Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
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The document discusses the composition and constituents of cotton fibers, including natural impurities, fats and waxes, pectins, proteins, colouring matter, and mineral matter. It also describes the purpose and principles of preparatory processes used in the textile industry such as desizing. Desizing is the process of removing size, primarily starch, applied during weaving to prevent warp breakage. Common desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes to break down starch into soluble fragments.
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![Composition of cotton ,[object Object],8.0 Moisture 1.0 Mineral Matter 0.5 Colouring matter 1.1 Proteins 0.7 Pectins 0.5 Oils and Waxes 88 Cellulose % Constituent](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture2compositionofcottondesizing-110708034704-phpapp02/85/Lecture-2-composition-of-cotton-desizing-1-320.jpg)
![Fats and Waxes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Singeing
1. Singeing is the process of burning off protruding fiber ends from fabric surfaces to obtain a smooth finish and reduce pilling. It is done by passing fabric over an open flame or heated plates.
2. There are three main types of singeing machines: gas, plate, and rotary cylinder. Parameters like flame intensity, fabric speed, and distance between flame and fabric must be optimized.
3. Singeing removes loose fibers and improves fabric appearance, allowing for clearer printing and reducing soiling and pilling. Precautions must be taken to avoid over-singeing or damaging heat-sensitive fibers.
Study on Protein Fiber (Silk)
This document summarizes key information about silk protein fibers. It discusses that silk is a natural protein fiber secreted by silkworms as single filaments. Silk filaments can be up to 1700 meters long and 12-30 micrometers in diameter. The main component of silk is fibroin protein (75%) with smaller amounts of sericin, ash, fats, waxes and minerals. Silk has good strength and elasticity properties and is resistant to acids and sunlight. The major silk producing countries are China, India, Uzbekistan and Brazil, while the largest consumers are the US, Italy, Japan and India.
Biomaterials presentation
The document discusses silk as a biomaterial for medical applications. It begins with the history of silk discovery in China. Silk is prepared from silkworm cocoons, which are made of fibroin proteins. Regenerated silk solutions can be formed into various structures like gels, sponges and films. Silk has desirable properties for biomaterials like biocompatibility and mechanical strength. Research has investigated using silk for applications like wound healing, bone repair, and vascular grafts due to its properties and ability to be modified. In conclusion, silk is a promising biomaterial due to the ease in processing fibroin into different conformations and mechanical properties required for different medical uses.
Scouring
The document discusses the scouring process for cotton fabrics. Scouring removes natural and added impurities from cotton using alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. Common scouring methods include caustic soda boiling, soda ash boiling, and continuous scouring using pad steam processes. The scouring process improves cotton's absorbency and prepares it for further treatments like dyeing and finishing.
silk fiber
Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by certain insects to build cocoons. The most common type is cultivated silk from the Bombyx mori silkworm. China is the largest producer of silk. The life cycle of the silkworm involves hatching of eggs, feeding on mulberry leaves, spinning a cocoon, and emerging as a moth. The silk fiber is obtained from the cocoon through reeling, throwing, and degumming processes to remove the sticky sericin coating. Silk has properties such as strength, elasticity, moisture absorption, and resistance to sunlight and microbes. It is used to make luxury fabrics and textiles.
Scouring process in textile processing
The document discusses the scouring process used to clean fabrics prior to dyeing or finishing. Scouring removes natural and mechanical impurities through processes like saponification, solubilization, and emulsification. Saponification converts oils and fats to soap and glycerin. Solubilization and emulsification remove other impurities like pectins, proteins, waxes, and minerals by making them water soluble or dispersing them. Selection of scouring agents depends on fiber type, fabric properties, and impurity level. Effectiveness is tested through measures like absorbency, weight loss, and residual wax content.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles through the use of chemicals like alkalis and surfactants. It saponifies fats and waxes, breaks down proteins and pectins, and increases the textile's absorptive capacity. The type of scouring agent used depends on the fiber and extent of impurities. Scouring emulsifies and saponifies impurities to solubilize and suspend them for removal, improving dyeability and finish performance.
