The document discusses improved open-loop comparators and latches. It begins with an overview of autozeroing comparators, which use feedback to cancel offset voltages. Differential and single-ended autozeroed comparator circuit implementations are shown. The document then covers hysteresis, which reduces noise sensitivity using positive feedback to create a switching threshold range. External circuits are presented for generating hysteresis. Internal hysteresis circuits using positive feedback of the comparator output are also described. Calculation examples are provided for designing comparators with hysteresis and determining switching thresholds.
The document summarizes key characteristics and performance metrics of open-loop comparators, including:
- Comparators compare analog signals and output a binary signal. They act as 1-bit analog-to-digital converters.
- Comparator characteristics include voltage gain, input offset voltage, noise, propagation delay time, input common mode range, and slew rate.
- Open-loop comparators can have a dominant pole response determined by a single dominant pole, or a two-pole response for higher speed.
- Comparator examples include the single-stage and folded-cascode designs for dominant pole response, and a two-stage design for higher speed two-pole response. Performance metrics like voltage
Study and implementation of comparator in cmos 50 nm technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the comparator circuits used in FLASH Analog to digital converter (ADC). The performance of FLASH ADC is greatly influenced by the choice of comparator. In this paper, first a single ended “Threshold Inverter Quantizer” (TIQ) is presented. The TIQ comparator is based on a CMOS inverter cell, in which voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) are changed by systematic transistor sizing. However, TIQ comparator is very sensitive to power supply noise. Another comparator circuit presented in this paper is “Two stage open loop comparator”. It is implemented in 50 nm CMOS Technology. Pre-simulation of comparator is done in LT-Spice and post layout simulation is done in Microwind 3.1. Keywords: CMOS, Comparator, TIQ (Threshold Inverter Quantizer), LT-Spice.
The document discusses compensation of operational amplifiers (op amps). It describes how op amps are typically compensated using Miller compensation, which involves a capacitor that provides feedback around the high-gain inverting stage. Other compensation methods include using a capacitor in the load or feedforward techniques. Proper compensation is crucial for achieving a stable closed-loop response when negative feedback is applied to the op amp. The uncompensated frequency response of a two-stage op amp can exhibit two poles that must be stabilized through compensation.
This document summarizes high speed comparators. It discusses how the speed of comparators is limited by either linear response or slew rate. Techniques to maximize speed include increasing sourcing/sinking currents, optimizing the number of stages in cascaded amplifiers, and using a preamplifier followed by a latch. An example calculates the minimum propagation delay of a comparator consisting of an amplifier cascaded with a latch. The summary maximizes essential information while keeping within 3 sentences.
Parallel/flash ADCs use a voltage ladder and comparators to convert an analog input to a thermometer code. They can achieve sampling rates over 1GHz but require 2N-1 comparators. Interpolating and averaging ADCs reduce comparator count by interpolating between ladder voltages and averaging comparator outputs. Folding ADCs further reduce comparator count by mapping the input range onto a smaller set of subranges. Time-interleaved ADCs achieve high speeds by parallelizing conversions across multiple ADCs.
This document discusses simulation and measurement techniques for operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by outlining the goals and key differences between simulation and measurement. It then provides details on simulating and measuring an op amp's open-loop gain, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), and other specifications. Simulation examples are given for a two-stage CMOS op amp. Measurement techniques are described for determining gain, CMRR, and PSRR using a single experimental setup.
The EC5575 is a 14+1 channel voltage buffer IC for use in TFT-LCD displays. It has wide input/output voltage ranges, high slew rate, and can source/sink large currents. The IC incorporates rail-to-rail op-amps and a Vcom amplifier in a 48-pin TQFP package. It is used to buffer grayscale reference voltages for LCD gamma correction.
This document summarizes digital CMOS logic circuits. It discusses that CMOS is the most popular technology for implementing digital systems due to its small size, ease of fabrication, and low power dissipation. It then describes the characteristics used to evaluate logic circuit families, including noise margins, propagation delay, power dissipation, and fan-in/fan-out. Finally, it discusses the basic structure of CMOS logic gates which use pull-up and pull-down transistor networks to output a 0 or 1.
The document summarizes key characteristics and performance metrics of open-loop comparators, including:
- Comparators compare analog signals and output a binary signal. They act as 1-bit analog-to-digital converters.
- Comparator characteristics include voltage gain, input offset voltage, noise, propagation delay time, input common mode range, and slew rate.
- Open-loop comparators can have a dominant pole response determined by a single dominant pole, or a two-pole response for higher speed.
