This document discusses techniques for designing operational amplifiers that can operate at low voltages. It begins by outlining the challenges of low voltage operation, such as reduced dynamic range and increased nonlinearity. It then covers various circuit techniques for implementing low voltage input stages, gain stages, and bias circuits. These include using parallel input stages to increase input common mode range, bulk-driven MOSFETs to achieve depletion-mode behavior, and forward biasing the bulk to reduce transistor thresholds. The document provides circuit examples and analysis of how these techniques allow op amps to function down to supply voltages of 1V or less.
This document summarizes a lecture on low power and low noise operational amplifiers. It discusses:
1) How most micropower op amps use transistors operating in the subthreshold region for low power consumption.
2) The design of two-stage op amps that operate in weak inversion to achieve high gain with low power dissipation.
3) Techniques for increasing output current in weak inversion op amps, such as dynamically biased differential amplifier inputs.
This document discusses buffered operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by defining buffered op amps as those able to drive low output resistances and/or large output capacitances. It then covers various circuit implementations for open-loop and closed-loop buffered op amps using techniques like source followers, push-pull followers, multistage amplifiers, and negative feedback. Key aspects like compensation, driving large output currents, and reducing output resistance through feedback loops are also examined.
This document discusses resistor implementations using MOSFETs, including using a single MOSFET and parallel MOSFETs. It also covers simple current sinks and sources using NMOS and PMOS transistors, and characterizes them by their output resistance and minimum voltage. Improved current sink designs are presented, including using feedback to increase output resistance and the cascode current sink. The document provides simulation examples and analysis to explain these circuit concepts.
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and experimental results of a cascode amplifier circuit with 1mA and 10uA current levels. The circuit was designed and simulated in LTSpice, then built experimentally. For both current levels, the experimental results showed lower maximum voltage gain, lower upper half-power frequencies, and poorer frequency response compared to simulations. Analysis found the experimental results were 7-31% lower in maximum gain and 93-95% lower in upper half-power frequency compared to simulations. Possible reasons for discrepancies between simulation and experiment are discussed.
The document describes the electrical system in Jordan, including generation sources like Al Raha and Al Aqaba power plants, transmission systems operating at 400kV and 132kV, and distribution systems including 33kV and 11kV networks. It also provides details on components of substations like RMUs, MDBs, transformers, and protection devices like fuses. Formulas for calculating current ratings based on power and voltage ratings are also presented.
Design of Two CMOS Differential Amplifiersbastrikov
High performance, 0.6u process CMOS differential amplifiers were designed in Cadence. Design specifications included differential gain, 3-db bandwidth, output swing, input common mode range, phase margin, total static power consumption, slew rate, and common mode rejection ratio.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
This document summarizes a lecture on low power and low noise operational amplifiers. It discusses:
1) How most micropower op amps use transistors operating in the subthreshold region for low power consumption.
2) The design of two-stage op amps that operate in weak inversion to achieve high gain with low power dissipation.
3) Techniques for increasing output current in weak inversion op amps, such as dynamically biased differential amplifier inputs.
This document discusses buffered operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by defining buffered op amps as those able to drive low output resistances and/or large output capacitances. It then covers various circuit implementations for open-loop and closed-loop buffered op amps using techniques like source followers, push-pull followers, multistage amplifiers, and negative feedback. Key aspects like compensation, driving large output currents, and reducing output resistance through feedback loops are also examined.
This document discusses resistor implementations using MOSFETs, including using a single MOSFET and parallel MOSFETs. It also covers simple current sinks and sources using NMOS and PMOS transistors, and characterizes them by their output resistance and minimum voltage. Improved current sink designs are presented, including using feedback to increase output resistance and the cascode current sink. The document provides simulation examples and analysis to explain these circuit concepts.
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and experimental results of a cascode amplifier circuit with 1mA and 10uA current levels. The circuit was designed and simulated in LTSpice, then built experimentally. For both current levels, the experimental results showed lower maximum voltage gain, lower upper half-power frequencies, and poorer frequency response compared to simulations. Analysis found the experimental results were 7-31% lower in maximum gain and 93-95% lower in upper half-power frequency compared to simulations. Possible reasons for discrepancies between simulation and experiment are discussed.
The document describes the electrical system in Jordan, including generation sources like Al Raha and Al Aqaba power plants, transmission systems operating at 400kV and 132kV, and distribution systems including 33kV and 11kV networks. It also provides details on components of substations like RMUs, MDBs, transformers, and protection devices like fuses. Formulas for calculating current ratings based on power and voltage ratings are also presented.
