural impurities 8.0 Moisture 1.0 Mineral Matter 0.5 Colouring matter 1.1 Proteins 0.7 Pectins 0.5 Oils and Waxes 88 Cellulose % Constituent

2. Fats and Waxes These are Readily saponifiable triglycerides of fatty acids Waxes which are saponified with difficulty Free fatty acids Traces of soaps Free fatty acids and fatty alcohols identified in cotton are

3. Fats and Waxes Fatty acids Stearic acid Palmitic acid Oleic acid Fatty alcohols Gossipyl alcohol (C30H61OH) Ceryl alcohol (C26H53OH) Montanyl alcohol (C28H57OH)

4. Pectins Derivatives of pectic acid Polymer of high molecular weight Composed of Galactouronic acid Some COOH groups are present as Ca and Mg salts Free acid and Ca and Mg salts are insoluble in water

5. Proteins Nitrogenous compounds Present in primary wall and Lumen Some of the amino acids identified are Leucine Valine Proline, Alanine etc. Yellowish (Creamish) colour of cotton is related to Proteins and Colouring matter

6. Colouring matter Colour pigments present are 3,5,7,2’, 4’ Penta hydroxy flavone (Morrin) 3,5,7,8,3’,4’ Hexa hydroxy flavone (Gossypetine)

7. Mineral Matter Depends on soil composition Can be determined by ash analysis 5.0 Aluminium oxide 3.0 Ferric oxide 8.4 Magnesium sulphate 10.3 Calcium carbonte 9.0 Calcium sulphate 9.3 Potassium sulphate 9.9 Potassium chloride 44.8 Potassium carbonate

8. Added Impurities Sizing agents: Agents used to give protective coating to warp threads Minimize the breaking of warp threads during weaving Improve weaving productvity. The operation is known as sizing. Starch is one of the most important sizing agent for cotton

9. Purpose Purpose To remove added and natural impurities from textile material Removal impurities to the maximum extent possible with minimum effect on fibre strength. To impart desirable properties to textile material

10. Principle of preparatory processes The impurity is insoluble in water Conversion of water insoluble impurity to its water soluble form. Chemical reactions involved (Cotton) Hydrolysis Oxidation The choice of chemicals depends on chemical nature of impurity.

11. Desizing Process of removal of size is known as desizing Facilitates penetration of chemicals and dyes applied during subsequent processing operations Starch is the main ingredient for sizing of cotton warp Chemically starch is Chemically it is Amylose: Linear polymer of low mol. Wt. Amylopectin: High molecular wt. Branched polymer Water insoluble

12. Amylopectin

13. Desizing methods Starch solubilization Hydrolysis

14. Oxidation

15. Ref: http://www3.itv-denkendorf.de/itv2/downloads/d0003602/WG3BarcPosner.pdf

16. Hydrolytic desizing Rot steeping Acid Desizing Enzyme Desizing

17. Acid desizing Treatment with sulphuric or hydrocjloric acid (5-10 g/l) Room temperature 3-4 hours Hydrolysis of starch with the formation of small water soluble polymer chain segments. Precautions Cloth should be totally submerged in the acid solution Danger of cotton degradation at the dried portions due to increase in acid concentration Higher temperature increases the rate of starch hydrolysis Chances of cotton degradation also increase After desizing wash and neutralize to remove acid completely Advantages Economical method provided precautions are taken to prevent fibre degradation Also removes mineral matters.

18. Enzyme Desizing Enzymes Proteins of high molecular weight. Catalyse the specific reaction Also known as biocatalyst Specific in reaction Active under narrow temperature and pH conditions Nomeclature according to substrate attacked Protein Protease Cellulose Cellulase Amylose Amylase

19. Types of enzymes Malt Enzymes Obtained from fermentation of barley (Grain) Pancreatic enzymes Obtained from pancreas (Digestive glands) of slaughtered animals Malt and pancreatic enzyme composition is not easily controlled Limited use on industrial scale desizing Bacterial enzymes Prepared from the growth of microorganisms under controlled conditions. Used on industrial scale

20. Application conditions 60-70 5-7 Bacterial 40-55 6.8-7 Pancreatic 55-65 4.6-5.2 Malt Temp. Deg.C pH Enzyme

21. Enzyme desizing process In textile industry enzymes desizing was first used in 1857. cloth was steeped for several hours in water containing Barley 1n 1900 Malt enzyme In 1912 Bacterial enzymes were introduced Presently bacterial enzymes are most popular Some bacterial enzymes are stable upto 100 deg.C

22. Industrial methods Fabric form Rope Open width Processes Batch wise Semi continuous Continuous

23. Equipments Batch wise operation Fabric in rope form Kier Fabric in open width form Jigger Semi continous Pad – batch Saturate-Store in a pit or wagan Continuous Pad-steam-Wash Pad-Store in J box-Wash

24. Fabric in open width form

25. Continuous desizing in J-Box