Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
1. The document discusses reinforcement in concrete columns. It lists group members for a project and provides information on different types of columns, their load transfer mechanisms, and failure modes.
2. Key points covered include defining short, long, and intermediate columns based on their slenderness ratio. It also discusses calculating the effective length and radius of gyration of a column.
3. The document provides guidelines for steel reinforcement in columns, including minimum bar diameter and concrete cover, as well as the design procedure and considerations for selecting the reinforcement ratio.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
1. The document discusses reinforcement in concrete columns. It lists group members for a project and provides information on different types of columns, their load transfer mechanisms, and failure modes.
2. Key points covered include defining short, long, and intermediate columns based on their slenderness ratio. It also discusses calculating the effective length and radius of gyration of a column.
3. The document provides guidelines for steel reinforcement in columns, including minimum bar diameter and concrete cover, as well as the design procedure and considerations for selecting the reinforcement ratio.
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
Circular slabs are commonly used as roofs or floors with a circular plan, such as water tanks. They experience bending stresses in two perpendicular directions - radially and circumferentially. Reinforcement is provided as a mesh of bars with equal cross-sectional area in both directions. Near the edges, additional radial and circumferential reinforcement may be needed if edge stresses are significant. Circular slabs are analyzed based on elastic theory, and deflect into a saucer shape under uniform loads, developing tensile and compressive stresses on the convex and concave surfaces respectively. Reinforcement must be provided in both radial and circumferential directions near the convex surface.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Analysis and design of pre engineered building using is 800:2007 and Internat...Pratik R. Atwal
The document discusses the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using IS800:2007 and international standards. It summarizes literature on PEBs and their advantages over conventional buildings. The objective is to design a G+3 school building using different codes and compare the structural weight. Load combinations and section classifications according to different codes are presented. The design is carried out for the building and results show the structural weight is reduced by 9.04% under BS5950, 23.97% under AISC-2010, and 27.19% under Eurocode 3, compared to IS800:2007.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
This document provides an overview of steel structures. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements. It then discusses the classification of steels based on carbon content and introduces the basic components of structures like beams and columns. The document outlines the advantages of steel structures such as lower costs, strength, recyclability, and flexibility. It also notes some disadvantages like maintenance costs and reduced strength in fires. Finally, it discusses common steel sections, connection types, and provides examples of famous steel buildings.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
Reinforcement concrete and properties of matrial VIKAS4210607
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of reinforced concrete and its constituent materials - concrete and steel reinforcement. It provides information on:
- Concrete is composed of cement, aggregate and water that hardens over time to form a durable stone-like material. Reinforced concrete includes steel reinforcement to increase its tensile strength.
- The properties of concrete and steel depend on their composition and standards. Concrete properties include compressive strength and shrinkage properties. Steel properties include yield strength.
- Permissible stresses values for concrete and steel under different loads and grades are defined in codes based on material testing. Reinforced concrete exploits the composite action of concrete and steel to form an efficient structural material.
This document provides an overview of structural steel design. It discusses steel as a structural material, its advantages, common sections and grades. It covers design philosophies like limit states, allowable stress design and load resistance factor design. Applications of steel and some key aspects of steel construction are presented. The history and role of codes are summarized. An overview of the LRFD manual is also provided.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Circular slabs are commonly used as roofs or floors with a circular plan, such as water tanks. They experience bending stresses in two perpendicular directions - radially and circumferentially. Reinforcement is provided as a mesh of bars with equal cross-sectional area in both directions. Near the edges, additional radial and circumferential reinforcement may be needed if edge stresses are significant. Circular slabs are analyzed based on elastic theory, and deflect into a saucer shape under uniform loads, developing tensile and compressive stresses on the convex and concave surfaces respectively. Reinforcement must be provided in both radial and circumferential directions near the convex surface.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Analysis and design of pre engineered building using is 800:2007 and Internat...Pratik R. Atwal
The document discusses the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using IS800:2007 and international standards. It summarizes literature on PEBs and their advantages over conventional buildings. The objective is to design a G+3 school building using different codes and compare the structural weight. Load combinations and section classifications according to different codes are presented. The design is carried out for the building and results show the structural weight is reduced by 9.04% under BS5950, 23.97% under AISC-2010, and 27.19% under Eurocode 3, compared to IS800:2007.