- Comparator examples include the single-stage and folded-cascode designs for dominant pole response, and a two-stage design for higher speed two-pole response. Performance metrics like voltage
Study and implementation of comparator in cmos 50 nm technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the comparator circuits used in FLASH Analog to digital converter (ADC). The performance of FLASH ADC is greatly influenced by the choice of comparator. In this paper, first a single ended “Threshold Inverter Quantizer” (TIQ) is presented. The TIQ comparator is based on a CMOS inverter cell, in which voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) are changed by systematic transistor sizing. However, TIQ comparator is very sensitive to power supply noise. Another comparator circuit presented in this paper is “Two stage open loop comparator”. It is implemented in 50 nm CMOS Technology. Pre-simulation of comparator is done in LT-Spice and post layout simulation is done in Microwind 3.1. Keywords: CMOS, Comparator, TIQ (Threshold Inverter Quantizer), LT-Spice.
The document discusses compensation of operational amplifiers (op amps). It describes how op amps are typically compensated using Miller compensation, which involves a capacitor that provides feedback around the high-gain inverting stage. Other compensation methods include using a capacitor in the load or feedforward techniques. Proper compensation is crucial for achieving a stable closed-loop response when negative feedback is applied to the op amp. The uncompensated frequency response of a two-stage op amp can exhibit two poles that must be stabilized through compensation.
This document summarizes high speed comparators. It discusses how the speed of comparators is limited by either linear response or slew rate. Techniques to maximize speed include increasing sourcing/sinking currents, optimizing the number of stages in cascaded amplifiers, and using a preamplifier followed by a latch. An example calculates the minimum propagation delay of a comparator consisting of an amplifier cascaded with a latch. The summary maximizes essential information while keeping within 3 sentences.
Parallel/flash ADCs use a voltage ladder and comparators to convert an analog input to a thermometer code. They can achieve sampling rates over 1GHz but require 2N-1 comparators. Interpolating and averaging ADCs reduce comparator count by interpolating between ladder voltages and averaging comparator outputs. Folding ADCs further reduce comparator count by mapping the input range onto a smaller set of subranges. Time-interleaved ADCs achieve high speeds by parallelizing conversions across multiple ADCs.
This document discusses simulation and measurement techniques for operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by outlining the goals and key differences between simulation and measurement. It then provides details on simulating and measuring an op amp's open-loop gain, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), and other specifications. Simulation examples are given for a two-stage CMOS op amp. Measurement techniques are described for determining gain, CMRR, and PSRR using a single experimental setup.
The EC5575 is a 14+1 channel voltage buffer IC for use in TFT-LCD displays. It has wide input/output voltage ranges, high slew rate, and can source/sink large currents. The IC incorporates rail-to-rail op-amps and a Vcom amplifier in a 48-pin TQFP package. It is used to buffer grayscale reference voltages for LCD gamma correction.
This document summarizes digital CMOS logic circuits. It discusses that CMOS is the most popular technology for implementing digital systems due to its small size, ease of fabrication, and low power dissipation. It then describes the characteristics used to evaluate logic circuit families, including noise margins, propagation delay, power dissipation, and fan-in/fan-out. Finally, it discusses the basic structure of CMOS logic gates which use pull-up and pull-down transistor networks to output a 0 or 1.
Lec4 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- CMOSHsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
1. The document describes CMOS inverters and how to construct CMOS networks for basic logic gates like NAND, NOR, and XOR from pull-up and pull-down networks.
2. It provides a systematic method for drawing the CMOS network from a Boolean equation by first constructing either the pull-up network or pull-down network based on the equation.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to apply the method to draw CMOS networks for equations with multiple variables like XOR, XNOR, and complex equations with nested terms.
Cigre test system description justifications and simulation results v3sebden
This document describes the CIGRE DC Grid Test System, which was developed to provide a standardized system configuration for simulations and discussions in CIGRE working groups related to DC grids. The test system includes: 2 onshore and 4 offshore AC systems connected through 3 VSC-based HVDC systems. It has overhead lines and submarine cables at voltage levels of ±200kV and ±400kV. Control schemes for the VSC converters are also described including outer power/voltage controls and inner current controls for both grid-connected and islanded operations. Simulation results on line loadings and costs are provided to validate the test system configuration and component choices.
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and experimental results of a cascode amplifier circuit with 1mA and 10uA current levels. The circuit was designed and simulated in LTSpice, then built experimentally. For both current levels, the experimental results showed lower maximum voltage gain, lower upper half-power frequencies, and poorer frequency response compared to simulations. Analysis found the experimental results were 7-31% lower in maximum gain and 93-95% lower in upper half-power frequency compared to simulations. Possible reasons for discrepancies between simulation and experiment are discussed.
Original Opto PC816 EL816 LTV816 LTV-816 816C 816 DIP-4 NewAUTHELECTRONIC
This document summarizes the specifications of LITE-ON's LTV-816 series photocouplers. It includes details on features, packaging options, electrical and optical characteristics, and recommended soldering profiles. The key specifications are a current transfer ratio of minimum 50% at 5mA input current, high 5,000Vrms isolation voltage, and response time of typical 4us. Packaging includes through-hole, surface mount, and tape-and-reel options.