Desizing
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
Animal fibers
This document provides information about natural fibers of animal origin and mineral fibers, including wool, silk, and asbestos. It discusses the animals and production processes that produce these fibers. For wool, it describes sheep shearing and the various physical and chemical properties of wool fibers. It also outlines uses of wool. For silk, it discusses the silkworm production process and unique beta-pleated sheet structure of silk fibroin. It then summarizes the physical and chemical properties of silk fibers and their uses. Finally, it characterizes asbestos as the only naturally occurring mineral fiber and describes its properties, processing, and applications.
scouring and bleaching
Comparative study between bio scouring bleaching and traditional scouring and bleaching and cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dye.
All steps of preparation of fabric for dyeing.
The document describes various wet processing steps for textiles, including:
- Pretreatment processes like singeing, shearing, and cropping to remove surface fibers and impurities.
- Preparation steps like greige inspection and stitching before wet processing.
- Desizing to remove starch coatings from warp yarns.
- Scouring to remove natural and added impurities using alkalis.
- Bleaching to whiten fibers using oxidizing agents.
The summary highlights the key goal of pretreatment, preparation steps, and common wet processing steps like desizing, scouring, and bleaching that are used to clean and treat textiles.
Bleaching, textile treatment
This document provides information on the bleaching process. It defines bleaching as the process of decolorizing natural pigments in fabric to produce a white color. The mechanism of bleaching involves breaking double bonds in color-producing organic compounds using oxidizing or reducing agents. Common bleaching agents discussed are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium chlorite. The effects of factors like pH, time, temperature, and metal ions on bleaching effectiveness are also explained.
Scouring
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
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Lecture 2 tt 241 composotion of cotton and desizing
Cotton is composed primarily of cellulose. It also contains small amounts of proteins, pectins, oils, waxes, and mineral matter. Starch is often added during the sizing process to strengthen cotton fibers before weaving. The purpose of preparatory processes is to remove these natural and added impurities with minimum damage to fibers. Desizing is the process of removing size or starch through hydrolysis, oxidation, or enzymatic reactions to facilitate dyeing and further processing. Bacterial enzymes are commonly used for desizing in textile industry as they are effective under industrial conditions.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing removes added starches used in sizing, while scouring removes natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins using alkaline solutions. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation reactions. These processes are commonly performed using batch and continuous equipment like kiers, jiggers and J-boxes. The preparatory stages aim to clean and treat cotton fibers before dyeing or finishing to improve absorbency and uniformity.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing removes added starches used in sizing, while scouring removes natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins using alkaline solutions. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation reactions. These processes are commonly performed using batch and continuous equipment like kiers, jiggers and J-boxes. The preparatory stages aim to clean and treat cotton fibers before dyeing or finishing to improve absorbency and uniformity.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing added starches used in sizing through processes like hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins from cotton. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with common bleaching agents being sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These preparatory processes are important to remove impurities, improve dyeability and finishability of cotton textiles.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing starch sizes added during weaving using hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with hydrogen peroxide being a commonly used bleaching agent. Modern preparatory processes often combine and continuousize these steps for improved efficiency and environmental performance.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing starch sizes added during weaving using hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with hydrogen peroxide being a commonly used bleaching agent. Modern preparatory processes often combine and continuousize these steps for improved efficiency and environmental performance.
Scouring
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
Chemical processing pretreatment
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Textile Desizing Slide.pptx
Desizing is the process of removing starch sizes from warp yarns after weaving. The key methods are rot steeping, acidic desizing using dilute acid, enzymatic desizing using starch-hydrolyzing enzymes, and oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents. Rot steeping is the oldest method but is slow, while enzymatic desizing is now widely used as it efficiently removes sizes under mild conditions without damaging fibers. Acidic and oxidative desizing can also work but may damage fibers if not properly controlled. The Tegewa violet scale is commonly used to assess desizing efficiency by checking for color changes from starch residues on fabrics.