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
This document provides an overview of steel structures. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon and other elements. It then discusses the classification of steels based on carbon content and introduces the basic components of structures like beams and columns. The document outlines the advantages of steel structures such as lower costs, strength, recyclability, and flexibility. It also notes some disadvantages like maintenance costs and reduced strength in fires. Finally, it discusses common steel sections, connection types, and provides examples of famous steel buildings.
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
Reinforcement concrete and properties of matrial VIKAS4210607
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of reinforced concrete and its constituent materials - concrete and steel reinforcement. It provides information on:
- Concrete is composed of cement, aggregate and water that hardens over time to form a durable stone-like material. Reinforced concrete includes steel reinforcement to increase its tensile strength.
- The properties of concrete and steel depend on their composition and standards. Concrete properties include compressive strength and shrinkage properties. Steel properties include yield strength.
- Permissible stresses values for concrete and steel under different loads and grades are defined in codes based on material testing. Reinforced concrete exploits the composite action of concrete and steel to form an efficient structural material.
This document provides an overview of structural steel design. It discusses steel as a structural material, its advantages, common sections and grades. It covers design philosophies like limit states, allowable stress design and load resistance factor design. Applications of steel and some key aspects of steel construction are presented. The history and role of codes are summarized. An overview of the LRFD manual is also provided.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
The document discusses the design of reinforced concrete columns. It provides formulas to calculate the nominal capacity of concentrically loaded columns based on steel ratio and material strengths. Minimum and maximum steel ratios of 1-8% are recommended, with a reasonable range of 1-3%. Clear cover requirements of 40-75mm are outlined depending on soil contact. Tie design considerations include bar diameter, shape, and longitudinal spacing. Spiral reinforcement provides increased ductility and the document discusses formulas for calculating confined concrete strength based on spiral ratio and properties. Minimum spiral ratios and pitch requirements are also provided.
1. This document discusses trial sizing, design, and analysis of short columns under concentric axial loads.
2. The criteria for determining if a column is considered short is based on the slenderness ratio being less than a specified value depending on the column cross section shape.
3. A design example is provided for a 4m long square tied column and circular spiral column both carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. The design includes calculating reinforcement, checking reinforcement ratio, and detailing requirements.
Doubly reinforced beams have both tension and compression reinforcement, allowing for a shallower beam depth than a singly reinforced beam. There are two cases for the behavior of doubly reinforced beams at ultimate loading:
1) Case I occurs when both tension and compression steel yield. The neutral axis depth can be calculated and the moment capacities from compression steel, concrete, and tension steel determined.
2) Case II occurs when only the tension steel yields, and the compression steel does not yield. The strain in the compression steel must be calculated.
The document discusses the behavior of doubly reinforced beams under ultimate loading conditions for both cases when compression steel does and does not yield. It provides equations to calculate forces, strains, and moment
The document discusses the analysis of reinforced concrete columns under various loading conditions. It presents 10 cases for analyzing columns, including when axial load is given and eccentricity is less than balanced, when moment is given and steel is yielding, and when depth of neutral axis is given. The key steps shown are setting up the load and moment equations, checking assumptions of steel stress, and iterating to find values of neutral axis depth and steel stresses that satisfy equilibrium. Design procedures are also outlined for short columns under uniaxial bending, with steps to calculate load capacity and check steel strain assumptions.
The document discusses L-beams, which are floor beams that have slabs on only one side. L-beams are common in reinforced concrete structures and experience bending moment, shear force, and torsional moment from one-sided loading. The effective width of an L-beam flange is calculated according to code recommendations based on factors like beam spacing and length. Design of L-beams involves determining the flange width, selecting a beam depth, checking moment of resistance, and adding reinforcement as needed to resist bending and shear loads.
The document discusses column behavior under different loading conditions. It presents the load and moment equations for columns under eccentric loading, and describes three failure cases: 1) pure axial load/crushing failure, 2) balanced failure, and 3) pure flexural failure. Equations are derived for the load-carrying capacity and moment capacity based on the stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel.
