This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
Sheryar Bismil
Student of Mirpur University of Science & Technology(MUST).
Student of Final Year Civil Engineering Department Main campus Mirpur.
Here we Gonna to learn about the basic to depth wise study of Plan Reinforced Concrete-i.
From basis terminology to wide information about the analysis and design of Concrete member like column,Beam,Slab,etc.
Fracture and Strength Studies on Concrete with Different Types of Coarse Aggr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of different types of coarse aggregates on the strength and fracture properties of normal and high-strength concrete. Six types of coarse aggregates were used to make concrete mixes with characteristic compressive strengths of 30, 50, and 70 MPa. The mechanical properties tested included compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, fracture energy, and characteristic length. Granite and dolerite aggregate concretes generally produced the highest compressive strength and fracture energy across all concrete grades. Carbonate aggregates like limestone also yielded good results compared to river gravel aggregate concrete, which produced the lowest results due to its smooth texture and rounded shape.
Flexural Behavior of Fibrous Reinforced Cement Concrete Blended With Fly Ash ...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses high strength concrete that is reinforced with fibers. It provides background on concrete composites and describes how high strength concrete is achieved through methods like using a lower water-cement ratio or supplementary cementitious materials. The document focuses on fiber reinforced concrete and the benefits fibers provide, such as improved strength and crack resistance. It also discusses different types of fibers like steel fibers and their properties. Blended cements and use of pozzolanic materials like metakaolin and fly ash are described as ways to further improve concrete strength and durability.
2 marks Question with Answer for Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Elements shielaBalanta2
This document contains a question bank with answers related to the design of reinforced cement concrete elements. It includes 37 questions covering topics like the definition of reinforced concrete, ingredients of plain cement concrete, imposed loads on buildings, working stress method assumptions, factor of safety, ultimate load design method, advantages of limit state method, partial safety factors, limit states of collapse and serviceability, stress-strain curves, nominal vs design concrete mixes, factors governing mix design, differences between working stress and limit state design methods, expressions for modulus of elasticity and flexural strength, formulas for neutral axis depth and lever arm factors, definitions of under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced sections, span to depth ratios, limiting neutral axis depth, characteristic strength, limit
Comparative Study of RC Structures with Different Types of Infill Walls with ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of RC structures with different types of infill walls, including conventional bricks, cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks, and lightweight bricks. Linear static analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and soil-structure interaction analysis were performed to understand the effect of earthquake loading. The results, such as base shear, natural period, displacement, and pushover curves are compared to determine the most suitable infill material for seismic-prone zones. The analysis found that structures with lightweight brick infill walls performed better than those with other infill materials, experiencing lower base shear and displacements.
This document discusses engineered cementitious composites (ECC). It describes the procedure for designing an ECC mix based on micromechanical principles. The mix uses Portland cement, fly ash, and 2% polyvinyl alcohol fibers by volume. Experiments compared standard and non-standard ECC mixes using different aggregates. The non-standard mix using lumajang sand had slightly lower density and tensile strength than the standard mix using silica sand. Both ECC mixes exhibited strain hardening behavior and tensile strengths over 3% strain, indicating ECC is more ductile than conventional concrete.
Steel structures have high strength-to-weight ratios and enable long column-free spans, making them popular for offices, multifamily housing, and industrial buildings. However, steel is more expensive and requires skilled labor and maintenance. Reinforced concrete (RCC) structures are less flexible than steel but offer advantages like low floor-to-floor heights, fire resistance without additional protection, and minimal maintenance needs. The choice between steel and RCC depends on the building type, location, budget, and schedule. Steel is well-suited for high-rises and temporary structures while RCC is commonly used in buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, and coastal infrastructure.
Sheryar Bismil
Student of Mirpur University of Science & Technology(MUST).
Student of Final Year Civil Engineering Department Main campus Mirpur.
Here we Gonna to learn about the basic to depth wise study of Plan Reinforced Concrete-i.
From basis terminology to wide information about the analysis and design of Concrete member like column,Beam,Slab,etc.
Fracture and Strength Studies on Concrete with Different Types of Coarse Aggr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of different types of coarse aggregates on the strength and fracture properties of normal and high-strength concrete. Six types of coarse aggregates were used to make concrete mixes with characteristic compressive strengths of 30, 50, and 70 MPa. The mechanical properties tested included compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, fracture energy, and characteristic length. Granite and dolerite aggregate concretes generally produced the highest compressive strength and fracture energy across all concrete grades. Carbonate aggregates like limestone also yielded good results compared to river gravel aggregate concrete, which produced the lowest results due to its smooth texture and rounded shape.
Flexural Behavior of Fibrous Reinforced Cement Concrete Blended With Fly Ash ...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses high strength concrete that is reinforced with fibers. It provides background on concrete composites and describes how high strength concrete is achieved through methods like using a lower water-cement ratio or supplementary cementitious materials. The document focuses on fiber reinforced concrete and the benefits fibers provide, such as improved strength and crack resistance. It also discusses different types of fibers like steel fibers and their properties. Blended cements and use of pozzolanic materials like metakaolin and fly ash are described as ways to further improve concrete strength and durability.
2 marks Question with Answer for Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Elements shielaBalanta2
This document contains a question bank with answers related to the design of reinforced cement concrete elements. It includes 37 questions covering topics like the definition of reinforced concrete, ingredients of plain cement concrete, imposed loads on buildings, working stress method assumptions, factor of safety, ultimate load design method, advantages of limit state method, partial safety factors, limit states of collapse and serviceability, stress-strain curves, nominal vs design concrete mixes, factors governing mix design, differences between working stress and limit state design methods, expressions for modulus of elasticity and flexural strength, formulas for neutral axis depth and lever arm factors, definitions of under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced sections, span to depth ratios, limiting neutral axis depth, characteristic strength, limit
Comparative Study of RC Structures with Different Types of Infill Walls with ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of RC structures with different types of infill walls, including conventional bricks, cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks, and lightweight bricks. Linear static analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and soil-structure interaction analysis were performed to understand the effect of earthquake loading. The results, such as base shear, natural period, displacement, and pushover curves are compared to determine the most suitable infill material for seismic-prone zones. The analysis found that structures with lightweight brick infill walls performed better than those with other infill materials, experiencing lower base shear and displacements.
