The document provides background information on reducing processing steps, time, energy, chemicals and cost in textile wet processing. The objectives are to reduce steps by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) instead of desizing agents to achieve desizing effect, while obtaining high quality products. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and objectives. Chapter 2 will discuss literature on combining desizing, scouring and bleaching effects with H2O2.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
Environment impact assessment of textile industry Ekta161367
Environment impact assessment of textile industry
Introduction
History of Textiles Industry
Structure of textile Industry
Stages in Textile Manufacturing process Environment Impact Assessment .
The Impact of Textile and clothing Industry on Environment Conclusion References. .
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
Environment impact assessment of textile industry Ekta161367
Environment impact assessment of textile industry
Introduction
History of Textiles Industry
Structure of textile Industry
Stages in Textile Manufacturing process Environment Impact Assessment .
The Impact of Textile and clothing Industry on Environment Conclusion References. .
Ecofriendly technology for textile industry preranawagh1
ecofriendly technology for our textile industry. this is most important aspect for our new technology. we should influence people for ecofriendly technology.
Eco friendly technology for textile industrypreranawagh1
we should use ecofriendly technology for our textile industry as we know that textile industry is most polluted industry now. our small initial step towards Eco techniques can make biggest difference towards healthy and pure environment. give your little help for save earth, save life. i hope this presentation can influence people to move towards ecofriendly technology
Recycling of textile waste products on different process.Rajib Mia
Study On-Recycling of textile waste products on different process.
Presentation on -garments waste product re-use. Recycling is a process in which waste materials are treated in a way that they can be used again. Processes Of Recycling : Collection The first step required for recycling is collecting recyclable materials from communities. Families who recycle items such as paper, bottles and cans, place the items in recycling collection bins. These bins usually have the recycling symbol on them.
Lecture presented at Introduction of Textiles course held among ITEX CAIRO 2020 activities. ITEX CAIRO is the leading textiles digital printing event in Egypt.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
Presentation on Process, pollution & pollution control in textile. Different types of process in textile and by this process how the environment are polluted is described by the presentation.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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3. Introduction
Background:
Woven fabrics have a very wide range of applications, starting from
everyday clothing, through protective and work clothing, decorative and
furniture fabrics, up to technical textiles. Such a wide range of application
depends on their performance, appearance and above all cost. Cost is main
fact during the selection of textile product. At present lots of textile
industries competed with each other by giving low price with high quality.
In textile industries maximum cost goes on energy cost after raw material.
Moreover, our country at present is unable to give sufficient amount of
energy to fulfill the demand of the textile industries. As a result they often
have to set up energy plant by their own cost which increases their
processing cost. For this reason our country sometimes fall behind to other
country like China according to cost and quality. Our focus of this project
is to reduce processing steps, energy, water, time and different types of
chemicals.
4. Objetives:
To reduce processing steps.
To reduce time, energy, different types of chemicals
& cost.
To get desized effect by using H2O2 instead to using
desizing agent(enzyme).
To get high quality of desired final product.
6. Literature review
Introduction
Comprehensive literature reviews of the investigation of
combined desizing, scouring, bleaching effect with H2O2
would be discussed in this chapter.
Desizing, Scouring and Bleaching are frequently undertakes
as three separate steps in preparatory stages of Textile Wet
Processing. Though chemical substitution and process
optimization, it is possible to combine two or three steps of the
processing, thereby reducing water and energy consumption
as well as shortening the process time. As combine bath
requires higher amount of H2O2, the overall processing
sequence generates less effluent harmful to environment.
7. Understanding Desizing, Scouring,
Bleaching and Combine bath
Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing sizing materials from
the fabric, which is applied in order to increase the
strength of the yarn which can withstand with the
friction of loom. Fabric which has not been desized is
very stiff and causes difficulty in its treatment with
different solution in subsequent processes. After singeing
operation the sizing material is removed by making it
water soluble and washing it with warm water. Desizing
can be done by either the hydrolytic method (rot steep,
acid steep, enzymatic steep) or the oxidative method
8. Objectives :
1. To remove the starch material from the fabric.
2. To increase the absorbency power of the fabric.
3. To increase the affinity of the fabric to the dry chemicals.
4. To make the fabric suitable for the next process.
5. To increase the luster of the fabric increase of dyeing and
printing.