The document discusses the design of filter inductors for power electronics applications. It covers various types of magnetic devices and their operating principles. The key constraints in inductor design are discussed as maximizing flux density without saturation, achieving the required inductance value, fitting the winding within the core window, and meeting the target winding resistance. A step-by-step procedure is outlined that involves selecting a suitable core based on its geometrical constant and calculating the necessary air gap length.
This document summarizes research on multi-input quasi-floating gate MOSFETs. It discusses how quasi-floating gate nodes have a well-defined operating point, making them suitable for low voltage applications. Six base band signals are combined through capacitors and processed by two quasi-floating gates and analog inverters. Simulation results show the voltage and current outputs. The paper concludes that multi-input quasi-floating gates offer better frequency response and require less chip area than multiple input floating gates.
This document contains technical information about electrical components and their properties including cables, circuit breakers, transformers and switches identified by labels (e.g. R-CB27, Cable1, T1). It includes voltage and current ratings for these components as well as a one line diagram network schematic showing their interconnectivity. Time-current curves are presented for a 4kV bus comparing current in amps over time in seconds.
Original Mosfet IRL3713PBF 3713 30V 180A TO-220 New IRAUTHELECTRONIC
This document provides specifications for the IRL3713PbF, IRL3713SPbF, and IRL3713LPbF N-channel HEXFET power MOSFETs. It includes maximum ratings, electrical characteristics, switching characteristics, and package outlines for the D2Pak, TO-220AB, and TO-262 packages. Application benefits include ultra-low gate impedance, very low RDS(on), fully characterized avalanche performance, and lead-free packaging options.
This document provides an overview of output amplifiers, including their requirements, types, and circuit implementations. It discusses Class A amplifiers and their limitations in efficiency and distortion. Class A source followers are introduced as a way to reduce output resistance and attenuation. Push-pull amplifiers are also mentioned as being able to both sink and source current. Circuit analysis is provided for small-signal models, voltage gains, frequency responses, and output characteristics of these different amplifier configurations.
This document provides information about the AB45 operational amplifier board from Scientech Technologies. It contains:
1) An introduction to the board, which allows students to study operational amplifiers as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. It can be used with an external power supply or Scientech's Analog Lab ST2612.
2) A theory section explaining operational amplifiers and their applications as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. Diagrams show the circuit configurations and input-output waveforms.
3) Details of two experiments - the first examines an operational amplifier as a comparator and zero crossing detector, the second examines it as a Schmitt trigger. Both include the objective
The document shows temperature, air flow, and wattage measurements before and after replacing an old fluorescent light fixture. The new fixture with more efficient bulbs and an electronic ballast reduced temperature by 15.3 degrees Fahrenheit, air flow by 4.0 CFM, and wattage by 476 watts, savings of 27-39% in each category.
The document summarizes the design, verification, and optimization of a boost converter circuit with the following specifications: input voltage (VIN) of 5V, output voltage (VOUT) of 9V, output current (IOUT) of 50mA, and peak-to-peak ripple voltage of 30mV. It describes 1) circuit design verification to meet specifications, 2) output stage optimization by comparing output capacitors and selecting a diode, 3) analyzing the selected diode and power switch characteristics and stresses. The optimizations reduced output ripple voltage and switching stresses.
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
The chapter discusses input filter design for power electronics converters. It introduces the concepts of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) and how input filters can attenuate current harmonics to meet EMI regulations. However, input filters can negatively impact converter stability by changing the converter transfer functions. The chapter then examines how to analyze these impacts and provides criteria for proper input filter design, such as imposing impedance inequalities to minimize effects on stability. Sample impedance models are also presented for common converter types.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
This document summarizes research on multi-input quasi-floating gate MOSFETs. It discusses how quasi-floating gate nodes have a well-defined operating point, making them suitable for low voltage applications. The paper presents a new circuit design using multiple quasi-floating gates coupled to analog inverters. Simulation results are shown demonstrating the circuit's ability to process multiple input signals and provide output signals to a load. The research concludes that this technique offers improved frequency response and reduced chip area compared to previous multiple input floating gate designs.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
This document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses various power electronic applications including power supplies, motor drives, and utility transmission systems. It also covers common power electronic components like switches, capacitors, inductors, and semiconductor devices. The document outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including converter circuit operation, control systems, magnetics design, rectifiers, and resonant converters.
This document provides information on the 2SB649/A PNP silicon transistor from Unisonic Technologies Co., including:
- Applications include low frequency power amplifiers paired with the 2SB669/A transistor.
- It provides ordering information, listing available package types and lead plating options.
- Absolute maximum and electrical characteristic ratings are provided for parameters like voltage, current, and temperature.
- Typical characteristics graphs show properties like gain, saturation voltage, and output capacitance over varying conditions.