Design of Two CMOS Differential Amplifiersbastrikov
High performance, 0.6u process CMOS differential amplifiers were designed in Cadence. Design specifications included differential gain, 3-db bandwidth, output swing, input common mode range, phase margin, total static power consumption, slew rate, and common mode rejection ratio.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
This document provides an overview of operational amplifier (op amp) circuit topologies and their analysis. It discusses various op amp configurations including single-stage, two-stage, telescopic cascode, folded cascode, and gain-boosting topologies. It analyzes each configuration's characteristics such as gain, bandwidth, output swing, and noise performance. Example circuits are provided and design considerations like biasing, common-mode range, and dominant pole locations are examined.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview and examples of cascode op amp design. It discusses the benefits of cascode op amps such as improved frequency behavior and gain. It then covers the design of single-stage and two-stage cascode op amps. An example shows the design process for a balanced two-stage cascode op amp to meet specifications like gain, bandwidth, output swing, and common-mode rejection ratio. Transistor sizing is determined through calculations of transconductance and output resistance.
Ece 523 project – fully differential two stage telescopic op ampKarthik Rathinavel
• Designed a two stage op-amp with first stage as a telescopic amplifier and second stage being a common source, in Cadence.
• Simulated the loop characteristics of the amplifier to have atleast 100 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth, 65 dB gain and 60º phase margin (both differential loop and Common Mode) for three temperature (27,-40,100) corners.
• Extracted the layout of the design in Virtuoso (after passing DRC an LVS) and simulated the differential loop performances of the extracted netlist.
• Designed a third order Butterworth filter with 100 KHz corner frequency using the op-amp.
Power Topologies_Full Deck_04251964_MappusSteve Mappus
The document provides an overview of various power converter topologies, including:
- Non-isolated converter topologies like boost, buck, and buck-boost converters and their isolated derivatives.
- Single-ended converter topologies like forward and flyback converters that use transformer reset techniques like reset winding and resonant reset.
- Double-ended topologies like push-pull, half-bridge, and full-bridge converters.
- It discusses the advantages of different topologies for applications like low, mid, and high power as well as operating modes like continuous and discontinuous conduction.
1) The document discusses linear circuit models used to analyze transistor behavior including small signal models that are frequency independent and frequency dependent. It also covers noise models and passive component models.
2) Key small signal models are presented for different transistor regions of operation including the saturation region. These models approximate transistor behavior as linear changes about an operating point.
3) MOSFET noise is analyzed including thermal noise and 1/f noise. Models are derived to represent noise at low and high frequencies.
Wide Vin DC/DC Converters: Reliable Power for Demanding ApplicationsDesign World
The document discusses wide input voltage (wide Vin) DC-DC converters, highlighting their use in industrial, automotive, and communications systems where input voltages can vary widely and experience transients. It presents challenges faced in these applications and how Texas Instruments' wide Vin controllers and integrated modules address issues like reliability across voltage ranges, overload protection, and high power density with low EMI. Examples are given of wide Vin solutions for isolated bias supplies, boost converters, and automotive systems dealing with start-stop events and battery voltage variations.
The document describes the design of a folded cascode operational amplifier. Key points:
- The goal is to design an op-amp with over 80dB gain, 10MHz bandwidth, 5V/us slew rate, and other specs using a folded cascode topology.
- Hand calculations are shown for determining device sizes to meet the gain, bandwidth, and slew rate specs.
- Simulation results show a gain of 17.5k, 604.7Hz bandwidth, and 3.5V/us slew rate, meeting most but not all specs.
- Analysis discusses the pros and cons of this topology, noting the difficulty of achieving high slew rate and the narrow input/
Designed a Switched Capacitor Low Pass Filter with a sampling frequency of 60 Hz.
Simulated the filter to have a ripple within 0.2 dB under 3.6 MHz and a stopband attenuation of atleast -51 dB after 7.2 MHz.
Applied dynamic range optimization, Dynamic Range Scaling and Chip Area scaling to get maximum output swing while occupying minimum area on chip.
Tested the filter with non-idealities of the amplifier, such as finite gain, bandwidth, offset voltage, charge injection, etc.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
The document provides information on grading procedures for various power system protection schemes including:
1. Parallel feeders where directional relays are needed at each feeder terminal to prevent unnecessary tripping under fault conditions.
2. Ring main circuits which require directional relays since fault current can flow in both directions; grading is done by opening the ring at different locations.
3. Non-directional relays can be used on ring circuits if the source substation relays and relays with higher time settings are at load substations.
This document summarizes a lecture on the MOS switch and MOS diode. It discusses the MOSFET as an ideal and non-ideal switch, including the influence of on resistance, off resistance, and parasitic capacitances. It describes channel charge injection that occurs when the switch turns off and clock feedthrough from the gate capacitance. Models are presented to analyze the varying on resistance during switching and the effects of charge injection and clock feedthrough. Methods for reducing these non-ideal effects are also discussed, such as minimizing parasitic capacitances and transition times.
(1) Current shaping strategies for buck power factor correction converters are discussed. (2) Sine-squared modulation is analyzed where the average inductor current is shaped to follow a sine-squared waveform to improve the power factor. (3) The K-value, which determines the conduction angle and power factor, is analyzed and its impact on the harmonic content of the input current is shown, with various harmonics either meeting or violating Class C and Class D emission standards based on the K-value.
