Comperitive study of scouring
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The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to purify cotton and cotton-blended textiles by removing impurities like oils, waxes, and dirt. It describes two main types of scouring: alkaline scouring, which uses high concentrations of sodium hydroxide at high temperatures; and bio/enzymatic scouring, which uses enzymes like pectinase and lipase at lower temperatures. Alkaline scouring is faster and removes more impurities but is harsher on fibers, more costly, and produces more wastewater. Bio scouring is gentler on fibers, more environmentally friendly, and reduces costs over the full production process though it has
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Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Scouring and bio scouring
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Biscouring process
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
Powerpoint presentation on Scouring
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the process of scouring and its cleaning mechanism. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from textiles like oils, fats, waxes to make the material hydrophilic and clean. It works through three major processes: saponification converts oils into soluble soaps, emulsification removes non-polar waxes and oils by forming emulsions, and detergency uses detergents to disperse and suspend dirt particles in the scouring solution. The end goal of scouring is to produce a highly absorbent and clean textile material by removing impurities and natural colors.
Scouring process in textile processing
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
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Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
Scouring and bio scouring
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and clean. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous kier boiling and continuous j-box scouring. Kier boiling involves loading fabric into a heated vessel and spraying alkali solution onto it over several hours. J-box scouring passes fabric continuously through an impregnation box, preheater and j-box where it is stored in alkali solution. The main objectives of scouring are to remove oils, waxes and other impurities, increase absorbency and prepare fabrics for downstream processing.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Biscouring process
This presentation discusses the bio-scouring process. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to selectively remove non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. The mechanism involves pectinase hydrolyzing pectin to render waxes extractable. Key process parameters include pH, temperature, wetting agents and emulsifiers. An example recipe uses pectinase, a sequestering agent and wetting agent in water at 60°C for 30 minutes. Bio-scouring offers advantages like lower energy use and costs compared to conventional scouring while removing impurities and improving the cotton surface for dyeing. However,
Powerpoint presentation on Scouring
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the process of scouring and its cleaning mechanism. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from textiles like oils, fats, waxes to make the material hydrophilic and clean. It works through three major processes: saponification converts oils into soluble soaps, emulsification removes non-polar waxes and oils by forming emulsions, and detergency uses detergents to disperse and suspend dirt particles in the scouring solution. The end goal of scouring is to produce a highly absorbent and clean textile material by removing impurities and natural colors.
Scouring process in textile processing
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
Bioscouring.ppt
This document discusses bio-scouring as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring of cotton fabrics. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to remove non-cellulosic materials from cotton at lower temperatures and reduces environmental pollution. It outlines the key steps in bio-scouring including the use of pectinase to break down pectin on the cotton fiber. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it has some limitations in removing waxes and can reduce whiteness. Overall, bio-scouring offers benefits like reduced energy and water usage compared to conventional scouring methods.
Cotton preparation ppt
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
Reloaded bio
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Class desizing
The document discusses different methods for desizing cotton fabric, which is the process of removing starch-based "size" added during weaving. The three main methods are:
1. Rot steeping, the oldest method, uses microorganisms in water to secrete enzymes that break down starch over 24 hours. It is cheap but slow.
2. Acid desizing uses dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours. It is faster but the acid can damage fibers if not properly handled.
3. Enzyme desizing uses specific enzymes at optimal temperatures and pH to rapidly liquefy starch for removal. It is the fastest method if conditions are carefully
Scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to remove natural and added impurities from cotton fibers. It involves treating cotton with alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide. This removes fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from the cotton and improves its absorbency. The document then describes various scouring methods and chemicals used, as well as common industrial scouring processes like kier boiling and J-box scouring.