- A safe operating area graph shows maximum voltage and current ranges.
1) The document discusses differential-in, differential-out operational amplifiers (op amps). It provides examples of circuit designs for these types of op amps, including two-stage, folded cascode, and push-pull configurations.
2) Maintaining a stable common mode output voltage is challenging for differential op amps due to the undefined common mode gain. Various common mode feedback circuit techniques are presented to address this issue.
3) Frequency compensation is important for common mode feedback circuits to achieve stable performance. Miller capacitors can be used to cancel poles in the common mode feedback path.
This document discusses buffered operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by defining buffered op amps as those able to drive low output resistances and/or large output capacitances. It then covers various circuit implementations for open-loop and closed-loop buffered op amps using techniques like source followers, push-pull followers, multistage amplifiers, and negative feedback. Key aspects like compensation, driving large output currents, and reducing output resistance through feedback loops are also examined.
This document discusses current mirrors and simple voltage references. It begins by outlining MOSFET current mirrors, improved current mirror designs, and voltage and current references with power supply independence. It then provides details on simple MOS current mirrors, characterization of current mirrors, and sources of error. Improved current mirror designs discussed include the cascode current mirror, self-biased cascode current mirror, and regulated cascode current mirror. The document concludes with a summary of key characteristics of different current mirror designs and a brief discussion of voltage references with power supply independence.
Lec4 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- CMOSHsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
1. The document describes CMOS inverters and how to construct CMOS networks for basic logic gates like NAND, NOR, and XOR from pull-up and pull-down networks.
2. It provides a systematic method for drawing the CMOS network from a Boolean equation by first constructing either the pull-up network or pull-down network based on the equation.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to apply the method to draw CMOS networks for equations with multiple variables like XOR, XNOR, and complex equations with nested terms.
Cigre test system description justifications and simulation results v3sebden
This document describes the CIGRE DC Grid Test System, which was developed to provide a standardized system configuration for simulations and discussions in CIGRE working groups related to DC grids. The test system includes: 2 onshore and 4 offshore AC systems connected through 3 VSC-based HVDC systems. It has overhead lines and submarine cables at voltage levels of ±200kV and ±400kV. Control schemes for the VSC converters are also described including outer power/voltage controls and inner current controls for both grid-connected and islanded operations. Simulation results on line loadings and costs are provided to validate the test system configuration and component choices.
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and experimental results of a cascode amplifier circuit with 1mA and 10uA current levels. The circuit was designed and simulated in LTSpice, then built experimentally. For both current levels, the experimental results showed lower maximum voltage gain, lower upper half-power frequencies, and poorer frequency response compared to simulations. Analysis found the experimental results were 7-31% lower in maximum gain and 93-95% lower in upper half-power frequency compared to simulations. Possible reasons for discrepancies between simulation and experiment are discussed.
Original Opto PC816 EL816 LTV816 LTV-816 816C 816 DIP-4 NewAUTHELECTRONIC
This document summarizes the specifications of LITE-ON's LTV-816 series photocouplers. It includes details on features, packaging options, electrical and optical characteristics, and recommended soldering profiles. The key specifications are a current transfer ratio of minimum 50% at 5mA input current, high 5,000Vrms isolation voltage, and response time of typical 4us. Packaging includes through-hole, surface mount, and tape-and-reel options.
The document discusses the design of filter inductors for power electronics applications. It covers various types of magnetic devices and their operating principles. The key constraints in inductor design are discussed as maximizing flux density without saturation, achieving the required inductance value, fitting the winding within the core window, and meeting the target winding resistance. A step-by-step procedure is outlined that involves selecting a suitable core based on its geometrical constant and calculating the necessary air gap length.
This document summarizes research on multi-input quasi-floating gate MOSFETs. It discusses how quasi-floating gate nodes have a well-defined operating point, making them suitable for low voltage applications. Six base band signals are combined through capacitors and processed by two quasi-floating gates and analog inverters. Simulation results show the voltage and current outputs. The paper concludes that multi-input quasi-floating gates offer better frequency response and require less chip area than multiple input floating gates.
This document contains technical information about electrical components and their properties including cables, circuit breakers, transformers and switches identified by labels (e.g. R-CB27, Cable1, T1). It includes voltage and current ratings for these components as well as a one line diagram network schematic showing their interconnectivity. Time-current curves are presented for a 4kV bus comparing current in amps over time in seconds.
Original Mosfet IRL3713PBF 3713 30V 180A TO-220 New IRAUTHELECTRONIC
This document provides specifications for the IRL3713PbF, IRL3713SPbF, and IRL3713LPbF N-channel HEXFET power MOSFETs. It includes maximum ratings, electrical characteristics, switching characteristics, and package outlines for the D2Pak, TO-220AB, and TO-262 packages. Application benefits include ultra-low gate impedance, very low RDS(on), fully characterized avalanche performance, and lead-free packaging options.