The document describes the design of an oscillator using a CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). It discusses different current mirror circuits used to design the CMOS OTA and selects the cascode current mirror as most suitable. RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators are then created using the CMOS OTA. Simulation results show the oscillators generate sine waves close to their calculated frequencies. The CMOS OTA provides advantages like high bandwidth and slew rate over traditional op-amps.
1. WCDMA uses BPSK in the uplink and QPSK in the downlink. Pulse shaping uses RRC (Root-Raised-Cosine) to prevent inter-symbol interference caused by group delay variations during wireless transmission.
2. Pulse shaping is introduced to eliminate noise and facilitate demodulation. WCDMA uses the RRC filter, whose time domain shape is the famous Broadcom logo sinc function.
3. LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink and OFDMA in the downlink. OFDM more efficiently uses bandwidth and can accommodate more users. Each OFDM sub-carrier is the Broadcom logo sinc function, with all sub-carriers being orthogonal called
This document provides information about a course on electrical transmission and distribution systems. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the course, including approximate models for analyzing voltage drop and line impedance on distribution lines. It also discusses 'K' factors that can be used to calculate voltage drop and rise percentages. Other topics covered include uniformly distributed loads on distribution laterals and calculating the total power loss on a distribution line. The document provides examples and equations for calculating various parameters related to distribution system analysis.
Design of a Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Operational AmplifierSteven Ernst, PE
This document summarizes the design of a fully differential operational amplifier and a second-order Butterworth filter using the designed op-amp. The op-amp was designed using a folded-cascode topology to meet specifications across temperature variations. Simulation results showed it met most specifications. A layout was created and tested, matching the schematic performance. A Butterworth biquad filter was also designed using the op-amp, with simulation results showing corner frequencies around the specified 22kHz point across temperatures.
Lab 4 EEL 3552 Amplitude Modulation with MATLAB SimulationsKatrina Little
This document summarizes an experiment on amplitude modulation, demodulation, and envelope detection. An AM signal was generated by modulating a carrier wave with a message signal, then demodulated using two different methods. First, low-pass filtering was used for demodulation, which successfully recovered the original sine and triangle wave signals. Second, a synchronous detector with the carrier signal was used, which also recovered the original signals despite noise issues due to a malfunctioning signal generator. The experiment demonstrated the principles of AM modulation and different demodulation techniques.
This document discusses techniques for calculating voltage drop and power loss in electrical distribution systems. It presents methods for lumping loads into rectangular configurations with uniform load densities. Formulas are developed to calculate the total current, voltage drop, and power loss for a rectangular area based on the load diversity, power factor, line impedance, and area dimensions. An example problem demonstrates using these techniques to determine the minimum voltage level needed to serve a sample rectangular area without exceeding 3% voltage drop.
This document summarizes a lecture about common-source (CS) MOSFET amplifier stages. It discusses the basic CS amplifier configuration and how its voltage gain is determined by the transistor's transconductance and load resistance. It also covers MOSFET biasing techniques including self-biasing, and using current sources or diode-connected loads to alleviate headroom issues in the amplifier. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations for analyzing the various CS stage variations.
The document discusses how collective learning organizations can be structured for connected collaboration in a distributed manner. It argues that traditional hierarchical organizations are no longer effective due to increased connectivity between people. It suggests that nature provides examples of how distributed systems like cells, bacteria colonies, ant hills and the human brain function as coherent wholes through interconnected networks. The human brain in particular handles patterns rather than data, and uses techniques like parallel processing and orthogonal transforms to simplify pattern matching across distributed areas. This model of distributed yet coherent networks can be applied to organizing groups of connected people using telecommunications and computing networks.
This document provides an overview of operational amplifier (op amp) circuit topologies and their analysis. It discusses various op amp configurations including single-stage, two-stage, telescopic cascode, folded cascode, and gain-boosting topologies. It analyzes each configuration's characteristics such as gain, bandwidth, output swing, and noise performance. Example circuits are provided and design considerations like biasing, common-mode range, and dominant pole locations are examined.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview and examples of cascode op amp design. It discusses the benefits of cascode op amps such as improved frequency behavior and gain. It then covers the design of single-stage and two-stage cascode op amps. An example shows the design process for a balanced two-stage cascode op amp to meet specifications like gain, bandwidth, output swing, and common-mode rejection ratio. Transistor sizing is determined through calculations of transconductance and output resistance.
Ece 523 project – fully differential two stage telescopic op ampKarthik Rathinavel
• Designed a two stage op-amp with first stage as a telescopic amplifier and second stage being a common source, in Cadence.
• Simulated the loop characteristics of the amplifier to have atleast 100 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth, 65 dB gain and 60º phase margin (both differential loop and Common Mode) for three temperature (27,-40,100) corners.
• Extracted the layout of the design in Virtuoso (after passing DRC an LVS) and simulated the differential loop performances of the extracted netlist.
• Designed a third order Butterworth filter with 100 KHz corner frequency using the op-amp.