This document discusses engineered cementitious composites (ECC). It describes the procedure for designing an ECC mix based on micromechanical principles. The mix uses Portland cement, fly ash, and 2% polyvinyl alcohol fibers by volume. Experiments compared standard and non-standard ECC mixes using different aggregates. The non-standard mix using lumajang sand had slightly lower density and tensile strength than the standard mix using silica sand. Both ECC mixes exhibited strain hardening behavior and tensile strengths over 3% strain, indicating ECC is more ductile than conventional concrete.
Steel structures have high strength-to-weight ratios and enable long column-free spans, making them popular for offices, multifamily housing, and industrial buildings. However, steel is more expensive and requires skilled labor and maintenance. Reinforced concrete (RCC) structures are less flexible than steel but offer advantages like low floor-to-floor heights, fire resistance without additional protection, and minimal maintenance needs. The choice between steel and RCC depends on the building type, location, budget, and schedule. Steel is well-suited for high-rises and temporary structures while RCC is commonly used in buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, and coastal infrastructure.
The document discusses lightweight concrete, including its production, properties, and applications. Lightweight concrete has a density ranging from 300kg/m3 to 1850kg/m3, which is achieved through the inclusion of air into its composition. This can be done by replacing normal aggregate with hollow, cellular, or porous aggregate that contains voids. Lightweight concrete offers benefits like reduced self-weight, increased productivity, better thermal insulation, seismic resistance, and fire protection compared to normal concrete. It can be classified based on its intended use, such as structural, non-load bearing walls, or insulation purposes.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Description of concrete,wet and set concrete,binding materials,uses,different classifications according to binding materials,according to uses,according to design,according to purpose,and its respective uses.
Experimental Investigation of Floating slab Incorporated with Pumice stone an...Prasanth Gowthama
This experimental deals with floating concrete precast slab with addition of vermiculite and pumice. Buoyancy plays major role on floating objects. In order to design a floating concrete slab Light Weight Concrete (LWC) plays a prominent role in reducing the density and to increase the thermal insulation. Light weight concrete (LWC) is formed by Natural aggregate, synthetic light weight aggregate. Vermiculite is a light weight and cheap product because of its thermal resistance has become a valuable insulating material. The density of these concrete varies from 750 Kg/m³ to 2050 Kg/m³. Pumice is a natural graded light weight coarse aggregate which has a dry density of 1200 Kg/m³ to 1450 Kg/m. The light Weight Concrete (LWC) M20 using the light weight coarse aggregate as Pumice stone as a full replacement to 100%, light weight fine aggregate as Vermiculite as a replacement of fine aggregate to 75 %. The Cement (Ordinary Portland cement) is partially replaced by Fly Ash up to 50 % and some other mineral admixture are added which are Steel Fibre and Super plasticizer (SP 430) are added. An experimental work concludes in which the compression strength of conventional mix has higher strength and weight. Due to floating condition the specimen must have less density so, specific proportion has low density while comparing to other mix. Even though the mix 4 has low strength but it has low density and it is used in precast floating slab. The slab is designed to float above the datum line and with a load carrying capacity of 1.5 kN. The mix also yields on compressive and split tensile strength of 5.07 N/mm2 and 2.17 N/mm2.
The present day world is witnessing construction of very challenging and difficult civil engineering structures.
Researchers all over the world are attempting to develop low density or lightweight concrete by using different admixtures in concrete up to certain proportions.
This study deals with the development of Floating concrete by using lightweight aggregate (Pumice stone, Vermiculite) and Aluminium powder as an air entraining agent.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Pa...ijsrd.com
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin. By changing the chemistry and microstructure of concrete, pozzolans reduce the capillary porosity of the cementitious system and make them less permeable to exterior chemical sources as well as reducing the internal chemical incompatilities such as alkali-silica reaction. The concrete industry is known to leave an enormous environmental footprint on Planet Earth. First, there are the sheer volumes of material needed to produce the billions of tons of concrete worldwide each year. Then there are the CO2 emissions caused during the production of Portland cement. Together with the energy requirements, water consumption and generation of construction and demolition waste, these factors contribute to the general appearance that concrete is not particularly environmentally friendly or compatible with the demands of sustainable development. Thus, use of these supplementary cementitious materials can reduce the effects of cement causing severe environmental impact. This study presents the results of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property of concrete in fresh state that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation. The optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight) respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
CRITICAL REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used material across the world for construction of large structures. Due
to increase in industrialization and development of urban areas, high volume of resources is
required which are available naturally. This means high volume of resources is used worldwide
for production of concrete. To reduce the use of such resources and to decrease the negative
impact on environment, the uses of industrial waste and artificial aggregates as a replacement
of natural aggregates are increasingly used. Another focus required in material research is to
reduce the concrete weight density so that the effective dead load and seismic loads can be
lowered. The paper attempts to review the literature and present a state of art in making
lightweight concrete as reported till now for structural application
CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT MIX PROPORTIONSIjripublishers Ijri
Burnt Clay Brick is the predominant construction material in the country. The CO2 emissions in the brick manufacture
process have been acknowledged as a significant factor to global warming. Now-a-days there are so many technologies
involved in the recent development of concrete. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is one of the recent emerging technology
in making concrete. The usage of Cellular Light-weight Concrete (CLC) gives a prospective solution to building
construction industry along with environmental preservation. By using this type of concrete, we have found so many
advantages when compared to the burnt clay bricks.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Replacement of Steel with Bamboo as Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This study investigated replacing steel reinforcement with bamboo in concrete beams. Various tests were conducted on steel-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced concrete beams, including tensile tests, double shear tests, and flexural tests at 7 and 28 days.
The results showed that bamboo reinforcement had approximately 50% lower tensile and shear strength compared to steel. However, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams achieved flexural strengths nearly equivalent to steel-reinforced beams. While bamboo is less dense than steel, leading to higher flexibility, it can provide sufficient reinforcement for applications with lower loads such as roof slabs and shelters. Using bamboo instead of steel offers cost and environmental benefits by reducing pollution from steel production.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods used in construction. It discusses the basic construction materials of concrete, steel, clay products and wood. It then covers the types, production methods, properties and uses of various materials like stones, metals, clay products, lime, cements, aggregates and concrete. These materials are used in structures like buildings, bridges, highways, etc. The document also discusses classifying materials according to phase and internal structure/composition, and determining materials properties through laboratory and field testing.