Project Work nahid
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
Bleaching process in textile processing
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Chemical processing pretreatment
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Preparatory for synthetic fifbres
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
Presentation on Textile Scouring
This presentation summarizes the scouring process used in textile engineering. Scouring involves treating textiles with alkali to remove oils, fats, waxes and other impurities. It increases the absorbency of textiles. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous scouring using a kier boiler, and continuous scouring using a J-box system. The kier boiler involves loading fabric into a cylindrical vessel and spraying it with hot alkaline liquor over several hours. The J-box method scours open-width fabric using rolls to impregnate it with alkali and heat it in the J-shaped box for 30 minutes. Both processes aim to saponify oils and emuls
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
Wet processing of cellulose textiles.1
This pp elaborates the detail pretreatment processes and their mechanisms.Moreover it has useful conversion methods in it.
Wool and silk scouring
This document discusses the scouring and bleaching processes for various natural and man-made fibers. It explains that wool requires a mild scouring process due to its sensitivity to alkali. Scouring of wool uses sodium carbonate or ammonium carbonate at below boiling temperatures. Bleaching can be done with reducing agents like sodium bisulfite or hydrogen peroxide, which produces a permanent whiteness. For silk, degumming using hot soap solution is required to remove the sericin gum. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching is preferred for silk. Man-made fibers require milder scouring, and polyester rarely needs bleaching, while nylon and acrylic can be bleached using sodium chlor
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Presentation on Textile Desizing
This document describes different methods of desizing fabrics. Desizing is necessary to remove starch-based sizing agents applied to warp yarns before weaving. The key methods discussed are hydrolytic desizing using water and microorganisms, acid desizing using dilute acid solutions, and enzymatic desizing using enzymes like malt extract. Oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents like sodium bromite is also covered, which oxidizes and depolymerizes the starch sizing agents. The document provides details on the processes and chemicals involved in each desizing method.
Pre treatment test
The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
Bio-scouring
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
textile bleaching
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
Offshore Scour And Scour Protection Lecture29nov2010 TU Delft
This document summarizes a presentation on scour and scour protection in the marine environment. It begins with an introduction that defines scour as erosion of sediment around structures due to increased flow. It describes differences between riverine and marine scour. It then covers mechanics of scour from waves, currents, and their combination. Applications sections discuss monitoring scour development around monopiles over time and validating predictions against field measurements. The document concludes after discussing mitigation measures and examples.
SSCS Track Record
This document summarizes several projects where Seabed Scour Control Systems Ltd. provided their weighted frond mats to protect offshore infrastructure from scouring. It describes projects in locations like the Andaman Sea, North Sea, Indonesia, Guyana, Europe, China, and the Norfolk Broads where their mats were installed around pipelines, platforms, wind turbine foundations, and river banks to rectify existing scour and provide long-term scour protection. Feedback from customers on the various projects indicated the mats successfully arrested scour and protected the infrastructure as intended.
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Bioscouring.ppt
This document discusses bio-scouring as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring of cotton fabrics. Bio-scouring uses enzymes like pectinase, lipase and protease to remove non-cellulosic materials from cotton at lower temperatures and reduces environmental pollution. It outlines the key steps in bio-scouring including the use of pectinase to break down pectin on the cotton fiber. While bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly than alkaline scouring, it has some limitations in removing waxes and can reduce whiteness. Overall, bio-scouring offers benefits like reduced energy and water usage compared to conventional scouring methods.
Cotton preparation ppt
The document discusses chemical processing of knitted fabrics, specifically preparatory processes like scouring and bleaching. It describes the objectives of preparatory processes as removing natural and added impurities to allow for high dye uptake and brightness. Scouring removes oils, waxes and other impurities using alkalis and surfactants while bleaching destroys coloring matter using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Key steps and considerations for each process are outlined, including chemicals used, mechanisms, effects of parameters, and common tests after pretreatment.