Power Topologies_Full Deck_04251964_MappusSteve Mappus
The document provides an overview of various power converter topologies, including:
- Non-isolated converter topologies like boost, buck, and buck-boost converters and their isolated derivatives.
- Single-ended converter topologies like forward and flyback converters that use transformer reset techniques like reset winding and resonant reset.
- Double-ended topologies like push-pull, half-bridge, and full-bridge converters.
- It discusses the advantages of different topologies for applications like low, mid, and high power as well as operating modes like continuous and discontinuous conduction.
1) The document discusses linear circuit models used to analyze transistor behavior including small signal models that are frequency independent and frequency dependent. It also covers noise models and passive component models.
2) Key small signal models are presented for different transistor regions of operation including the saturation region. These models approximate transistor behavior as linear changes about an operating point.
3) MOSFET noise is analyzed including thermal noise and 1/f noise. Models are derived to represent noise at low and high frequencies.
Wide Vin DC/DC Converters: Reliable Power for Demanding ApplicationsDesign World
The document discusses wide input voltage (wide Vin) DC-DC converters, highlighting their use in industrial, automotive, and communications systems where input voltages can vary widely and experience transients. It presents challenges faced in these applications and how Texas Instruments' wide Vin controllers and integrated modules address issues like reliability across voltage ranges, overload protection, and high power density with low EMI. Examples are given of wide Vin solutions for isolated bias supplies, boost converters, and automotive systems dealing with start-stop events and battery voltage variations.
The document describes the design of a folded cascode operational amplifier. Key points:
- The goal is to design an op-amp with over 80dB gain, 10MHz bandwidth, 5V/us slew rate, and other specs using a folded cascode topology.
- Hand calculations are shown for determining device sizes to meet the gain, bandwidth, and slew rate specs.
- Simulation results show a gain of 17.5k, 604.7Hz bandwidth, and 3.5V/us slew rate, meeting most but not all specs.
- Analysis discusses the pros and cons of this topology, noting the difficulty of achieving high slew rate and the narrow input/
Designed a Switched Capacitor Low Pass Filter with a sampling frequency of 60 Hz.
Simulated the filter to have a ripple within 0.2 dB under 3.6 MHz and a stopband attenuation of atleast -51 dB after 7.2 MHz.
Applied dynamic range optimization, Dynamic Range Scaling and Chip Area scaling to get maximum output swing while occupying minimum area on chip.
Tested the filter with non-idealities of the amplifier, such as finite gain, bandwidth, offset voltage, charge injection, etc.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
The document provides information on grading procedures for various power system protection schemes including:
1. Parallel feeders where directional relays are needed at each feeder terminal to prevent unnecessary tripping under fault conditions.
2. Ring main circuits which require directional relays since fault current can flow in both directions; grading is done by opening the ring at different locations.
3. Non-directional relays can be used on ring circuits if the source substation relays and relays with higher time settings are at load substations.
This document summarizes a lecture on the MOS switch and MOS diode. It discusses the MOSFET as an ideal and non-ideal switch, including the influence of on resistance, off resistance, and parasitic capacitances. It describes channel charge injection that occurs when the switch turns off and clock feedthrough from the gate capacitance. Models are presented to analyze the varying on resistance during switching and the effects of charge injection and clock feedthrough. Methods for reducing these non-ideal effects are also discussed, such as minimizing parasitic capacitances and transition times.
(1) Current shaping strategies for buck power factor correction converters are discussed. (2) Sine-squared modulation is analyzed where the average inductor current is shaped to follow a sine-squared waveform to improve the power factor. (3) The K-value, which determines the conduction angle and power factor, is analyzed and its impact on the harmonic content of the input current is shown, with various harmonics either meeting or violating Class C and Class D emission standards based on the K-value.
The document describes the design of an oscillator using a CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). It discusses different current mirror circuits used to design the CMOS OTA and selects the cascode current mirror as most suitable. RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators are then created using the CMOS OTA. Simulation results show the oscillators generate sine waves close to their calculated frequencies. The CMOS OTA provides advantages like high bandwidth and slew rate over traditional op-amps.
1. WCDMA uses BPSK in the uplink and QPSK in the downlink. Pulse shaping uses RRC (Root-Raised-Cosine) to prevent inter-symbol interference caused by group delay variations during wireless transmission.
2. Pulse shaping is introduced to eliminate noise and facilitate demodulation. WCDMA uses the RRC filter, whose time domain shape is the famous Broadcom logo sinc function.
3. LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink and OFDMA in the downlink. OFDM more efficiently uses bandwidth and can accommodate more users. Each OFDM sub-carrier is the Broadcom logo sinc function, with all sub-carriers being orthogonal called
This document provides information about a course on electrical transmission and distribution systems. It discusses various topics that will be covered in the course, including approximate models for analyzing voltage drop and line impedance on distribution lines. It also discusses 'K' factors that can be used to calculate voltage drop and rise percentages. Other topics covered include uniformly distributed loads on distribution laterals and calculating the total power loss on a distribution line. The document provides examples and equations for calculating various parameters related to distribution system analysis.