This document provides an overview of output amplifiers, including their requirements, types, and circuit implementations. It discusses Class A amplifiers and their limitations in efficiency and distortion. Class A source followers are introduced as a way to reduce output resistance and attenuation. Push-pull amplifiers are also mentioned as being able to both sink and source current. Circuit analysis is provided for small-signal models, voltage gains, frequency responses, and output characteristics of these different amplifier configurations.
This document provides information about the AB45 operational amplifier board from Scientech Technologies. It contains:
1) An introduction to the board, which allows students to study operational amplifiers as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. It can be used with an external power supply or Scientech's Analog Lab ST2612.
2) A theory section explaining operational amplifiers and their applications as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. Diagrams show the circuit configurations and input-output waveforms.
3) Details of two experiments - the first examines an operational amplifier as a comparator and zero crossing detector, the second examines it as a Schmitt trigger. Both include the objective
The document shows temperature, air flow, and wattage measurements before and after replacing an old fluorescent light fixture. The new fixture with more efficient bulbs and an electronic ballast reduced temperature by 15.3 degrees Fahrenheit, air flow by 4.0 CFM, and wattage by 476 watts, savings of 27-39% in each category.
The document summarizes the design, verification, and optimization of a boost converter circuit with the following specifications: input voltage (VIN) of 5V, output voltage (VOUT) of 9V, output current (IOUT) of 50mA, and peak-to-peak ripple voltage of 30mV. It describes 1) circuit design verification to meet specifications, 2) output stage optimization by comparing output capacitors and selecting a diode, 3) analyzing the selected diode and power switch characteristics and stresses. The optimizations reduced output ripple voltage and switching stresses.
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
The chapter discusses input filter design for power electronics converters. It introduces the concepts of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) and how input filters can attenuate current harmonics to meet EMI regulations. However, input filters can negatively impact converter stability by changing the converter transfer functions. The chapter then examines how to analyze these impacts and provides criteria for proper input filter design, such as imposing impedance inequalities to minimize effects on stability. Sample impedance models are also presented for common converter types.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
This document summarizes research on multi-input quasi-floating gate MOSFETs. It discusses how quasi-floating gate nodes have a well-defined operating point, making them suitable for low voltage applications. The paper presents a new circuit design using multiple quasi-floating gates coupled to analog inverters. Simulation results are shown demonstrating the circuit's ability to process multiple input signals and provide output signals to a load. The research concludes that this technique offers improved frequency response and reduced chip area compared to previous multiple input floating gate designs.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
This document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses various power electronic applications including power supplies, motor drives, and utility transmission systems. It also covers common power electronic components like switches, capacitors, inductors, and semiconductor devices. The document outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including converter circuit operation, control systems, magnetics design, rectifiers, and resonant converters.
This document provides information on the 2SB649/A PNP silicon transistor from Unisonic Technologies Co., including:
- Applications include low frequency power amplifiers paired with the 2SB669/A transistor.
- It provides ordering information, listing available package types and lead plating options.
- Absolute maximum and electrical characteristic ratings are provided for parameters like voltage, current, and temperature.
- Typical characteristics graphs show properties like gain, saturation voltage, and output capacitance over varying conditions.
- A safe operating area graph shows maximum voltage and current ranges.
1) The document discusses differential-in, differential-out operational amplifiers (op amps). It provides examples of circuit designs for these types of op amps, including two-stage, folded cascode, and push-pull configurations.
2) Maintaining a stable common mode output voltage is challenging for differential op amps due to the undefined common mode gain. Various common mode feedback circuit techniques are presented to address this issue.
3) Frequency compensation is important for common mode feedback circuits to achieve stable performance. Miller capacitors can be used to cancel poles in the common mode feedback path.
This document discusses buffered operational amplifiers (op amps). It begins by defining buffered op amps as those able to drive low output resistances and/or large output capacitances. It then covers various circuit implementations for open-loop and closed-loop buffered op amps using techniques like source followers, push-pull followers, multistage amplifiers, and negative feedback. Key aspects like compensation, driving large output currents, and reducing output resistance through feedback loops are also examined.
This document discusses current mirrors and simple voltage references. It begins by outlining MOSFET current mirrors, improved current mirror designs, and voltage and current references with power supply independence. It then provides details on simple MOS current mirrors, characterization of current mirrors, and sources of error. Improved current mirror designs discussed include the cascode current mirror, self-biased cascode current mirror, and regulated cascode current mirror. The document concludes with a summary of key characteristics of different current mirror designs and a brief discussion of voltage references with power supply independence.
This document summarizes a lecture on low power and low noise operational amplifiers. It discusses:
1) How most micropower op amps use transistors operating in the subthreshold region for low power consumption.