The document discusses a student group project to develop a product called "Protect The Concrete From Corrosion". The group conducted various activities to learn about concrete, including identifying objects made of concrete, comparing different cement types, and testing properties of concrete formulations. For their final project, the group proposed a product to stop corrosion in concrete from salts and water, which could help Qatar by protecting infrastructure and reducing maintenance needs. The group hypothesized that the scientific product would make concrete stronger and more resistant to corrosion. They outlined methods and next steps to test the product's effectiveness.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
A collection of articles on concrete formwork design and constructionByron Smith
The document provides an overview of concrete formwork design and construction. It discusses that concrete formwork allows concrete to be poured into molds to produce structures of specific shapes and sizes. Modern concrete formwork can be made from various materials like timber, prefabricated metal systems, and plastic molds. Formwork supports the weight of wet concrete until it cures and hardens sufficiently. The type of formwork used depends on the application, from simple projects like patios to complex building structures.
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REIN...Ijripublishers Ijri
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate ConcreteIJERD Editor
This document summarizes an investigation into the properties of concrete made with cinder aggregate as a partial or full replacement for conventional aggregates. Cinder is a lightweight byproduct of steel manufacturing that can be used to create lighter weight concrete. Tests were conducted replacing granite coarse aggregate with 0-100% cinder aggregate, and river sand fine aggregate with 0-50% cinder powder. Results showed compressive strength was highest with 40% cinder coarse aggregate replacement, but strength generally decreased as replacement levels increased. Tensile strength also decreased with higher cinder replacement. Density of cinder concrete mixes was lower than conventional mixes. The study concluded cinder can be used to create lighter concrete, though strengths are sometimes reduced compared to conventional mixes.
Comparison of Performance of Non Metallic Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Plain...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of non-metallic fibre reinforced concrete and plain cement concrete. Synthetic fibres made of polypropylene and polyester were added to concrete mixes to evaluate compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength over curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The test results showed that both polypropylene and polyester fibre concretes exhibited higher strengths than the plain concrete at all curing periods. The polyester fibre concrete generally achieved the highest strengths of the three concrete types tested.
This document describes high-strength lightweight cellular concrete, also called high-performance cellular concrete. It is made through a process that injects a foam solution into a cement mixture, creating microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete. This results in a concrete that is much lighter in weight but can achieve compressive strengths comparable to regular concrete. It has benefits like better insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, and fire resistance. The document discusses the history of cellular concrete and how this new process allows for structural uses by controlling the concrete's density and strengths.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how concrete gains strength through hydration. It also covers testing methods for concrete, mix design proportions, factors affecting the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and additives/admixtures. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete strengthened through the addition of reinforcement steel bars. The document further discusses mechanics of reinforced concrete, design loads, specifications/codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
The document discusses lightweight concrete, including its production, properties, and applications. Lightweight concrete has a density ranging from 300kg/m3 to 1850kg/m3, which is achieved through the inclusion of air into its composition. This can be done by replacing normal aggregate with hollow, cellular, or porous aggregate that contains voids. Lightweight concrete offers benefits like reduced self-weight, increased productivity, better thermal insulation, seismic resistance, and fire protection compared to normal concrete. It can be classified based on its intended use, such as structural, non-load bearing walls, or insulation purposes.
Experimental study on behaviour of concrete using steel fiber as a tensile ma...KavinKumarR3
Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high tensile strength when it added in the concrete.
This document discusses different types of concrete. It begins by explaining that concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates like sand, and coarse aggregates mixed with water. It then describes several types of concrete including ordinary concrete, self-compacting concrete, reinforced cement concrete, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, and pervious concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and some of the key characteristics. The document focuses on explaining the composition and properties of different concretes used in construction.
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Description of concrete,wet and set concrete,binding materials,uses,different classifications according to binding materials,according to uses,according to design,according to purpose,and its respective uses.
Experimental Investigation of Floating slab Incorporated with Pumice stone an...Prasanth Gowthama
This experimental deals with floating concrete precast slab with addition of vermiculite and pumice. Buoyancy plays major role on floating objects. In order to design a floating concrete slab Light Weight Concrete (LWC) plays a prominent role in reducing the density and to increase the thermal insulation. Light weight concrete (LWC) is formed by Natural aggregate, synthetic light weight aggregate. Vermiculite is a light weight and cheap product because of its thermal resistance has become a valuable insulating material. The density of these concrete varies from 750 Kg/m³ to 2050 Kg/m³. Pumice is a natural graded light weight coarse aggregate which has a dry density of 1200 Kg/m³ to 1450 Kg/m. The light Weight Concrete (LWC) M20 using the light weight coarse aggregate as Pumice stone as a full replacement to 100%, light weight fine aggregate as Vermiculite as a replacement of fine aggregate to 75 %. The Cement (Ordinary Portland cement) is partially replaced by Fly Ash up to 50 % and some other mineral admixture are added which are Steel Fibre and Super plasticizer (SP 430) are added. An experimental work concludes in which the compression strength of conventional mix has higher strength and weight. Due to floating condition the specimen must have less density so, specific proportion has low density while comparing to other mix. Even though the mix 4 has low strength but it has low density and it is used in precast floating slab. The slab is designed to float above the datum line and with a load carrying capacity of 1.5 kN. The mix also yields on compressive and split tensile strength of 5.07 N/mm2 and 2.17 N/mm2.
The present day world is witnessing construction of very challenging and difficult civil engineering structures.
Researchers all over the world are attempting to develop low density or lightweight concrete by using different admixtures in concrete up to certain proportions.