Reloaded bio
Enzymatic or bio-scouring is an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring that uses enzymes instead of harsh chemicals to remove non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fibers. It uses a blend of pectinase, protease, and lipase enzymes at mild temperatures and pH levels. Bio-scouring generates 50% less effluent with lower BOD, COD, and TDS compared to alkaline scouring. Though it provides benefits like reduced energy and water usage, milder conditions, and cost savings, bio-scouring may not achieve the same degree of whiteness as alkaline scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is a more sustainable pre-
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Class desizing
The document discusses different methods for desizing cotton fabric, which is the process of removing starch-based "size" added during weaving. The three main methods are:
1. Rot steeping, the oldest method, uses microorganisms in water to secrete enzymes that break down starch over 24 hours. It is cheap but slow.
2. Acid desizing uses dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze starch in 8-12 hours. It is faster but the acid can damage fibers if not properly handled.
3. Enzyme desizing uses specific enzymes at optimal temperatures and pH to rapidly liquefy starch for removal. It is the fastest method if conditions are carefully
Scouring
The document discusses scouring, which is a process used to remove natural and added impurities from cotton fibers. It involves treating cotton with alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide. This removes fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from the cotton and improves its absorbency. The document then describes various scouring methods and chemicals used, as well as common industrial scouring processes like kier boiling and J-box scouring.
Project Work nahid
The document describes a study comparing a traditional scouring process to a bio-scouring process for textiles. It finds that bio-scouring using the enzyme Scourzyme L is more environmentally friendly and reduces costs compared to traditional caustic scouring. Specifically, bio-scouring reduces water, energy and chemical usage, lowers BOD, COD and TDS in wastewater, and avoids the health and safety risks of harsh chemicals. However, it provides slightly less whiteness for light and white fabrics compared to traditional scouring. Overall, bio-scouring is shown to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
Bleaching process in textile processing
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Chemical processing pretreatment
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Preparatory for synthetic fifbres
This document discusses the process of scouring synthetic fibers and fiber blends. Scouring is used to remove dirt, spin finishes, sizing agents and other impurities added during fiber production and processing. For polyester and nylon fabrics, scouring can be done with soda ash and detergent in water at 70-80 degrees C. Scouring of acrylic must be done under mild alkaline conditions to avoid yellowing. When scouring blends of cotton and polyester, milder alkaline conditions are used to avoid hydrolysis of the polyester fibers. Common scouring conditions for cotton/polyester blends include caustic soda, soda ash and detergent in water at 70-100 degrees
Presentation on Textile Scouring
This presentation summarizes the scouring process used in textile engineering. Scouring involves treating textiles with alkali to remove oils, fats, waxes and other impurities. It increases the absorbency of textiles. There are two main scouring methods - discontinuous scouring using a kier boiler, and continuous scouring using a J-box system. The kier boiler involves loading fabric into a cylindrical vessel and spraying it with hot alkaline liquor over several hours. The J-box method scours open-width fabric using rolls to impregnate it with alkali and heat it in the J-shaped box for 30 minutes. Both processes aim to saponify oils and emuls
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
Wet processing of cellulose textiles.1
This pp elaborates the detail pretreatment processes and their mechanisms.Moreover it has useful conversion methods in it.
Wool and silk scouring
This document discusses the scouring and bleaching processes for various natural and man-made fibers. It explains that wool requires a mild scouring process due to its sensitivity to alkali. Scouring of wool uses sodium carbonate or ammonium carbonate at below boiling temperatures. Bleaching can be done with reducing agents like sodium bisulfite or hydrogen peroxide, which produces a permanent whiteness. For silk, degumming using hot soap solution is required to remove the sericin gum. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching is preferred for silk. Man-made fibers require milder scouring, and polyester rarely needs bleaching, while nylon and acrylic can be bleached using sodium chlor
Silk scouring
This presentation provides information about silk fiber. It defines silk as a natural protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin that is produced by silkworm larvae to form cocoons. It describes the constituents of silk fiber, including fibroin, sericin, minerals, and trace amounts of other substances. It also compares the amino acid components of sericin and fibroin. Furthermore, it explains the process of silk scouring to remove sericin and other impurities from the fiber so it can be spun into yarn. Traditional soap and newer detergent-based methods are outlined.
