Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...
1. introduction (materials and method of constrcution)
1. Materials and Method of
Construction
(Introduction)
Munawar Hussain
Civil Engineering Department
MNS-University of Engineering and Technology Multan
2. Engineering Materials
•There are thousands of materials
available to the engineer !
•Basic construction materials: concrete,
steel, clay products & Wood etc.
3. Course Objectives
To develop a basic understanding of key
material properties, requirements, and related
behavior characteristics of typical construction
materials.
4. • Types
• Production methods
• Uses in construction
• Properties of the following materials of
construction:
Course Content
• Building Stones
• Metals
• Clay Products
• Lime
• Cements
• Aggregates
• Concrete
• Glass
• Paints and Varnishes
5. These materials are used in all civil engineering
structures such as;
- buildings
- bridges
- highways
- railways
- tunnels
- dams
- towers
etc.
Course Content
6. Books
1. Fundamentals of Building Construction
Materials and Methods by Edward Allen
and Joseph Iano 5th Edition
2. Building Materials by S.K Dughal 3rd
Edition
3. Building Construction (Principals, Materials
and System) by Madan Mehta 2nd Edtion
9. Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
1. Metals : (formed by metallic bonds)
A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel)
B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)
2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O,
N which are formed by covalent bonding.)
A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins, wood)
B. Artificial (plastics)
11. Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
3. Ceramics :
A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)
B. Porcelains((chini mati k) is a ceramic
material made by heating materials, generally
including kaolin(china clay), in a kiln to
temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C)
4. Composite Materials :
(Portland cement concrete)
برتن کے مٹی چینی
12. Internal Structure & Chemical
Composition Classification
5. Reinforced Composite Materials :
(reinforced concrete, reinforced plastics)
One of the most important tasks of an
engineer is to select the most suitable
material for a given civil engineering
structure.
13. Factors Determining the Choice of Proper
Material for a Structure
Economy. Choose the cheaper & available
materials considering
– Initial cost
– Useful life
– Frequency of maintenance
– Cost of maintenance
– Salvage value
etc.
14. Concrete Asphalt
Initial Cost – (More) + (Less)
Useful Life +(Long life) –(short)
Frequency of Repair +(Less) –(More)
Cost of Repair –(More) +(Less)
Salvage Value -(Less) -(Less)
Example: Comparison of Concrete
Pavement vs. Asphalt Pavement for
economy.
15. General Properties of Civil
Engineering Materials
• Physical **
• Mechanical **
• Chemical
• Other
– Thermal, Acoustical, Optical, Electrical
** Most CE Applications focus on physical &
mechanical properties
16. Physical Properties
• Properties of physical structure
1. Density (mass/volume)
2. Specific gravity(ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water - at a specified temperature(4oC)).
3. Porosity (Porosity or void fraction is a
measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a
material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids
over the total volume, as a percentage between 0
and 100%.)
17. PERMEABILTY
Property of a material that lets fluids (such as
water or water vapor) to diffuse through it to
another medium without being chemically or
physically affected.
Physical Properties
18. Mechanical Properties
• Resistance to applied loads (stress) initially & over
time
1.Stiffness
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which
it resists deformation in response to an applied force
2.Strength
The capacity of an object to withstand maximum force.
– Fracture (brittle)
– Yielding (ductile)
20. Determining the Properties of Civil
Engineering Materials
Properties of materials are determined by
• Laboratory testing
• Field testing
To avoid inconsistencies in test results
STANDARDS are devised which describe
the test apparatus and the procedure.
21. Items that are usually
standardized in a test are:
• Obtaining test specimens and number of specimens
• Size and shape of the specimen
• Preparation of specimens for testing
• Temperature & moisture during preparation & testing
• Type of machinery
• Rate of loading
• Interpretation of test results
• Writing a report
22. Standardization Institutes
Turkey - Turkish Standards Institute (TSE)
England - British Standards Institute (BSI)
Germany - Deutsche Institute Norm (DIN)
U.S. - American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
Europe - European Committee for
Standardization (CEN)
India – Indian Standard (IS)
25. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
Although there are several different
materials which have adhesive properties,
three types are of particular interest to civil
engineers.
• Glues : materials of gelatinous nature
derived from vegetable or animal sources.
• Bituminous Materials : complex hydrocarbon
• Various Compounds of Calcium : gypsum,
lime, cements
26. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
Cementitious materials are substances
which, upon certain chemical reactions
attain binding properties
Non-hydraulic cements (gypsum and lime)
Hydraulic cements (portland cement)
Hydraulicity is that property of gaining
binding value when mixed with water.
27. Options in Construction
Bridges: Wood
Wooden bridge, Queen’s College, Cambridge, UK.
Built originally in 1749 (oak), repaired in 1866 &
rebuilt in 1905 (teak).
Covered wooden bridge, Switzerland
Built originally in the 1300s, burned down in 1993,
was rebuilt.
28. Options in Construction
Bridges: Masonry
Stone arch bridge, Mérida, Spain.
1st century
Brick masonry bridge, Kuldiga, Latvia.
Originally completed in 1874, destroyed in 1915,
rebuilt in 1926.
29. Options in Construction
Bridges: Steel
Luis I bridge, Porto, Portugal.
Completed in 1886.
Howrah bridge, Kolkata.
Completed in 1943, replaced
a floating bridge of 1874.
30. Options in Construction
Bridges: Steel
Golden Gate bridge, San Francisco, USA.
Completed in 1937.
Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney, Australia.
Completed in 1932.
31. Options in Construction
Bridges: Concrete
Jadukata bridge, Meghalaya.
Completed in 1997.
Confederation bridge, Canada.
Completed in 1997.
32. Options in Construction
Bridges: Concrete
Great Belt Link bridge, Denmark/Sweden.
Completed in 1998.
Millau viaduct, France.
Completed in 2004.
33. Options in Construction
Bridges: Composites
Kings Stormwater Channel bridge,
California, USA.
Completed in 2001.
Glass fibre reinforced polymer deck
Carbon shells to be filled
with lightweight concrete
and used as girder
36. Options in Construction
Buildings: Stone Masonry
Qutab Minar, Delhi.
Completed in 1230.
Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany
1248-1880, damaged during WW II, repaired.
37. Options in Construction
Buildings: Wood and Masonry
Bourges, France.
15th century.
Liuheta pagoda, Hangzhou, China
Present form dates to 1152.