This study deals with the development of Floating concrete by using lightweight aggregate (Pumice stone, Vermiculite) and Aluminium powder as an air entraining agent.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Pa...ijsrd.com
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin. By changing the chemistry and microstructure of concrete, pozzolans reduce the capillary porosity of the cementitious system and make them less permeable to exterior chemical sources as well as reducing the internal chemical incompatilities such as alkali-silica reaction. The concrete industry is known to leave an enormous environmental footprint on Planet Earth. First, there are the sheer volumes of material needed to produce the billions of tons of concrete worldwide each year. Then there are the CO2 emissions caused during the production of Portland cement. Together with the energy requirements, water consumption and generation of construction and demolition waste, these factors contribute to the general appearance that concrete is not particularly environmentally friendly or compatible with the demands of sustainable development. Thus, use of these supplementary cementitious materials can reduce the effects of cement causing severe environmental impact. This study presents the results of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property of concrete in fresh state that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation. The optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight) respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
CRITICAL REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE IAEME Publication
Concrete is widely used material across the world for construction of large structures. Due
to increase in industrialization and development of urban areas, high volume of resources is
required which are available naturally. This means high volume of resources is used worldwide
for production of concrete. To reduce the use of such resources and to decrease the negative
impact on environment, the uses of industrial waste and artificial aggregates as a replacement
of natural aggregates are increasingly used. Another focus required in material research is to
reduce the concrete weight density so that the effective dead load and seismic loads can be
lowered. The paper attempts to review the literature and present a state of art in making
lightweight concrete as reported till now for structural application
CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT MIX PROPORTIONSIjripublishers Ijri
Burnt Clay Brick is the predominant construction material in the country. The CO2 emissions in the brick manufacture
process have been acknowledged as a significant factor to global warming. Now-a-days there are so many technologies
involved in the recent development of concrete. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is one of the recent emerging technology
in making concrete. The usage of Cellular Light-weight Concrete (CLC) gives a prospective solution to building
construction industry along with environmental preservation. By using this type of concrete, we have found so many
advantages when compared to the burnt clay bricks.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Replacement of Steel with Bamboo as Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This study investigated replacing steel reinforcement with bamboo in concrete beams. Various tests were conducted on steel-reinforced and bamboo-reinforced concrete beams, including tensile tests, double shear tests, and flexural tests at 7 and 28 days.
The results showed that bamboo reinforcement had approximately 50% lower tensile and shear strength compared to steel. However, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams achieved flexural strengths nearly equivalent to steel-reinforced beams. While bamboo is less dense than steel, leading to higher flexibility, it can provide sufficient reinforcement for applications with lower loads such as roof slabs and shelters. Using bamboo instead of steel offers cost and environmental benefits by reducing pollution from steel production.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods used in construction. It discusses the basic construction materials of concrete, steel, clay products and wood. It then covers the types, production methods, properties and uses of various materials like stones, metals, clay products, lime, cements, aggregates and concrete. These materials are used in structures like buildings, bridges, highways, etc. The document also discusses classifying materials according to phase and internal structure/composition, and determining materials properties through laboratory and field testing.
The document discusses a student group project to develop a product called "Protect The Concrete From Corrosion". The group conducted various activities to learn about concrete, including identifying objects made of concrete, comparing different cement types, and testing properties of concrete formulations. For their final project, the group proposed a product to stop corrosion in concrete from salts and water, which could help Qatar by protecting infrastructure and reducing maintenance needs. The group hypothesized that the scientific product would make concrete stronger and more resistant to corrosion. They outlined methods and next steps to test the product's effectiveness.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
A collection of articles on concrete formwork design and constructionByron Smith
The document provides an overview of concrete formwork design and construction. It discusses that concrete formwork allows concrete to be poured into molds to produce structures of specific shapes and sizes. Modern concrete formwork can be made from various materials like timber, prefabricated metal systems, and plastic molds. Formwork supports the weight of wet concrete until it cures and hardens sufficiently. The type of formwork used depends on the application, from simple projects like patios to complex building structures.
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REIN...Ijripublishers Ijri
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate ConcreteIJERD Editor
This document summarizes an investigation into the properties of concrete made with cinder aggregate as a partial or full replacement for conventional aggregates. Cinder is a lightweight byproduct of steel manufacturing that can be used to create lighter weight concrete. Tests were conducted replacing granite coarse aggregate with 0-100% cinder aggregate, and river sand fine aggregate with 0-50% cinder powder. Results showed compressive strength was highest with 40% cinder coarse aggregate replacement, but strength generally decreased as replacement levels increased. Tensile strength also decreased with higher cinder replacement. Density of cinder concrete mixes was lower than conventional mixes. The study concluded cinder can be used to create lighter concrete, though strengths are sometimes reduced compared to conventional mixes.
Comparison of Performance of Non Metallic Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Plain...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of non-metallic fibre reinforced concrete and plain cement concrete. Synthetic fibres made of polypropylene and polyester were added to concrete mixes to evaluate compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength over curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The test results showed that both polypropylene and polyester fibre concretes exhibited higher strengths than the plain concrete at all curing periods. The polyester fibre concrete generally achieved the highest strengths of the three concrete types tested.
This document describes high-strength lightweight cellular concrete, also called high-performance cellular concrete. It is made through a process that injects a foam solution into a cement mixture, creating microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete. This results in a concrete that is much lighter in weight but can achieve compressive strengths comparable to regular concrete. It has benefits like better insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, and fire resistance. The document discusses the history of cellular concrete and how this new process allows for structural uses by controlling the concrete's density and strengths.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how concrete gains strength through hydration. It also covers testing methods for concrete, mix design proportions, factors affecting the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and additives/admixtures. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete strengthened through the addition of reinforcement steel bars. The document further discusses mechanics of reinforced concrete, design loads, specifications/codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
Concrete is composed of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate (sand), and water. It is strong in compression but weak in tension. Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel reinforcement, which improves its tensile strength. Concrete structures have advantages like control over shape, availability of materials, and economy. However, concrete is weak in tension so steel reinforcement is needed, and it can develop cracks. Design of concrete structures involves specifying loads, materials, and codes to achieve safety and economy. Reinforced concrete uses a mix of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water in specific proportions.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
RCC 1st.pptx Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Structuresashishpoudel28
This document discusses the design of reinforced cement concrete structures. It covers the course contents which include the introduction, design methods, limit state design for beams and slabs, columns and footings, and miscellaneous structures. The introduction section discusses the limitations of plain concrete including its weakness in tension. It also covers the properties of reinforcement and concrete needed for analysis of forces and stresses in reinforced concrete structures.
This document discusses the key ingredients and properties of concrete. It begins by listing the main ingredients of concrete as Portland cement, aggregate (sand, gravel, crushed rock), water, and sometimes admixtures. It then explains various properties of cement and concrete, including fineness, soundness, consistency, strength, setting time, and others. It also discusses grades of concrete based on compressive strength, characteristic and design strengths, tensile strength, creep, shrinkage, modulus ratio, Poisson's ratio, durability, unit weight, and uses and advantages/disadvantages of concrete.
Analysis and Design of PSC post te girderJesikaLalwani
1. The document discusses a project presentation on analyzing the effect of mix concrete on cold joints in prestressed girder bridges using finite element modeling. Cold joints form due to interruptions during concrete casting and can reduce structural integrity.