Presentation on Textile Desizing
This document describes different methods of desizing fabrics. Desizing is necessary to remove starch-based sizing agents applied to warp yarns before weaving. The key methods discussed are hydrolytic desizing using water and microorganisms, acid desizing using dilute acid solutions, and enzymatic desizing using enzymes like malt extract. Oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents like sodium bromite is also covered, which oxidizes and depolymerizes the starch sizing agents. The document provides details on the processes and chemicals involved in each desizing method.
Pre treatment test
The document discusses the pre-treatment process in dyeing and finishing textiles. It describes the key steps in pre-treatment as singeing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove impurities from fabrics and make them clean, smooth, soft, and absorbent for dyeing. The specific pre-treatment steps may vary depending on the type of fabric, such as cotton versus synthetic fibers.
Bio-scouring
This document discusses bio-scouring, an enzymatic process for removing non-cellulosic impurities like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It involves the use of enzymes like pectinase, lipases and proteases. The mechanism has two stages - pectin removal allows wax to be extracted or emulsified, and further pectin dissolution enables wax emulsification. Key parameters include pH, temperature, wetting and emulsifying agents. Compared to alkaline scouring, bio-scouring is more environmentally friendly as it uses less energy, water, chemicals and time, and produces less effluent. While it cannot remove all waxes and is sensitive to process conditions, bio
textile bleaching
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
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This document summarizes a presentation on scour and scour protection in the marine environment. It begins with an introduction that defines scour as erosion of sediment around structures due to increased flow. It describes differences between riverine and marine scour. It then covers mechanics of scour from waves, currents, and their combination. Applications sections discuss monitoring scour development around monopiles over time and validating predictions against field measurements. The document concludes after discussing mitigation measures and examples.
SSCS Track Record
This document summarizes several projects where Seabed Scour Control Systems Ltd. provided their weighted frond mats to protect offshore infrastructure from scouring. It describes projects in locations like the Andaman Sea, North Sea, Indonesia, Guyana, Europe, China, and the Norfolk Broads where their mats were installed around pipelines, platforms, wind turbine foundations, and river banks to rectify existing scour and provide long-term scour protection. Feedback from customers on the various projects indicated the mats successfully arrested scour and protected the infrastructure as intended.
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A study of local scour at bridge pier
1) Nile Research Institute conducted a study of local scour at the El-Minia Bridge piers in Egypt. Field investigations found that the river bed had changed around the bridge piers, with a maximum local scour depth of 4.6 meters occurring between 1982 and 2002.
2) A computer model (HEC-RAS) was used to simulate local scour for a flow of 180 cubic meters per second. The model results showed the contraction and pier scour depths expected for this flow condition. Maximum local scour depths were computed for each bridge pier.
3) Studying local scour is important for evaluating scour risks and impacts to bridge foundations, and for proposing mitigation measures to
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BRIDGE PIER SHAPE TO MINIMIZE LOCAL SCOUR
The study of local scour around bridge piers is very important for safe design of piers and other hydraulic structures. In this study, shape of pier is the main concern with three different velocities (0.18, 0.25, and 0.3) m/sec and other parameters like flow depth, bed material and etc. are remain same for all experiments. The experiments were conducted using laboratory flume, operated under the clear water condition using sand as a bed material. The test program was done on ten different shapes, Circular, Rectangular, Octagonal, Chamfered, Hexagonal, Elliptical, Sharp, Joukowsky, Oblong, streamline. were used to investigate the effect of the bridge pier's shape on local scour to conclude the optimal shape that gives minimum depth of scour. Comparison of results show that scour at upstream is directly proportional to exposed area of upstream nose of pier.