Design of a Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Operational AmplifierSteven Ernst, PE
This document summarizes the design of a fully differential operational amplifier and a second-order Butterworth filter using the designed op-amp. The op-amp was designed using a folded-cascode topology to meet specifications across temperature variations. Simulation results showed it met most specifications. A layout was created and tested, matching the schematic performance. A Butterworth biquad filter was also designed using the op-amp, with simulation results showing corner frequencies around the specified 22kHz point across temperatures.
Lab 4 EEL 3552 Amplitude Modulation with MATLAB SimulationsKatrina Little
This document summarizes an experiment on amplitude modulation, demodulation, and envelope detection. An AM signal was generated by modulating a carrier wave with a message signal, then demodulated using two different methods. First, low-pass filtering was used for demodulation, which successfully recovered the original sine and triangle wave signals. Second, a synchronous detector with the carrier signal was used, which also recovered the original signals despite noise issues due to a malfunctioning signal generator. The experiment demonstrated the principles of AM modulation and different demodulation techniques.
This document discusses techniques for calculating voltage drop and power loss in electrical distribution systems. It presents methods for lumping loads into rectangular configurations with uniform load densities. Formulas are developed to calculate the total current, voltage drop, and power loss for a rectangular area based on the load diversity, power factor, line impedance, and area dimensions. An example problem demonstrates using these techniques to determine the minimum voltage level needed to serve a sample rectangular area without exceeding 3% voltage drop.
This document summarizes a lecture about common-source (CS) MOSFET amplifier stages. It discusses the basic CS amplifier configuration and how its voltage gain is determined by the transistor's transconductance and load resistance. It also covers MOSFET biasing techniques including self-biasing, and using current sources or diode-connected loads to alleviate headroom issues in the amplifier. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations for analyzing the various CS stage variations.
The document discusses how collective learning organizations can be structured for connected collaboration in a distributed manner. It argues that traditional hierarchical organizations are no longer effective due to increased connectivity between people. It suggests that nature provides examples of how distributed systems like cells, bacteria colonies, ant hills and the human brain function as coherent wholes through interconnected networks. The human brain in particular handles patterns rather than data, and uses techniques like parallel processing and orthogonal transforms to simplify pattern matching across distributed areas. This model of distributed yet coherent networks can be applied to organizing groups of connected people using telecommunications and computing networks.
El documento presenta cifras sobre el estado de conservación de las especies de vertebrados. Muestra que hay 330 especies extinguidas, 3.524 especies amenazadas y 56.586 especies conocidas entre peces, anfibios, aves, reptiles y mamíferos. La mayoría de especies amenazadas son anfibios, con 5.578, y la mayoría de especies conocidas son peces, con 28.100.
The document summarizes key characteristics and performance metrics of open-loop comparators, including:
- Comparators compare analog signals and output a binary signal. They act as 1-bit analog-to-digital converters.
- Comparator characteristics include voltage gain, input offset voltage, noise, propagation delay time, input common mode range, and slew rate.
- Open-loop comparators can have a dominant pole response determined by a single dominant pole, or a two-pole response for higher speed.
- Comparator examples include the single-stage and folded-cascode designs for dominant pole response, and a two-stage design for higher speed two-pole response. Performance metrics like voltage
El documento describe el mapa conceptual, una técnica gráfica para representar conocimiento descubierta por Joseph Novak. Un mapa conceptual contiene nodos que representan conceptos y enlaces que relacionan los conceptos en una red. El proceso para crear un mapa conceptual involucra generar conceptos, diseñar una estructura, integrar nuevos conocimientos, y evaluar la comprensión.
The document discusses techniques for increasing the gain-bandwidth (GB) of operational amplifiers. It describes:
1) How the GB of a two-stage op-amp is limited by higher-order poles beyond the dominant pole. The nulling zero can be used to cancel the closest higher-order pole, effectively increasing the GB.
2) An example of applying this technique to increase the GB of an op-amp designed in a previous example from 5MHz to 49MHz by canceling the second pole and setting the GB based on the third pole.
3) A second example of applying the same technique to increase the GB of a folded cascode op-amp by evaluating its poles and determining which
1) The document discusses differential-in, differential-out operational amplifiers (op amps). It provides examples of circuit designs for these types of op amps, including two-stage, folded cascode, and push-pull configurations.
2) Maintaining a stable common mode output voltage is challenging for differential op amps due to the undefined common mode gain. Various common mode feedback circuit techniques are presented to address this issue.
3) Frequency compensation is important for common mode feedback circuits to achieve stable performance. Miller capacitors can be used to cancel poles in the common mode feedback path.