2. The objectives are to minimize stress concentrations at cold joints, determine the strength of remixed concrete grades M40-M50, and analyze deck slabs using ANSYS for conventional and remixed concrete.
3. The proposed methodology includes selecting element types, defining material properties, modeling geometry, meshing, applying loads, and discussing results. Tests will evaluate compressive strength, beam deflection, and cable profiles.
Analysis and Design of Post tensioned girderJesikaLalwani
1. The document discusses a project presentation on analyzing the effect of mix concrete on cold joints in prestressed girder bridges using finite element modeling. Cold joints form due to interruptions during concrete casting and can reduce structural integrity.
2. The objectives are to minimize stress concentrations at cold joints, determine the strength of remixed concrete grades from M40-M50, and analyze deck slabs using ANSYS for conventional and remixed concrete.
3. The proposed methodology includes selecting element types, defining material properties, modeling geometry, meshing, applying loads, and discussing results. Tests will evaluate compressive strength, beam deflection, and cable profiles.
Comparative study on behaviour of RCC and steel – concrete composite multisto...IRJET Journal
This document compares the behavior of reinforced concrete (RCC) and steel-concrete composite multi-storey buildings through modeling and analysis. Three 10-story building models are created - one with RCC structure and two with composite structures using encased columns and concrete filled tubes. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to compare parameters like joint displacement, story drift, story shear, and cost. The results show that composite structures have higher joint displacements but lower story drifts and shears compared to RCC. Construction costs are also around 65% lower for the composite structures compared to RCC due to reduced concrete and rebar usage. In conclusion, composite structures provide better seismic performance and are more economical than conventional RCC
1 CE133P Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design (Robles) 2.pdfjoerennelapore
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material of concrete and steel reinforcement. Concrete provides compressive strength while steel provides the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using reinforced concrete, properties of concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships, design codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
Concrete made with Portland cement has certain characteristics: it is relatively strong in compression but weak
in tension and tends to be brittle. These two weaknesses have limited its use. Another fundamental weakness of
concrete is that cracks start to form as soon as concrete is placed and before it has properly hardened. These
cracks are major cause of weakness in concrete particularly in large on site applications leading to subsequent
fracture and failure and general lack of durability
This document discusses how to make buildings more ductile and earthquake resistant through proper construction materials and design. It explains that masonry and concrete are brittle materials that fail suddenly, while steel is ductile and can undergo large deformation before failure. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement to make concrete more ductile. For seismic resistance, buildings should be designed like a ductile chain, making weaker members like beams fail through ductile yielding before stronger columns. This requires special seismic design codes to ensure adequate ductility in vulnerable members. Strict quality control is also needed during construction to guarantee ductile behavior.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
How to Guarantee Design-Life of Concrete Structures-MasterBuilder-July 2016Dr.Subramanian Narayanan
1) Concrete structures designed for 50-60 years of service life often deteriorate more quickly, with maintenance costs comprising 40-50% of construction spending in some places.
2) Roman structures like the Pantheon, built over 2000 years ago using slow-hardening lime cements, remain in excellent condition, while 20th century structures using Portland cement often deteriorate within 10-20 years.
3) To reliably achieve 100+ year design lives, concrete must be properly specified, mixed, placed, compacted and cured, rather than just focusing on short-term strength as was common practice.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Moment Resisting Frames of Steel and Composit...IRJET Journal
This document compares moment resisting frames made of steel composite materials and reinforced concrete (RC) under seismic loading. Four models each of a G+10 and G+20 building were analyzed with ETABS software - two as ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and two as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). Results for steel composite frames showed lower displacement, drift, and shear compared to RC frames, but within acceptable limits. Steel composite structures provide advantages over RC structures such as reduced weight, cost, and faster construction for high-rise buildings.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Comparative Study of Lightweight Concrete and Reinf...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of lightweight concrete and compares it to reinforced concrete. It discusses that lightweight concrete has a lower density than conventional concrete, which reduces dead load and transportation costs. The main types of lightweight concrete are no-fines concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete, and aerated concrete. The document summarizes several studies that found lightweight concrete to have lower compressive strength but adequate properties for structural use. It provides information on the density, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, and other properties of lightweight concrete. The conclusion is that lightweight concrete is an economical alternative to normal weight concrete for construction.
Effect of Admixture on Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of admixtures on the properties of concrete. It begins by defining concrete and its main components of cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes admixtures. It then discusses different types of admixtures including their physical and chemical functions. The document also examines how admixtures can be used to increase properties like strength and decrease weaknesses in concrete like brittleness. Finally, it analyzes how admixtures like silica fume can improve properties of lightweight concrete by increasing its strength.
Condition Assessment and Evaluation of Concrete Structures by Advanced Non-de...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using non-destructive testing methods to assess the condition of a 50-year-old commercial structure in Hyderabad, India. Visual inspection, rebound hammer tests, half-cell potential tests, and chemical tests on concrete samples were used to evaluate the uniformity, strength, and corrosion of the structure. The findings from these condition assessments are reported and recommendations are provided for repair and strengthening methods, such as column jacketing and shotcreting, to extend the life of the structure.
The document provides information about a course on reinforced concrete structures design and drawing. The course aims to introduce students to limit state design concepts and impart knowledge on designing structural elements like slabs, beams, and columns. The course outline details the various units that will be covered, including introduction to limit state design methodology, design of beams, shear and torsion, slab design, column design, and footing design.
INFLUENCE OF STEEL FIBERS AS ADMIX IN NORMAL CONCRETE MIXIAEME Publication
In recent days the usage of concrete has been increased all over the world. Hence it is important to study the mechanical properties of concrete on addition of mineral admixtures. Our main motive is to know the compression behavior of concrete when different types of mineral admixtures added to the concrete. The mineral admixture we are using in this study are steel fibres. In this study we are casting 6 cubes and 6 cylinders out of which 2 each for 7, 14, 28 days. The percentage addition by weight of concrete for mineral admixtures used are 2% and 4%. We are going to compare the results of compression strength and split tensile strength of concrete with normal concrete when admixtures are added to the concrete with different percentages. The experimental study on normal strength concrete grade for 2% and 4% cube were also prepared respectively
Vertical alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
Vertical curves are used in highway design to gradually transition between two different slopes or grades. There are two main types - crest vertical curves, which are used on roadway tops, and sag vertical curves, which are used on dips. The minimum length of a vertical curve is determined based on providing the required stopping sight distance for a given design speed. Additional criteria like passenger comfort, drainage, and appearance may also influence the curve length selected. Longer vertical curves generally provide a smoother ride but require more construction costs.