2) The design of two-stage op amps that operate in weak inversion to achieve high gain with low power dissipation.
3) Techniques for increasing output current in weak inversion op amps, such as dynamically biased differential amplifier inputs.
A novel four wire inverter system using SVPWM technique for ups applicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes a novel four-wire inverter system using space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. It introduces the concept of SVM for four-wire voltage source inverters. A four-wire inverter provides a neutral connection for three-phase four-wire systems to handle neutral current from unbalanced or non-linear loads. The SVM technique approximates the reference voltage vector during each sampling interval using the three nearest inverter switching state vectors. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink analyze the performance of the four-wire SVM inverter under different loading conditions in terms of total harmonic distortion.
This document outlines the design procedure for a two-stage operational amplifier (op amp) using CMOS technology. It begins by listing the steps in designing any op amp and the design inputs and outputs. It then provides more details on the specific design procedure for a two-stage CMOS op amp, including determining the bias currents, transistor sizes, and compensation components to meet specifications for gain, bandwidth, output swing, power dissipation, and other parameters. The document concludes with a numerical example showing the step-by-step calculations to design a two-stage op amp to given specifications.
Fed e-quick-start-manual-bientanfuji-dienhathe.comDien Ha The
This quick start guide provides instructions for setting up and operating an inverter. It begins with an overview of product information, including nameplate details and specifications. It then covers wiring, including diagrams for 3-phase and single-phase power supply types. Terminal functions are described for the main circuit and control circuit. The guide presents a timing diagram for the control logic and acceleration/deceleration profiles. It concludes with a step-by-step setup process, including getting familiar with the keypad, setting motor parameters, checking rotation direction, and setting function codes for features like the startup frequency and DC injection braking.
IRJET - Open Loop V/F Control of Induction Motor Fed by Three Phase Diode...IRJET Journal
This document discusses open loop V/F control of an induction motor fed by a three-phase diode clamped multilevel inverter. It aims to improve drive performance by reducing total harmonic distortion compared to a conventional inverter. The proposed system was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results showed that as the voltage levels of the inverter increase, total harmonic distortion of the output voltage and current decreases for both a three-level and five-level diode clamped inverter compared to a conventional two-level inverter. The torque and speed output of the induction motor also improved with the multilevel inverters.
This document discusses single phase to three phase matrix converters for traction drives. It provides an introduction to matrix converters and describes how a single phase to three phase AC matrix converter works using the separation and link method. The document outlines the 16 possible switching states and shows the switching patterns. It then compares a conventional single to three phase AC conversion method using a DC link to the proposed single to three phase AC matrix converter. The matrix converter provides direct AC-AC conversion without reactive elements, four quadrant operation, and independent control of output voltage, frequency and power factor. However, it requires more switches and a more complex control strategy. The document concludes the proposed converter is suitable for railway traction and other applications.
The document discusses characterization of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and sample and hold circuits. It introduces ADCs and their components. Static characterization of ADCs includes parameters like resolution, quantization noise, offset error, gain error, integral nonlinearity, and differential nonlinearity. Dynamic characteristics depend on comparators and sample/hold circuits. Sample/hold circuits must precisely sample signals within the clock period and hold the value for conversion. Open-loop sample/hold circuits are faster but less accurate than feedback circuits. Settling time calculations show higher resolution ADCs require more time for buffers to settle within accuracy limits.
In this paper Low power low voltage CMOS analog multiplier circuit is proposed. It is based on flipped voltage
follower. It consists of four voltage adders and a multiplier core. The circuit is analyzed and designed in 0.18um
CMOS process model and simulation results have shown that, under single 0.9V supply voltage, and it
consumes only 31.8μW quiescent power and 110MHZ bandwidth.
This document discusses different types of digital-to-analog converters (DACs), including parallel DACs, improved resolution parallel DACs, and serial DACs. It describes voltage scaling DACs which use a resistor ladder network and charge scaling DACs which use a capacitor array. It also examines integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL) for these DAC types and provides examples of calculating resolution based on component tolerances.
A 80Ms/sec 10bit PIPELINED ADC Using 1.5Bit Stages And Built-in Digital Error...VLSICS Design
Use of pipelined ADCs is becoming increasingly popular both as stand alone parts and as embedded functional units in SOC design. They have acceptable resolution and high speed of operation and can be placed in relatively small area. The design is implemented in 0.18uM CMOS process. The design includes a folded cascode op-amp with a unity gain frequency of 200MHz at 88 deg. Phase margin and a dc gain of 75dB. The circuit employs a built in sample and hold circuit and a three phase non-overlapping clock.