El documento describe el aprendizaje colaborativo como un sistema de interacción diseñado para fomentar la influencia mutua entre los miembros de un equipo a través de un proceso gradual que genera interdependencia positiva. Se adquiere mediante métodos de trabajo grupal que involucran la interacción y contribución de todos para construir conocimiento compartiendo autoridad, responsabilidad y puntos de vista de manera consensuada. Algunos beneficios son aumentar la autoestima, promover competencia sana, mejorar habilidades de comunicación y generar un cl
tax law should be reformed to encourage savings ?tripti4
This document argues against reforming tax laws to encourage saving by lowering taxes. It claims this would increase the government's budget deficit by reducing tax revenue while expenditure remains high. A large deficit would shift the tax burden to future generations and require the government to take on loans through deficit financing. Deficit financing, such as printing currency or government borrowing, reduces currency value, drives up interest rates, and makes credit more expensive. The document argues it is better to reduce the budget deficit in order to lower future taxes and borrowing, increase public confidence, and encourage higher savings and investment. Data from India is presented showing an inverse relationship between savings/investment and inflation/deficit.
El documento describe las características y obras de varios escultores del siglo XX como Henri Moore, Alexander Archipenko, Constantin Brancusi, Julio González, Pablo Gargallo y Alexander Calder. Sus obras se caracterizan por simplificar las formas, dar protagonismo al espacio vacío, usar materiales como el hierro y el bronce, y en el caso de Calder crear esculturas móviles y estables con formas planas.
This document discusses simulation and measurement techniques for operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by outlining the goals and key differences between simulation and measurement. It then provides details on simulating and measuring an op amp's open-loop gain, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), and other specifications. Simulation examples are given for a two-stage CMOS op amp. Measurement techniques are described for determining gain, CMRR, and PSRR using a single experimental setup.
This document discusses current mirrors and simple voltage references. It begins by outlining MOSFET current mirrors, improved current mirror designs, and voltage and current references with power supply independence. It then provides details on simple MOS current mirrors, characterization of current mirrors, and sources of error. Improved current mirror designs discussed include the cascode current mirror, self-biased cascode current mirror, and regulated cascode current mirror. The document concludes with a summary of key characteristics of different current mirror designs and a brief discussion of voltage references with power supply independence.
The document provides an overview of differential amplifiers including:
- Characterizing a differential amplifier by defining differential-mode and common-mode voltages, common mode rejection ratio, input common mode range, and offset voltages.
- Analyzing a differential amplifier with a current mirror load, deriving its transconductance characteristic, voltage transfer function, and regions of operation.
- Explaining input common mode range and how it is limited by transistors entering non-saturation.
The document discusses compensation of operational amplifiers (op amps). It describes how op amps are typically compensated using Miller compensation, which involves a capacitor that provides feedback around the high-gain inverting stage. Other compensation methods include using a capacitor in the load or feedforward techniques. Proper compensation is crucial for achieving a stable closed-loop response when negative feedback is applied to the op amp. The uncompensated frequency response of a two-stage op amp can exhibit two poles that must be stabilized through compensation.
The document provides an overview of modeling MOSFET transistors for analog circuit design. It introduces the simple large signal (SAH) model, which describes the transistor's three regions of operation: cutoff, active, and saturation. The model equation for current (ID) as a function of gate-source voltage (VGS) and drain-source voltage (VDS) is developed. The model is only accurate to ±10-50% but provides insight for design decisions. More advanced models account for short-channel and other effects.
A Low Power Low Voltage High Performance CMOS Current MirrorIJERA Editor
The current mirrors are one of the most important circuits in designing the analog and mixed-mode circuit. A
low power and low voltage high-performance CMOS current mirror with optimized input and output resistance
are presented in this paper. SPICE simulations confirm the high-performance CMOS current mirror with power
supply close to the threshold voltage of the transistor. In this paper, for achieving the low input resistance and a
very high output resistance, the combination of shunt input feedback and regulated cascode output stage are
used.
The document summarizes low input resistance amplifiers, including the common gate, cascode, and current amplifiers. It provides analysis of their large and small signal characteristics, such as input and output resistances, voltage gains, frequency responses, and limitations on voltage swings. The cascode amplifier is described as having higher output resistance and gain compared to the common gate configuration. Simplified models are used to derive expressions for the amplifiers' voltage transfer functions and pole locations.
This document provides an overview of output amplifiers, including their requirements, types, and circuit implementations. It discusses Class A amplifiers and their limitations in efficiency and distortion. Class A source followers are introduced as a way to reduce output resistance and attenuation. Push-pull amplifiers are also mentioned as being able to both sink and source current. Circuit analysis is provided for small-signal models, voltage gains, frequency responses, and output characteristics of these different amplifier configurations.
CMOS differential pairs are used for finding the difference between two voltage signal.But if not properly implemented then it will also cause amplification of common voltage.As well as to work as differential pair voltage should also be in proper range so that it should operate in steady state i.e. as amplifier.
This document describes an integrated analog input Class D audio amplifier driver chip. Key features include integrated PWM modulation and protection circuitry, programmable dead time control and overcurrent protection, and high voltage ratings up to ±100V delivering up to 500W of output power. Typical applications include home theater and speaker systems. Electrical specifications are provided for operating conditions, input/output characteristics, and protection thresholds.