Traffic studies (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
Traffic studies analyze traffic characteristics to inform transportation design and control. Key studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, and accident analyses. Traffic volume studies count vehicles over time and are used for planning, operations, and structural design. Speed studies measure spot, average, running, and journey speeds to understand traffic patterns and inform control and design. Origin-destination studies identify the origins and destinations of trips to understand land use and travel patterns. Together these studies provide essential traffic data for transportation planning and management.
Level of service (los) multilane hwys 02 (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses the analysis of level of service (LOS) on multilane highways. It provides key differences between freeways and multilane highways, such as access control and presence of traffic signals. It then outlines base conditions for LOS analysis on multilane highways, including lane width, lateral clearance, vehicle types, and terrain. The free-flow speed is calculated using factors for these conditions. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the free-flow speed using the base free-flow speed and adjustment factors for lane width, lateral clearance, median, and access points. Finally, it shows how to determine the volume-to-capacity ratio and establish the LOS based on density, using values from the example.
Introduction to transportation engineeringCivil Zone
Transportation engineering involves the planning, design, and management of transportation facilities to provide safe and efficient movement of people and goods. A key aspect of transportation engineering is road design. Some essential elements of a typical road cross-section include the traveled way for vehicles, shoulders for stopped vehicles and bicycles, medians to separate opposing traffic, drainage channels to remove surface water, and barriers or guardrails to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. Transportation engineers must consider all of these elements and their widths, slopes, and designs to develop roadways that are effective and safe for users.
Highway materials (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses various materials used in highway construction. It describes aggregates, which are granular materials used in bases, subbases and backfill. Important properties of aggregates include particle size and hardness. Particle size distribution is determined through grain-size analysis and sieving. Hardness is measured using tests such as the Los Angeles abrasion test. Bituminous materials, commonly known as asphalt, are also discussed. Types of asphalt include asphalt cement and cutback asphalt. Specifications and tests for aggregates and asphalt are provided according to standards like AASHTO and ASTM.
Capacity & level of service (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses highway design speed and level of service. It defines design speed as the maximum safe speed for a road based on its geometric design features. Level of service is a qualitative measure of traffic conditions on a roadway, ranging from free-flowing traffic at LOS A to congested traffic at LOS F. The document provides examples of calculating level of service for a highway based on factors like lane width, access points, and traffic volume using methods from the Highway Capacity Manual. It shows how changes to the road design, such as adding lanes or widening lanes, can improve the level of service.
Alighnment & horizontal alignment of highway (transportation engineering)Civil Zone
This document discusses the alignment of highways, including horizontal and vertical elements. It covers topics such as grade line, horizontal and vertical curves, sight distance requirements, and super elevation. The key points are:
- Highway alignment consists of horizontal and vertical elements, including tangents and curves. Curves can be simple, compound, spiral, or reverse.
- Grade line refers to the longitudinal slope/rise of the highway. Factors in selecting a grade line include earthwork, terrain, sight distance, flood levels, and groundwater.
- Horizontal alignment deals with tangents and circular curves that connect changes in direction. Vertical alignment includes highway grades and parabolic curves.
- Proper design of curves
- Hydraulics engineering is the application of fluid mechanics principles to water-related structures like canals, rivers, dams and reservoirs. It is a branch of civil engineering concerned with water flow and conveyance.
- Ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Armenians made important early contributions to hydraulics engineering, developing irrigation systems using canals and qanats.
- Notable hydraulic structures through history include one of the world's oldest dams built in Egypt between 2950-2690 BC, and ship locks that raised or lowered boats between different water levels.
This document provides an introduction to hydropower engineering. It discusses how hydropower works by capturing the kinetic energy of falling water through turbines connected to generators. The amount of electricity generated depends on water flow rate and head (drop height). It also categorizes different types of hydropower developments including run-of-river, diversion canal, storage, and pumped storage plants. Site selection factors for hydropower include available water resources, water storage capacity, water head, and accessibility of the site.
Dams and Reservoirs -Hydraulics engineeringCivil Zone
Dams are barriers built across rivers or streams to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main types are embankment dams made of earth or rock and concrete dams like gravity, arch, and buttress dams. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power, flood control, and recreation but can also negatively impact river ecosystems and require relocation of people. Engineers consider factors like geology, material availability, and hydrology to select the optimal dam type and site for a given project. Ancillary structures like spillways and outlets control water release.
Similitude and Dimensional Analysis -Hydraulics engineering Civil Zone
This document discusses similitude and dimensional analysis for model testing in hydraulic engineering. It introduces key concepts like similitude, prototype, model, geometric similarity, kinematic similarity, dynamic similarity, dimensionless numbers, and model laws. Reynolds model law is described in detail, which states that the Reynolds number must be equal between the model and prototype for problems dominated by viscous forces, such as pipe flow. An example problem demonstrates how to calculate the velocity and flow rate in a hydraulic model based on given prototype parameters and Reynolds model law.
This document discusses different types of rigid frame knee connections used to join beams and columns. Square knee joints are described, with and without diagonal stiffeners. Other knee types include square knees with brackets, straight haunched knees, and curved haunched knees. Straight haunched knees provide reasonable stiffness and rotation capacity at a lower cost than other options. The document provides design procedures and an example problem for sizing the components of a square knee connection between a W690×140 beam and W360×110 column.
The document discusses various types of structural connections. It begins by defining connections as devices that join structural elements together to safely transfer forces. Connection design is more critical than member design. Failures usually occur at connections and can cause collapse.
The document then discusses different types of connections, including welded, riveted, and bolted connections. Connections are further classified based on the forces transferred, such as truss connections, fully restrained/moment connections, and partially restrained/shear connections. Specific connection types for buildings and frames like moment and shear connections are also explained. Design considerations for various structural connections like weld values, bolt values, and anchor bolts are provided.
Beam columns are structural members that experience both bending and axial stresses. They behave similarly to both beams and columns. Many steel building frames have columns that carry significant bending moments in addition to compressive loads. Bending moments in columns are produced by out-of-plumb erection, initial crookedness, eccentric loads, wind loads, and rigid beam-column connections. The interaction of axial loads and bending moments in columns must be considered through an interaction equation to ensure a safe design. Second order effects, or P-Delta effects, produce additional bending moments in columns beyond normal elastic analysis and must be accounted for through moment magnification factors.