MICROBES IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT_VIBS.pptx.pdf
This document discusses effluent treatment across various industries. It provides details on the industries that commonly release effluent, including textiles, tanneries, distilleries, paper/pulp, chemicals, mining, and power generation. For each industry, it describes the types of effluent released and outlines typical effluent treatment processes. It also discusses microbes commonly used in effluent treatment for industries like textiles, tanneries, distilleries, paper/pulp, chemicals, and mining.
Applications of enzymes in textiles
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Industial enzyme.....sidik
Enzymes are important
proteins found in living
things. An enzyme is a
protein that changes the
rate of a chemical reaction.
• They speed metabolic
reactions.
Desizing 140503101043-phpapp01
1. The document discusses different methods of desizing fabrics, which is the process of removing starch coatings called "size" that are applied during weaving.
2. Enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes is the most common method as it can break down starch without damaging cellulose fibers.
3. Other oxidative methods can also be used to desize fabrics by oxidizing and breaking down starch into soluble products using oxidizing agents like sodium bromite.
02 - Process sequence of wet processing.pdf
The document describes various wet processing steps involved in textile manufacturing, including preparation, pretreatment, and finishing processes. Some key points:
- Preparation steps include grey inspection, stitching, shearing, cropping, and singeing to smooth fabric surfaces and remove loose fibers.
- Pretreatment aims to remove natural and added impurities through desizing, scouring, bleaching, and optional mercerization. This makes fabrics more absorbent and receptive to dyes.
- Common pretreatment methods include desizing to remove starches added during weaving, scouring using alkalis to remove natural waxes and oils, and bleaching to further whiten fabrics using oxidizing agents like
eco friendly textile processing
www.textilecore.com
The presentation gives you the information about new eco friendly textile processing.
Factors contributing to water pollution.pdf
The document summarizes the various processes involved in cotton, synthetic, and wool textile processing and their associated wastewater characteristics. It describes the steps in cotton processing like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, dyeing, and printing. It provides details on the pH, BOD, COD, TDS, and other parameters of wastewater from each process. Synthetic and wool processing steps are also outlined along with their typical effluent characteristics.
Textile auiliaries 01.pdf
1. The document discusses textile auxiliaries used in preparation and finishing processes like scouring and desizing. It focuses on the chemistry of products used rather than technology.
2. Scouring removes fats, waxes, oils and dirt using surfactants and builders like alkalis to improve absorbency. It is important for natural fibers which contain more impurities.
3. Desizing removes sizes which are applied during weaving to reduce breaks and aid weaving efficiency. The sizes must be removable for subsequent dyeing and finishing.
Scouring and bio scouring
The document discusses enzymatic or bio-scouring of textiles as an alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Bio-scouring uses enzymes to selectively remove non-cellulosic structures like pectin and waxes from cotton fibers. It is more environmentally friendly as it reduces water, energy and chemical usage compared to alkaline scouring. While bio-scouring has limitations in removing some impurities like waxes completely, it offers advantages such as retaining cotton fiber structure and being a milder process overall. The document provides details on the bio-scouring process, parameters, advantages and limitations compared to alkaline scouring.
Application of Bio technology in Textile Wet Processing
The document discusses the application of biotechnology in textile wet processing. It describes how enzymes are used as an alternative to chemical treatments to make the wet processing more environmentally friendly. Specifically, it discusses how enzymes are used for desizing and bio-scouring cotton fabrics. The benefits of enzymatic desizing and bio-scouring include reduced water and energy usage, lower environmental impact with easier to treat wastewater, and cost savings compared to traditional chemical processes.