9. Scouring
Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric
to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities from the fibers
and any added soiling or dirt. Scouring is usually carried in iron
vessels called kiers. The fabric is boiled in an alkali, which forms a
soap with free fatty acids. A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution
of sodium hydroxide can be boiled under pressure, excluding
oxygen which would degrade the cellulose in the fiber. If the
appropriate reagents are used, scouring will also remove size from
the fabric although desizing often precedes scouring and is
considered to be a separate process known as fabric preparation.
Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other
finishing processes. At this stage even the most naturally white
cotton fibers are yellowish, and bleaching, the next process, is
required.
10. Objects
To remove impurities such as oils, waxes, gum, husks
as nearly as possible.
To increase absorbency of fabric or textile materials
without physical and chemical damage.
To produce a clean material by adding alkali.
To make the fabric ready for next process.
To remove non-cellulosic substance in case of cotton.
11. Bleaching
Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural
coloration and remaining trace impurities from the
cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is
determined by the required whiteness and absorbency.
Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using
an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite
or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed
a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are
acceptable. However, for white bed sheets and medical
applications, the highest levels of whiteness and
absorbency are essential.
12. Object:
To produce white fabric by destroying coloring matter
with minimum fabric degradation.
13. Combine bath
Till today the most common textile pretreatment
sequence are acid or enzyme desizing – alkali scouring
and bleaching. But as it take much time more energy
and more chemicals different approaches are made to
simplify this pretreatment. The most common one is
combine bath where all three process are taken places.
this system is likely to combine scouring and
bleaching but here we used higher amount of H2O2
and more process time.
14. Object
Prepare textile for coloration with minimum cost.
A pretreatment process with minimal time
consumption.
Potential energy and chemical saving in pretreatment.
A easy textile pretreatment process.
15. Some of the combine process
proposed were:A combine desizing, scouring and bleaching of medium and fine varieties of
cotton fabrics was suggested by
PARIKH which involves the use of DTPA as stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide.
BTRAdeveloped a single-stage process in kier which is claimed to produce high
degree of whiteness with minimum damage of cellulose.
SAHAKARI worked out a process which is based on solvent-nonionic emulsion
system known as Scourex process.
GULRAJANI ET AL suggested a solvent-assisted aqueous process in which sodium
hydroxide has been replaced by a solvent-nonionic surfactant-pine oil
combination along with hydrogen peroxide.
Other combined processes reported in the literature use tetrapotassium
perhydroxy phosphate (KPP), sodium dipersulfate (SPS) and various combinations
of sequestering agent, wetting agents and peroxide stabilizer.in almost all these
combined processes. The benefits of combining the processes are generally derived
at the expense of some quality. Hence, they were accepted by the industry with a
lot of reservations.
17. COTTON FIBERS
INTRODUCTION
Cotton today is the most used textile fiber in the world. Its current market share is
56 percent for all fibers used for apparel and home furnishings and sold in the U.S.
Another contribution is attributed to nonwoven textiles and personal care items. It
is generally recognized that most consumers prefer cotton personal care items to
those containing synthetic fibers. World textile fiber consumption in 1998 was
approximately 45 million tons. Of this total, cotton represented approximately 20
million tons. The earliest evidence of using cotton is from India and the date
assigned to this fabric is 3000 B.C. There were also excavations of cotton fabrics of
comparable age in Southern America. Cotton cultivation first spread
from India to Egypt, China and the South Pacific. Even though cotton fiber had
been known already in Southern America, the large-scale cotton cultivation in
Northern America began in the 16th century with the arrival of colonists to
southern parts of today's United States. The largest rise in cotton production is
connected with the invention of the saw-tooth cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793.
With this new technology, it was possible to produce more cotton fiber, which
resulted in big changes in the spinning and weaving industry,especially
in England.
18. Botanical name of cotton
There are four commercially grown species of cotton, all
domesticated in antiquity:
1. Gossypiumhirsutum – upland cotton, native to Central
America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida, (90%
of world production).