This document discusses lap joints, bolted connections, and riveted connections. It provides details on:
- The components and stresses involved in a basic lap joint using a single fastener under tension or compression.
- Requirements for bolted connections including minimum pretension values for high-strength bolts and methods for measuring pretension.
- Types of stresses fasteners experience including shear stresses at the interface of joined parts and bearing stresses transmitted into the surrounding plates.
- Properties and grades of rivets commonly used in structural connections as well as their tensile and shear strengths.
- Methods for calculating the load capacity ("rivet value") of single rivets in lap joints
Connections are critical structural elements that join members together to transfer forces safely. Connection design is more important than member design, as connection failures can cause widespread structural collapse. Rigid connections provide strength and ductility to redistribute stresses during events like earthquakes. Common connection types include welded, riveted, and bolted connections, as well as moment connections, shear connections, and splices. Moment connections are particularly important for continuity and resisting lateral loads. Proper connection design is necessary to ensure structural integrity and safety.
This document discusses the properties and design of trusses and purlins. It defines key terms related to trusses like panel loads, which are concentrated loads applied at interior panel points calculated based on the roof load and area contributing to that point. Trusses are analyzed considering unit gravity and wind loads, and the principle of superposition is used. The document provides guidelines for designing purlins, including calculating loads, selecting trial sections, checking stresses and dimensions, and designing sag rods if needed. An example is given to demonstrate the purlin design process for given roof load and truss geometry data.
This document discusses the properties and analysis of trusses. It defines a truss as a frame structure where all members experience axial forces. Trusses are analyzed as pin-jointed frames if the joints intersect at a single point and loads are only applied at panel points. The document compares trusses to rigid frames and outlines various truss types including common roof trusses like the Howe, Pratt, Fink and Warren trusses. It also defines related terms like pitch, rise, purlins and loads on truss roofs.
1. The document designs bearing and end bearing stiffeners for a plate girder. For the bearing stiffener, a 200 x 15 mm stiffener plate is required on both sides under the web crippling limit state.
2. For the end bearing stiffener, a 240 x 18 mm stiffener plate is required on both sides due to the web crippling and bearing stiffener requirements at unframed ends.
3. Both designs satisfy all other limit states checked such as web local yielding, web sidesway buckling, and have sufficient weld strength.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Plain Concrete
Constituent material of concrete and their properties.
Hydration of cement.
Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them.
Curing of concrete and its significance.
Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests, strength tests.
Crushing or ultimate strain.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and significance.
Design of normal concrete mixes, factors affecting the workability of the fresh
concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete.
Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack.
Additives and admixtures for concrete.
Cracks in concrete.
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete
Basics of composite action of steel and concrete.
Stress-strains curves of steel and concrete.
Actual, simplified and equivalent stress blocks.
Behavior of reinforced concrete members including columns, beams and slabs at
working and ultimate loads.
Specifications, codes of practice and design loads.
Analysis, design and detailing of
Simply supported rectangular and T-beam by ultimate strength design
method
Simply supported and continuous one way and two way slabs.
Reinforced concrete members for axial compression and tension.
Tied and spiral columns.
ACI code provisions for design of columns.
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete (contd…)
Shear and diagonal tension in concrete, design and detailing of flexural
members for shear.
Corner reinforcement in slabs.
Assessment of crack width in flexural members.
Introduction to alternate method of design with applications
Practical
Physical testing of constituent material for concrete.
Acceptance test for cement.
Test on fresh and reinforced concrete for workability, compressive strength,
tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity.
Casting of different types of beams and columns and testing to study the effects
of various factors.
Detailing of designed elements.
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Text Book
Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition)
by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan
Concrete Structures (Part-I) by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
References
Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-08)
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If
filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse
aggregate.
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without any
reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in tension. Its tensile strength
is so small that it can be neglected in design.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with
reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion
Cement : Sand : Crush
1 : 1.5 : 3
1 : 2 : 4
1 : 4 : 8
Water Cement Ratio (W/C)
W/C = 0.5 – 0.6
For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is 50 kg
Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 Kg Batching By Weight
Water = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mechanism of Load Transfer
Load
Roof Surface
Roof Slab
Beams
Column
Foundation
Sub Soil
Function of structure is
to transfer all the loads
safely to ground.
A particular structural
member transfers load
to other structural
member.
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Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.
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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are
reduced.
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.
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Demerits of Concrete Construction
4. Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing
even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two
different times.
5. Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not
straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of
water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in
volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration.
This problem is not in steel structures.
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial
behavior.
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Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to
guide the designers for safe and economical design of
structures
Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute. For
general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
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Specification & Codes (contd…)
No code or design specification can be construed
as substitute for sound engineering judgment in
the design of concrete structures. In the structural
practice, special circumstances are frequently
encountered where code provisions can only serve
as a guide, and engineer must rely upon a firm
understanding of the basic principles of structural
mechanics applied to reinforced or pre-stressed
concrete, and the intimate knowledge of nature of
materials
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Design Loads
Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their magnitude and
position w.r.t. time within the life of structure”
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load of
structure.
Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.
Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
beam and slab over it is superimposed load.
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Design Loads (contd…)
Live Load
“Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings
and traffic loads on bridges”
They may be either fully or partially in place or not
present at all, and may also change in location.
Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
uncertain, and even their maximum intensities throughout
the life time of the structure are not known with precision.
The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a
building should be designed are usually specified in the
building codes that governs at the site construction.
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Densities of Important Materials
Material Density (Kg/m3)
PCC 2300
RCC 2400
Brick masonry 1900-1930
Earth/Sand/Brick ballast 1600-1800
Intensities of Live Loads (Table 1.1, Design of concrete structures by Nilson)
Occupancy / Use Live Load(Kg/m2)
Residential/House/Class Room 200
Offices 250-425
Library Reading Room 300
Library Stack Room 730
Warehouse/Heavy storage 1200
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Basic Design Equation
Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance
Factor of Safety
F.O.S. = Max. Failure load/Max. Service Load
Following points are relevant to F.O.S
1. It is used to cover uncertainties due to
1. Applied loads
2. Material strength
3. Poor workmanship
4. Unexpected behavior of structure
5. Thermal stresses
6. Fabrication
7. Residual stresses
2. If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and cracks are
within limits.