This document summarizes high speed comparators. It discusses how the speed of comparators is limited by either linear response or slew rate. Techniques to maximize speed include increasing sourcing/sinking currents, optimizing the number of stages in cascaded amplifiers, and using a preamplifier followed by a latch. An example calculates the minimum propagation delay of a comparator consisting of an amplifier cascaded with a latch. The summary maximizes essential information while keeping within 3 sentences.
This document discusses voltage drop calculation for lighting and convenience socket circuits. It defines key terms like voltage drop and nominal system voltage. It provides the Philippine Electrical Code provisions limiting voltage drop to 3% for feeders and branch circuits, and 5% total. Formulas are given for calculating voltage drop based on current, conductor length, material properties, and cross-sectional area. Sample calculations demonstrate applying the formulas. The document also introduces VPCM, JGC Philippines' in-house software for automating voltage drop calculations, and generating outputs like block diagrams, panel schedules, and cable schedules.
This document provides information on dual comparator integrated circuits from ON Semiconductor, including the LM393, LM393E, LM293, LM2903, LM2903E, LM2903V, and NCV2903. It includes specifications for electrical characteristics like input offset voltage, input bias current, output saturation voltage, and supply current. The document also provides application information with examples of using the comparators in zero crossing detectors, oscillators, time delay generators, and with hysteresis. Diagrams show typical comparator schematics and markings.
The document discusses two types of transformerless power supplies - resistive and capacitive. A capacitive power supply uses a capacitor to limit current and regulate voltage output. It has advantages of being smaller and cheaper than transformer-based supplies but lacks isolation. A resistive power supply uses a resistor instead of a capacitor. It is the lowest cost option but also the least efficient as power is lost as heat in the resistor. Both provide unregulated DC power from an AC wall outlet for microcontrollers and have safety considerations due to lack of isolation.
The document discusses two types of transformerless power supplies - resistive and capacitive. A capacitive power supply uses a capacitor to limit current and regulate voltage output. It has advantages of being smaller and cheaper than transformer-based supplies but lacks isolation. A resistive power supply uses a resistor instead of a capacitor. It is the lowest cost option but also the least efficient as power is lost as heat in the resistor. Both provide unregulated DC power from an AC wall outlet for microcontrollers and have safety risks without transformer isolation.
IRJET- Comparison of Power Dissipation in Inverter using SVL TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document compares the power dissipation of different inverter circuit designs including static CMOS, domino, and domino with self-controllable voltage level (SVL) techniques. It finds that an upper SVL domino circuit has the lowest power consumption of 25.167 μW, which is 35.88% less than a static CMOS inverter. SVL techniques like upper and lower SVL help reduce leakage power by increasing threshold voltage. Simulation results in a 90nm technology show that an upper SVL domino inverter has lower power dissipation and propagation delay compared to other designs.
A Sub-1-V 15-ppm/ C CMOS Band gap Voltage Referenceijsrd.com
A sub-1-V CMOS band gap voltage reference requiring no low threshold voltage device is introduced in this paper. In a CMOS technology with vthn=vthp=0 9 V at 0 C, the minimum supply voltage of the proposed voltage reference is 0.98 V, and the maximum supply current is 18 A. A temperature coefficient of 15 ppm/ C from 0 C to 100 C is recorded after trimming. The active area of the circuit is about 0.24 mm2.
Original IGBT 6MBP20XSF060-50 20XSF060 060 20A 600V New FujiAUTHELECTRONIC
This document provides specifications for an IGBT module with part number 6MBP20XSF060-50. The module contains low-side IGBTs and has features including short circuit protection, temperature sensing, and overheating protection. It is suitable for applications such as small power AC motor drives from 100-240V. The module has 20 pins for control signals, power terminals, and fault/temperature outputs. Key electrical characteristics include a saturation voltage of 0.9-1.1V, turn-on time of 1.0-1.35us, and overcurrent protection at 0.455-0.505V. It has recommended operating conditions such as a DC bus voltage of 300-400V and junction
This document outlines the design procedure for a two-stage operational amplifier (op amp) using CMOS technology. It begins by listing the steps in designing any op amp and the design inputs and outputs. It then provides more details on the specific design procedure for a two-stage CMOS op amp, including determining the bias currents, transistor sizes, and compensation components to meet specifications for gain, bandwidth, output swing, power dissipation, and other parameters. The document concludes with a numerical example showing the step-by-step calculations to design a two-stage op amp to given specifications.
1. Delta-sigma ADCs use fully differential switched capacitor circuits for their analog parts. This improves dynamic range and cancels common mode signals and charge injection errors.
2. A 1.5V, 1mW, 98dB fourth-order delta-sigma modulator is discussed as an example. It uses a multi-stage pipelined architecture with four integrators.
3. Decimation and digital filtering are required after the analog delta-sigma modulation. Comb filters and FIR filters are commonly used to attenuate noise, bandlimit signals, and suppress out-of-band components during decimation and filtering.