Enzymes for textile Industry
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions and are used in various industries including textiles. In the textile industry, enzymes are used for desizing, bio-polishing, stone washing, and stain removal. Enzymes offer advantages over chemicals as they are effective under mild conditions, reduce water and energy usage, and are environmentally friendly. Specific enzymes like cellulase and polyesterase are used to treat fabrics containing materials like cotton and polyester respectively.
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Lecture 2 tt 241 composotion of cotton and desizing
Lecture 2 tt 241 composotion of cotton and desizing
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3. digital printing technologies
The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop on demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, while CIJ includes single and multiple jet systems using deflection plates or air jets. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the need for post-treatments, while envisioning future possibilities like mass customization and integration with other technologies.
Dyeing of pet wool blends
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Considerations for dye selection, recipes, and procedures are provided to optimize results while minimizing wool degradation.
Dyeing of cotton with vat dyes
This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. Cotton is dyed by first converting the vat dye to its soluble form, dyeing the cotton, then reoxidizing the dye inside the fiber. The document outlines the chemical classes of vat dyes and the steps involved in vat dyeing cotton fabric using exhaust or continuous methods.
Dyeing of polyester
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at 120-130°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
3. digital printing technologies
The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, with the latter providing higher resolution and suitability for wider ranges of inks. The technologies each have advantages and limitations for different applications like textile printing.
93, 94 introduction to digital printing
This document compares and contrasts analog and digital printing technologies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each, such as analog printing being better for mass production while digital is more suitable for variable, personalized, or short print runs. The document also examines factors to consider when choosing a printing method like image quality, production speed, and cost. Additionally, it describes how some systems combine analog and digital to leverage the strengths of both.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the future potential of digital printing for mass customization and integrated production systems.
Digital printing asian dyer extended version)
Digital printing offers several advantages over conventional analog printing methods for textiles. It allows for mass customization and quick turnaround due to minimal press setup times. Digital printing can change color schemes or designs in real time during production. It also produces less waste and has a lower environmental impact than screen printing. However, digital printing has lower throughput than analog methods and higher costs for long runs. It also requires specially coated substrates and has limitations in ink color options and opacity.
Dyeing of polyester
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
Dyeing of pet wool blends
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Post-treatment and troubleshooting steps are also outlined.
Dyeing of cotton with vat dyes
This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It begins by distinguishing between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. It then covers various printing styles like direct, resist, and discharge printing. The document concludes by describing common printing methods such as block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing.
General composition of print paste
The document summarizes the general composition and essential qualities of print pastes used in textile printing. Print pastes typically contain dyestuffs, thickeners, solvents, humectants, oxidizing agents, and defoaming agents. Thickeners are important for ensuring the print paste sinks into the fabric quickly and adheres properly after printing and drying. Other components like hydroscopic agents and pH controllers help facilitate dye fixation during steam treatment. Proper selection and balance of ingredients is necessary for achieving high quality, well-defined prints on fabrics.
Pigment printing
There are key differences between dye and pigment printing. Pigments have no affinity for fibers and are insoluble in water, requiring a binder to fix them onto fibers. Dyes have affinity for fibers and are water soluble. Pigment printing uses a binder that is an aqueous emulsion copolymer which polymerizes during curing to form a strong film embedding the pigment and adhering it to the fiber. Suitable thickeners for pigment printing are emulsion or synthetic thickeners which do not interact negatively with the binder. Emulsion thickeners are prepared using oil, water, emulsifiers and other agents, while synthetic thickeners are high molecular weight copolymers that thicken when
Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It distinguishes between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. Printing uses an aqueous medium of high viscosity to prevent color from spreading. Common printing methods described include block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing. Resist and discharge styles of printing are also outlined.
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Lecture 2 composition of cotton, desizing
- 12. Amylopectin
- 14. Oxidation
- 20. Application conditions 60-70 5-7 Bacterial 40-55 6.8-7 Pancreatic 55-65 4.6-5.2 Malt Temp. Deg.C pH Enzyme
- 24. Fabric in open width form
- 25. Continuous desizing in J-Box