3. It covers the natural disasters.
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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of
dividing F.O.S. in such a way that Bigger part is applied on
loads and smaller part is applied on material strength.
Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1 x F.O.S.2
{1 / F.O.S.2} Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1
F.O.S.1 = Overload factor or Load Factor {greater than 1}
1/F.O.S.2 = Strength Reduction factor or Resistance Factor {less than 1}
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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
(contd...)
ΦSn ≥ U
Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
ΦSn = Design Strength
Φ = Strength Reduction Factor
U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:
ΦMn ≥ Mu
ΦVn ≥ Vu
ΦPn ≥ Pu
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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on
material strength and service loads (un-factored) are taken
as it is.
Material Strength / F.O.S. ≥ Service Loads
In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate strength
design analysis carried out in elastic range.
fc’
fc’/2
Concrete Steel
fy
fy/2
fu
Strain Strain
Stress
Stress
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Plastic Design
In plastic design, plastic analysis is carried
out in order to find the behavior of
structure near collapse state. In this type
of design material strength is taken from
inelastic range. It is observed that
whether the failure is sudden or ductile.
Ductile failure is most favorable because it
gives warning before the failure of
structures
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Capacity Analysis
In capacity analysis size, shape, material strengths and
cross sectional dimensions are known and maximum
load carrying capacity of the structure is calculated.
Capacity analysis is generally carried out for the
existing structures.
Design of Structure
In design of structure load, span and material
properties are known and cross sectional dimensions
and amount of reinforcement are to be determined.
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Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
1. Safety
2. Economy
Safety
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the applied
throughout the life.
Economy
Structures should be economical. Lighter structures are
more economical.
Economy α 1/self weight (More valid for Steel Structures)
In concrete Structures overall cost of construction decides the
economy, not just the self weight.
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Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation.
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability
of occurrence
1. 1.2D + 1.6L
2. 1.4D
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
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Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor, Φ
Strength Condition Strength Reduction Factor
Tension controlled section
(bending or flexure)
0.9
Compression controlled section
Columns with ties 0.65
Column with spirals 0.75
Shear and Torsion 0.75
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Shrinkage
“Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss
of water”
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of shortening is:
0.00025 at 28 days
0.00035 at 3 months
0.0005 at 12 months
Shrinkage = Shrinkage coefficient x Length
Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing
during first 28 days because half of the total shrinkage
takes place during this period
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Creep
“creep is the slow
deformation of material
over considerable lengths of
time at constant stress or
load”
Creep deformations for a given
concrete are practically
proportional to the magnitude of
the applied stress; at any given
stress, high strength concrete
show less creep than lower
strength concrete.
Compressive
strength
Specific
Creep
(MPa) 10-6 per MPa
20 145
30 116
40 80
55 58
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Creep (contd…)
How to calculate shortenings due to creep?
Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load for
several years.
Compressive strength, fc’ = 30 MPa
Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa
Specific creep for 28 MPa fc’ = 116 x 10-6 per MPa
Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5
Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5
= 3.48 mm
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Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’
“28 days cylinder strength of concrete”
The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.
According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders
should be tested and their average is to be taken.
ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in
accordance with ACI code, fc’ shall not be less than 17 Mpa
(2500 psi)
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Specified Concrete Compressive Strength, fc’
BS specifies the compressive strength in terms of
cube strength.
Standard size of cube is 6”x6”x6”
BS recommends testing three cubes and taking their
average as the compressive strength of concrete
Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube Strength
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Relevant ASTM Standards
“Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed
Concrete” (ASTM C 172)
Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in Field” (ASTM C 31)
“Test Methods for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimen” (ASTM C
39)
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Testing of Samples for Compressive Strength
Cylinders should be tested in moist condition because in
dry state it gives more strength.
ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed
each day shall be taken :
Not less than once a day
Not less than once for each 110m3 of concrete.
Not less than once for each 460m2 of concrete.
Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test sample if he
regards it necessary.
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class
of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if
both of the following requirements are met:
Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc’
by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000
psi) or less; or
by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality (contd…)
Example
For Required fc’ = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of 7
samples
19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa
Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests
equals or exceeds fc’.
2. Non of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa.
Considering these two point the quality of concrete is
acceptable
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Mix Design
Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to
get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr’ .
If we use fc’ as target strength during mix design the
average strength achieved may fall below fc’.
To avoid under-strength concrete fcr’ is used as target
strength in-place of fc’.
fcr’ > fc’
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Mix Design (contd…)
ACI-5.3.2 Required Average Compressive Strength
Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data Are
Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation
Specified Compressive Strength,
fc’ (MPa)
Required Average Strength, fcr’
(MPa)
fc’ ≤ 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-2)
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
fcr’ = fc’ + 2.33 Ss – 3.5 (5-2)
fc’ > 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-3)
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
fcr’ = 0.9fc’ + 2.33 Ss (5-3)
Ss = Standard deviation of compressive strength test
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Mix Design (contd…)
Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data
Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation
Specified Compressive
Strength, fc’ (MPa)
Required Average
Strength, fcr’ (MPa)
fc’ < 21 fcr’ = fc’ + 7
21≤ fc’ ≤ 35 fcr’ = fc’ + 8.5
fc’ > 35 fcr’ = 1.10fc’ + 5
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Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
fc’ 0.85fc’
Stress
Strain
Crushing
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003
•The first portion
of curve, to about
40% of the
ultimate strength
fc’, can be
considered linear.
•The lower the
strength of
concrete the
greater will be the
failure strain
0.4 fc’
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Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed
value of modulus of elasticity
Strain
Stress
Secant Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Initial tangent
Modulus
Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete
0.4fc’
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Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)
Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
Ec = 0.043 wc
1.5√fc’
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’
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Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
Plain
Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)
Yield strength, fy
Ultimate strength, fu
Size and diameter of bar
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Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation
Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 60
Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70
FPS
Strain
Grade 300
Grade 420
Grade 520
Stress
For hot rolled
steel bars
Cold twisted
steel bars are
available in
grade 420
For hot rolled steel bars
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Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding
cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
Strain
Stress
Bilinear Curve
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Marks Distribution
Mid Term Examination = 20 Marks
Final Term Examination = 40 Marks
Sessional = 20 Marks
Quiz - I = 37.5 %
Quiz – II = 37.5 %
Assignments = 25 %
Lab Work = 20 Marks