This document provides an introduction to oversampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It discusses delta-sigma modulators, which are the core component of oversampling ADCs. A delta-sigma modulator shapes the quantization noise to push it to higher frequencies, achieving high resolution through oversampling. Higher-order delta-sigma modulators provide better noise shaping. The in-band noise of a single-loop delta-sigma modulator is inversely proportional to the oversampling ratio raised to a power related to the modulator order, allowing significant gains in resolution from increased oversampling.
Parallel/flash ADCs use a voltage ladder and comparators to convert an analog input to a thermometer code. They can achieve sampling rates over 1GHz but require 2N-1 comparators. Interpolating and averaging ADCs reduce comparator count by interpolating between ladder voltages and averaging comparator outputs. Folding ADCs further reduce comparator count by mapping the input range onto a smaller set of subranges. Time-interleaved ADCs achieve high speeds by parallelizing conversions across multiple ADCs.
This document provides an overview of testing techniques for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and discusses various types of moderate-speed ADCs. It describes common tests for measuring ADC performance including input-output tests, FFT tests, histogram tests, and sinusoidal input tests. Different ADC architectures are introduced such as serial ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, and pipeline ADCs. Specific circuit implementations and operating principles are outlined for single-slope, dual-slope, and successive approximation ADCs.
The document discusses characterization of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and sample and hold circuits. It introduces ADCs and their components. Static characterization of ADCs includes parameters like resolution, quantization noise, offset error, gain error, integral nonlinearity, and differential nonlinearity. Dynamic characteristics depend on comparators and sample/hold circuits. Sample/hold circuits must precisely sample signals within the clock period and hold the value for conversion. Open-loop sample/hold circuits are faster but less accurate than feedback circuits. Settling time calculations show higher resolution ADCs require more time for buffers to settle within accuracy limits.
This document discusses different types of digital-to-analog converters (DACs), including parallel DACs, improved resolution parallel DACs, and serial DACs. It describes voltage scaling DACs which use a resistor ladder network and charge scaling DACs which use a capacitor array. It also examines integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL) for these DAC types and provides examples of calculating resolution based on component tolerances.
This document discusses the characterization and testing of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and current scaling DACs. It begins with an introduction to DACs and their importance in signal processing applications. It then covers the static characterization of DACs, including definitions of resolution, full scale range, dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, offset and gain errors, and integral and differential nonlinearity. Dynamic characterization is also discussed, focusing on conversion speed. Current scaling DACs are briefly mentioned. The document provides detailed information on evaluating key specifications and performance metrics of DACs.
The document discusses improved open-loop comparators and latches. It begins with an overview of autozeroing comparators, which use feedback to cancel offset voltages. Differential and single-ended autozeroed comparator circuit implementations are shown. The document then covers hysteresis, which reduces noise sensitivity using positive feedback to create a switching threshold range. External circuits are presented for generating hysteresis. Internal hysteresis circuits using positive feedback of the comparator output are also described. Calculation examples are provided for designing comparators with hysteresis and determining switching thresholds.
This document provides an overview of inverting amplifiers. It begins with an introduction that defines different types of amplifiers and notes that CMOS amplifiers typically operate as transconductance amplifiers. The document then discusses three specific inverting amplifier circuit topologies: the active load inverting amplifier, current source load inverting amplifier, and push-pull inverting amplifier. It also covers analyzing the small-signal performance and frequency response of inverting amplifiers. Key aspects like voltage gain, output resistance, bandwidth, and stability are examined through analytical modeling of the circuits.
This document summarizes the principles and design of temperature stable voltage references. It discusses how to generate voltages with positive temperature coefficients (PTAT) and negative temperature coefficients (CTAT) using diodes and resistors. The key principle is that a temperature independent reference voltage can be achieved by cancelling a PTAT voltage with a CTAT voltage using the appropriate ratio of resistor values. Two common configurations - series and parallel - are presented along with examples of calculating resistor ratios to achieve temperature independence.
This document discusses computer models used for MOSFET device simulation and extraction of a simple large signal model for circuit design. It covers the evolution of MOSFET models from first to third generation models, describing improvements in physical accuracy and numerical conditioning for simulation. Examples of BSIM models are provided, along with equations for the BSIM2 and BSIM3 models and parameter extraction procedures.
This document provides an overview of component matching in analog circuits. It discusses the concepts of accuracy and mismatch between components and how they are related. Electrical matching techniques are described where matching transistors by equalizing their terminal voltages is discussed. Examples of current mirrors and differential amplifiers are provided. Self-calibration techniques are introduced as a way to improve component matching through adjustment during a calibration phase.
This document discusses the dependence of MOSFET large signal models on process, voltage, and temperature variations. It begins by outlining the MOS capacitor model and describing the various depletion and charge storage capacitances. It then explains how threshold voltage and transconductance parameter in the large signal model depend on process variations like oxide thickness and doping levels. The document also shows how the large signal model is affected by changes in supply voltage. Process corners are introduced to illustrate the acceptable technology parameter space.