A 80Ms/sec 10bit PIPELINED ADC Using 1.5Bit Stages And Built-in Digital Error...VLSICS Design
Use of pipelined ADCs is becoming increasingly popular both as stand alone parts and as embedded functional units in SOC design. They have acceptable resolution and high speed of operation and can be placed in relatively small area. The design is implemented in 0.18uM CMOS process. The design includes a folded cascode op-amp with a unity gain frequency of 200MHz at 88 deg. Phase margin and a dc gain of 75dB. The circuit employs a built in sample and hold circuit and a three phase non-overlapping clock.
This document discusses techniques for designing operational amplifiers that can operate at low voltages. It begins by outlining the challenges of low voltage operation, such as reduced dynamic range and increased nonlinearity. It then covers various circuit techniques for implementing low voltage input stages, gain stages, and bias circuits. These include using parallel input stages to increase input common mode range, bulk-driven MOSFETs to achieve depletion-mode behavior, and forward biasing the bulk to reduce transistor thresholds. The document provides circuit examples and analysis of how these techniques allow op amps to function down to supply voltages of 1V or less.
This document provides an overview and examples of cascode op amp design. It discusses the benefits of cascode op amps such as improved frequency behavior and gain. It then covers the design of single-stage and two-stage cascode op amps. An example shows the design process for a balanced two-stage cascode op amp to meet specifications like gain, bandwidth, output swing, and common-mode rejection ratio. Transistor sizing is determined through calculations of transconductance and output resistance.
Design of Low Cost Load Cell Amplification CardIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low-cost load cell amplification card. It begins with an abstract explaining that load cells produce low voltage signals that need amplification for measurement. The circuit uses three OP07 operational amplifiers to provide adjustable gain amplification of load cell signals from 0-20mV to -10V to +10V. Power is supplied by a voltage regulator circuit producing ±5V, ±12V, and 0V from a step-down transformer. PCB layouts are provided for the amplification card and power supply circuitry. The amplification gain can be adjusted using a 100k potentiometer to amplify low-level load cell signals for data acquisition.
The document describes the SE30A Series brushless servo amplifiers made by Electromate. The series includes models SE10A8, SE10A20, SE10A40, SE30A8, SE30A20, and SE30A40. The amplifiers are small, surface-mount devices that drive brushless motors with 3-phase sine wave current generated from an encoder. They have features like optical isolation, DIP switch selectable modes, regenerative braking, and overcurrent protection.
The document describes experiments on rectifier and clipping circuits. It includes circuit diagrams and designs for a center tap full wave rectifier, bridge rectifier, and various clipping circuits using diodes. Procedures are provided to study the circuits, measure voltages, and compare results to theoretical values. Design examples are given for rectifiers and clipping circuits to meet specified output voltages and clipping levels.
This document provides an introduction and overview of VIPA SLIO modular I/O systems. It describes the key features of SLIO including its compact design, labeling/diagnostic capabilities, flexible configuration, and high-performance. Application examples are given for packaging and machine automation. Ordering information is provided including module types, functions, and part numbers.
1. Delta-sigma ADCs use fully differential switched capacitor circuits for their analog parts. This improves dynamic range and cancels common mode signals and charge injection errors.
2. A 1.5V, 1mW, 98dB fourth-order delta-sigma modulator is discussed as an example. It uses a multi-stage pipelined architecture with four integrators.
3. Decimation and digital filtering are required after the analog delta-sigma modulation. Comb filters and FIR filters are commonly used to attenuate noise, bandlimit signals, and suppress out-of-band components during decimation and filtering.
This document provides an introduction to oversampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It discusses delta-sigma modulators, which are the core component of oversampling ADCs. A delta-sigma modulator shapes the quantization noise to push it to higher frequencies, achieving high resolution through oversampling. Higher-order delta-sigma modulators provide better noise shaping. The in-band noise of a single-loop delta-sigma modulator is inversely proportional to the oversampling ratio raised to a power related to the modulator order, allowing significant gains in resolution from increased oversampling.
This document provides an overview of testing techniques for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and discusses various types of moderate-speed ADCs. It describes common tests for measuring ADC performance including input-output tests, FFT tests, histogram tests, and sinusoidal input tests. Different ADC architectures are introduced such as serial ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, and pipeline ADCs. Specific circuit implementations and operating principles are outlined for single-slope, dual-slope, and successive approximation ADCs.
This document discusses the characterization and testing of digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and current scaling DACs. It begins with an introduction to DACs and their importance in signal processing applications. It then covers the static characterization of DACs, including definitions of resolution, full scale range, dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, offset and gain errors, and integral and differential nonlinearity. Dynamic characterization is also discussed, focusing on conversion speed. Current scaling DACs are briefly mentioned. The document provides detailed information on evaluating key specifications and performance metrics of DACs.
The document discusses techniques for increasing the gain-bandwidth (GB) of operational amplifiers. It describes:
1) How the GB of a two-stage op-amp is limited by higher-order poles beyond the dominant pole. The nulling zero can be used to cancel the closest higher-order pole, effectively increasing the GB.