2. Gossypiumbarbadense – known as extra-long staple cotton,
native to tropical South America (8% of world production).
3. Gossypiumarboreum – tree cotton, native to India and
Pakistan (less than 2%).
4. Gossypiumherbaceum – Levant cotton, native to southern
Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (less than 2%).
19.
20. Types of Cotton:
There are more than 30 types of cotton plants, ranging from small shrubs less than one
foot (30 cm) tall to trees more than 10 feet (3 m) high. Some of the better-known types
are described below.
1. Sea Island Cotton:With a staple of 1 3/8 to 2 1/2 inches (3.5–6.4 cm), has the highest
quality fiber but its susceptibility to insect attack makes commercial production
impractical. It is named for the Sea Islands (off the coast of the southeastern United
States), where it was grown until the boll weevil halted production in the 1920's.
2. Egyptian Cotton: Has yellowish fibers that are only slightly shorter than those of Sea
Island cotton—1 1/2 to 1 3/4 inches (3.8–4.4 cm) long. This cotton is used in making
thread, raincoats, underwear, and hosiery. An American type of Egyptian cotton, called
American pima, is grown in the southwestern Cotton Belt under irrigation.
3. Upland Cotton:Is the main type grown in the United States. It is also grown all over
the rest of the cotton-producing world. The fibers are white, 3/4 to 1 1/2 inches (1.9–3.8
cm) long. The plant is 2 1/2 to 4 feet (75–120 cm) tall. It is native to Mexico and Central
America.
4. Asiatic Cotton: Has fibers less than one inch (2.5 cm) long and rather coarse in
texture. It is grown mostly in India, Iran, China, and Russia.
21. Commercial cotton may be classified broadly into three categories with reference
to the staple length :
1. Staple length (26-65 mm): includes the fine luster fiber which forms the top
quality cottons. The fiber are generally of 10-15 microns diameter 1.1-1.8 dtex
(0.99-1.62 den). Sea Island, Egyptian and American Pima (American –Egyptian)
cottons are in this category. These high quality cottons are often the most
difficult to grow, and are in comparatively short supply.
2. Staple length (12-33 mm): Includes medium strength, medium luster cottons
which form the bulk of the world crop. The fibers are generally of 12-17 microns
diameter, and are of 1.4-2.2 dtex(1.26-1.98 den). American upland and some
Peruvian types come into this category.
3. Staple length (3/8-1 inch or 9-26mm): Include the coarse, low grade fibers
which are often low in strength and have little or no luster. The fibers are
generally of 13-22 microns diameter and are of 1.5-2.9 dtex (1.35-2.61den).
22. CHARATERISTICS OF COTTON
1. Good moisture absorbency
2. Non allergic
3. Good heat resistance
4. Good washing endurance
5. Soft feel
6. Shrinkage tendency
7. Crimping tendency
8. Medium dyeing fastness
23. RAW COTTON COMPONENTS
Constituents Percentage
Cellulose 80-90%
Water 6-8%
Waxes and fats 0.5 - 1%
Proteins 0 - 1.5%
Hemicelluloses and pectin’s 4 - 6%
Ash 1 - 1.8%
25. Woven Fabrics
Introduction
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns, although non-woven
fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together. A fabric's
appearance, properties and end use can be affected by the way it was
constructed.
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft - the yarn going across the width of
the fabric - and a warp - the yarn going down the length of the loom. The
side of the fabric where the wefts are double-backed to form a non-
fraying edge is called theselvedge.
Woven fabrics are produced by the interlacing of warp (0°) fibres and
weft (90°) fibres in a regular pattern or weave style. The fabric's integrity
is maintained by the mechanical interlocking of the fibres. Drape (the
ability of a fabric to conform to a complex surface), surface smoothness
and stability of a fabric are controlled primarily by the weave style.
26. Properties of woven fabric
1.Smooth surface
2.Wares well
3.Ravels less
4.Wrinkels more
5.Less absorption
27. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2.
In its pure form it is a colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water;
however, for safety reasons it is normally used as an aqueous solution.
Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a strong oxidizer, bleaching agent
and disinfectant. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or 'high-test peroxide
is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry.
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being “water but with one more
oxygen atom” a description which can give the incorrect impression that
there is a great deal of similarity between the two compounds. Pure
hydrogen peroxide will explode if heated to boiling, will cause serious
contact burns to the skin and can set materials alight on contact. For these
reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution (household grades are
typically 3-6%). Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its
unstable peroxide bond.
29. Applications:
About 60% of the world's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for
pulp- and paper-bleaching.[18] The second major industrial application is
the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate which are
used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents.It is used in the production of
various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high volume
example. This is used in polymerisations, as a flour bleaching agent and as
a treatment for acne. Peroxy acids, such as peracetic acid and meta-
chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also typically produced using hydrogen
peroxide.Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment
processes to remove organic impurities. This is achieved by advanced
oxidation processes, such as the Fenton reaction,[31][32] which use it to
generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH). These are able to destroy
organic contaminates which are ordinarily difficult to remove, such
asaromatic or halogenated compounds.[33] It can also oxidize sulphur
based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally
reduces their odour.
30. Bleaching Process with Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide bleaching can be done by
1.Batch wise,
2.Continuous
3.Semi continuous method.
31. Enzyme
"Biocatalyst" redirects here. For the use of natural catalysts in organic
chemistry,
The enzyme glucosidase converts sugar maltose to two glucose sugars.
Active site residues in red, maltose substrate in black, and NAD
cofactor in yellow.
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts . Enzymes
accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the
beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts
these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic
processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast
enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines
which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is
called enzymology.
Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction
types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA
molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-
dimensional structures.
33. Reactive dye
Properties of reactive dye:
Reactive dyes are anionic dyes, which are used for dyeing
cellulose, protein and polyamide fibres.
Reactive dyes are found in power, liquid and print paste
form.
Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
Dyeing method of reactive dyes is easy. It requires less time
and low temperature for dyeing.
Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap
Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with rating
4-5.
Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness.
35. Working procedure:
At first we take 220 gm grey fabric.
Then the fabric was divided into two parts.
One part is taken to combine desizing, scouring and bleaching bath.
Another part is taken to desizing bath then to scouring and bleaching
bath.
After completing these processing, we have done the absorbency test &
weight loss . Then this two kinds of sample are divided into several
parts.
Then we dyed each 6 sample with three basic color of each two kind of
sample.
These sample are sent to Dyesin-chem lab for measuring their color
difference along with whiteness and reflection index of undyed sample.
Then the strength test was done.
We evaluated the test result and make decision on the project.
46. Strength loss
Combined (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 14%
Individual (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 17%
Absorption test
Combined (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 40 mm
Individual (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 42 mm
47. Weight loss %
Combined (desizing, scouring and bleaching)
((205-185)/205)*100 = 9.7%
Individual (desizing, scouring and bleaching)
((210-182)/205)*100 = 13%
Whiteness %
Light source D65 10 Deg
Combined (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 50.62
Individual (desizing, scouring and bleaching) 61.33
DELTA WI 10.71
48. Color change
Color red
Result : Combine batch is more saturated more blue.
Fabric L* C* h DE*
Combined (desizing, scouring and
bleaching)
58.43 37.71 356.48
Individual (desizing, scouring and
bleaching)
58.66 36.49 357.79
Deltas -0.10 0.55 -0.55 0.78
49. Discussion
After evaluating the results of the two samples
combined desizing, scouring and bleaching and
individual desizing and scouring-bleaching the
whiteness %DELTA value is 10.71%. There for it is not
convenient for white fabric. We compared the color
change results that are DELTA 0.78, 1.16 and 1.05
which are very close to warm value .And other testing
value lies in the acceptable range.
50. Chapter- 6
Conclusion
By this project work we have learned great deal of
textile pretreatment and try to introduce a newer and
more easier process. Which is very much energy saving
and cost efficient. It will give great advantages in price
negation.
Finally we can say that a desizing, scouring and
bleaching steps can be done in a combine bath event
without cocktail enzyme for a darker shade.