Bridge Scour
There are many bridges in the US that were not designed to withstand scouring effects. Arc Surveying performs detailed surveys of bridges using technologies like multibeam sonar, laser scanning, and historical plans to create 3D models showing underwater structures, foundations, and riverbed changes over time. These comprehensive surveys allow authorities to assess scour vulnerability and monitor conditions. Arc has surveyed hundreds of bridges, with data made accessible online for emergency response.
Scouring
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Comperitive study of scouring
- 2. Scouring is an important pre-treatment operation in the processing of cotton and cotton blended materials.
- 3. Scouring is a purifying treatment of textiles. The term scouring applies to the removal of impurities such as oil, wax gum, soluble impurities and solid dirt commonly found in textile material.
- 4. •Remove all impurities such as oil , wax , fat etc from the surface of the fiber. •Produce the fiber more hydrophilic. • Increasing the absorbency and clean the fiber by use alkaline. •Removing the natural coloring matter of the cotton fiber.
- 5. In natural fibers there in non-cellulosic materials create a physical hydrophobic barrier to protect the fiber from the environment throughout its development. We remove the waxes and pectin are present in natural fibers . Pectin connects the waxy material to cellulose of the primary wall.
- 6. Alkali scouring Bio Scouring or Enzymatic Scouring
- 8. scouring is done in a hot aqueous solution of NaOH to remove hydrophobic components from the primary wall (e.g. pectin, protein) and the cuticle (waxes and fats). In alkaline scouring the use of high concentrations of NaOH also requires.
- 9. We use high concentration of NaOH to remove the pectin inside the cotton fiber. A pectin is a cuticle layer of a cotton fiber. In pectin there is in present (waxes and fats).
- 10. It work on high temperature easily. It remove all impurities. Easily Available
- 11. Not Save energy Costly Fiber Strength Wastage of Water High Temperature Not time saving Ruff surface profile Not Environment friendly
- 14. Bioscouring is a process by which alkaline stable pectinase is used to remove pectin and waxes selectively from the cotton fibre. Pectinase, as the name suggests, hydrolyses pectins present in cotton as a non-cellulosic impurity. This process is substrate-specific and does not alter the cellulose component. It takes place at lower temperatures and does not swell or remove the seed coat fragments called motes, which can be beneficial when scouring for the 'natural look'. Bio Scouring
- 15. Pectinase:-Pectinases are used for the removal pectic substances from cotton. Lipases :- They are used for the removal of natural fatt (oil and waxes) substances from cotton Proteases:- Proteases are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of proteins.
- 16. Removal of wax ( a major part being fatty acids) is the critical factor for improved wetability. Pectin functions as a ‘glue’ binding wax to the fiber. Pectin removal does not by itself result in wax removal or improved wettability.
- 19. Bio-scouring Blend of Enzymes- Pectinase + Protease Removes Pectin, protein, Wax, Oil etc Alkaline-scouring Sodium Hydroxide Remove Pectin, Protein, Wax, Oil, Cellulose
- 20. Bio-scouring Soft Handle cellulose with complete removal of Impurities No core Alkali neutralization, thus less washing cycle Less TDS, COD, BOD Alkaline-scouring Harshness cellulose with complete removal of Impurities and partial Callulose Required core alkali neutralization, thus more washing cycle More TDS, COD, BOD
- 22. Bio-scouring Direct cost is more but Overall cost is less (Grey to finished) Alkaline-scouring Direct cost is less but Overall cost is more (Grey to finished)
- 23. .Examples of Bio-Scouring and Alkaline Scouring
- 24. Save energy Save cost Water saving Temperature saving Time saving Smoother surface profile(Fully retain cellulose structure) Lesser weight loss Environmental benefits Reduces effluent treatment process/ ETP cost
- 25. Inability of removing of cotton fiber waxes. They don’t work on high temperature. The degree of whiteness is often less The process is not suitable for removing seed-coat fragments and mote adequately.
- 28. Thank you