2) An example of applying this technique to increase the GB of an op-amp designed in a previous example from 5MHz to 49MHz by canceling the second pole and setting the GB based on the third pole.
3) A second example of applying the same technique to increase the GB of a folded cascode op-amp by evaluating its poles and determining which
The document summarizes low input resistance amplifiers, including the common gate, cascode, and current amplifiers. It provides analysis of their large and small signal characteristics, such as input and output resistances, voltage gains, frequency responses, and limitations on voltage swings. The cascode amplifier is described as having higher output resistance and gain compared to the common gate configuration. Simplified models are used to derive expressions for the amplifiers' voltage transfer functions and pole locations.
The document provides an overview of differential amplifiers including:
- Characterizing a differential amplifier by defining differential-mode and common-mode voltages, common mode rejection ratio, input common mode range, and offset voltages.
- Analyzing a differential amplifier with a current mirror load, deriving its transconductance characteristic, voltage transfer function, and regions of operation.
- Explaining input common mode range and how it is limited by transistors entering non-saturation.
This document provides an overview of inverting amplifiers. It begins with an introduction that defines different types of amplifiers and notes that CMOS amplifiers typically operate as transconductance amplifiers. The document then discusses three specific inverting amplifier circuit topologies: the active load inverting amplifier, current source load inverting amplifier, and push-pull inverting amplifier. It also covers analyzing the small-signal performance and frequency response of inverting amplifiers. Key aspects like voltage gain, output resistance, bandwidth, and stability are examined through analytical modeling of the circuits.
This document summarizes the principles and design of temperature stable voltage references. It discusses how to generate voltages with positive temperature coefficients (PTAT) and negative temperature coefficients (CTAT) using diodes and resistors. The key principle is that a temperature independent reference voltage can be achieved by cancelling a PTAT voltage with a CTAT voltage using the appropriate ratio of resistor values. Two common configurations - series and parallel - are presented along with examples of calculating resistor ratios to achieve temperature independence.
This document discusses resistor implementations using MOSFETs, including using a single MOSFET and parallel MOSFETs. It also covers simple current sinks and sources using NMOS and PMOS transistors, and characterizes them by their output resistance and minimum voltage. Improved current sink designs are presented, including using feedback to increase output resistance and the cascode current sink. The document provides simulation examples and analysis to explain these circuit concepts.
This document summarizes a lecture on the MOS switch and MOS diode. It discusses the MOSFET as an ideal and non-ideal switch, including the influence of on resistance, off resistance, and parasitic capacitances. It describes channel charge injection that occurs when the switch turns off and clock feedthrough from the gate capacitance. Models are presented to analyze the varying on resistance during switching and the effects of charge injection and clock feedthrough. Methods for reducing these non-ideal effects are also discussed, such as minimizing parasitic capacitances and transition times.
This document discusses computer models used for MOSFET device simulation and extraction of a simple large signal model for circuit design. It covers the evolution of MOSFET models from first to third generation models, describing improvements in physical accuracy and numerical conditioning for simulation. Examples of BSIM models are provided, along with equations for the BSIM2 and BSIM3 models and parameter extraction procedures.
This document provides an overview of component matching in analog circuits. It discusses the concepts of accuracy and mismatch between components and how they are related. Electrical matching techniques are described where matching transistors by equalizing their terminal voltages is discussed. Examples of current mirrors and differential amplifiers are provided. Self-calibration techniques are introduced as a way to improve component matching through adjustment during a calibration phase.
1) The document discusses linear circuit models used to analyze transistor behavior including small signal models that are frequency independent and frequency dependent. It also covers noise models and passive component models.
2) Key small signal models are presented for different transistor regions of operation including the saturation region. These models approximate transistor behavior as linear changes about an operating point.
3) MOSFET noise is analyzed including thermal noise and 1/f noise. Models are derived to represent noise at low and high frequencies.
This document discusses the dependence of MOSFET large signal models on process, voltage, and temperature variations. It begins by outlining the MOS capacitor model and describing the various depletion and charge storage capacitances. It then explains how threshold voltage and transconductance parameter in the large signal model depend on process variations like oxide thickness and doping levels. The document also shows how the large signal model is affected by changes in supply voltage. Process corners are introduced to illustrate the acceptable technology parameter space.
7. Lecture 320 – Improved Open-Loop Comparators and Latches (3/28/10) Page 320-13
Internal Positive Feedback - Upper Trip Point
Assume that the gate of M1 is on ground and the
input to M2 is much smaller than zero. The
resulting circuit is:
M1 on, M2 off M3 on, M6 on (active), M4 and
M7 off.
vo2 is high.
M6 wants to source the current i6 =
W6/L6
W3/L3
i1
As vin begins to increase towards the trip point, the
current flow through M2 increases. When i2 = i6,
the upper trip point will occur.
i5 = i1+i2 = i3+i6 = i3+