This document discusses different types and classifications of columns. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily designed to carry axial compression loads. Columns can be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, and type of loading. Common shapes include square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped, and T-shaped sections. Reinforcement types include tied columns with tie bars, spiral columns with helical reinforcement, and composite columns with encased steel. Columns are either concentrically loaded with forces through the centroid, or eccentrically loaded off-center. The document also covers column capacity calculations, resistance factors, and provides an example problem.
CE 72.52 Lecture 4 - Ductility of Cross-sectionsFawad Najam
This document provides information on ductility of concrete structures. It discusses how ductility is key to good seismic performance of structures. Ductility is defined and different levels of ductility are described, from the material level to the structural level. Factors that affect ductility include confinement of concrete, reinforcement, cross-section shape, and applied loads. Moment-curvature relationships are used to compute ductility at the cross-section level. Confinement improves concrete ductility by modifying its stress-strain behavior. Spiral reinforcement increases concrete strength under triaxial compression. Moment-curvature curves can indicate yield points and failure mechanisms for different types of sections.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 5 shear force and bending moment in beams. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
AxisVM is structural analysis software that allows users to model, analyze, and design structures. It features tools for 3D modeling, applying loads, meshing, and visualizing analysis results like deflections, moments, and internal forces. AxisVM uses finite elements, making it suitable for understanding structural behavior. Its intuitive interface also makes it easy to learn and use for students and engineers.
This document discusses various fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It explains that coal, petroleum, and natural gas were formed from the remains of dead organisms and are therefore called fossil fuels. It provides details on the composition and uses of coal, petroleum, coal tar, coal gas, petrol, diesel, and natural gas. It also discusses refining petroleum into its various constituents and provides tips for conserving petrol and diesel while driving.
This document discusses PRC individual income tax (IIT) implications for expatriates working in China. It covers general IIT rules, regulations, and how IIT applies differently to expatriates compared to local individuals. Expatriates' tax treatment depends on factors like length of stay in China and income source location. Special deductions also apply to expatriate income under PRC IIT law. The document aims to analyze IIT implications on employment income for expatriates staying in China for various durations.
El documento presenta un tutorial para crear un modelo estructural en ETABS. Explica los pasos para iniciar un nuevo modelo, definir secciones estructurales, agregar objetos como columnas y vigas, asignar cargas y realizar un análisis. El proyecto de ejemplo es un edificio de 4 pisos con un sistema resistente a sismos de pórticos entrecruzados. El tutorial guía al usuario a través de cada paso del proceso de modelado.
Sheryar Bismil
Student of Mirpur University of Science & Technology(MUST).
Student of Final Year Civil Engineering Department Main campus Mirpur.
Here we Gonna to learn about the basic to depth wise study of Plan Reinforced Concrete-i.
From basis terminology to wide information about the analysis and design of Concrete member like column,Beam,Slab,etc.
The document provides information about a course on reinforced concrete structures design and drawing. The course aims to introduce students to limit state design concepts and impart knowledge on designing structural elements like slabs, beams, and columns. The course outline details the various units that will be covered, including introduction to limit state design methodology, design of beams, shear and torsion, slab design, column design, and footing design.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
This document discusses how to make buildings more ductile and earthquake resistant through proper construction materials and design. It explains that masonry and concrete are brittle materials that fail suddenly, while steel is ductile and can undergo large deformation before failure. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement to make concrete more ductile. For seismic resistance, buildings should be designed like a ductile chain, making weaker members like beams fail through ductile yielding before stronger columns. This requires special seismic design codes to ensure adequate ductility in vulnerable members. Strict quality control is also needed during construction to guarantee ductile behavior.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
This document compares reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and steel structures. RCC has better compressive and tensile strength than other building materials and can be molded into shapes. It is more durable and has a long life and low maintenance costs. Steel has high tensile strength and load-carrying capacity, but is more costly. It has better quality control than RCC. While RCC has higher fire resistance, steel structures are easier to repair and maintain. The document concludes that using steel and concrete composites combines their strengths for an effective and economic construction system.
Comparitive study on rcc and composite (cft) multi storeyed buildingseSAT Journals
The document compares the performance of reinforced concrete (RCC) and composite (CFT) multi-storey buildings under lateral loads. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on G+14, G+19, and G+24 buildings with different lateral load-resisting systems including bracing and shear walls. Parameters like natural period, displacement, and drift were compared. The CFT buildings showed shorter periods and better performance, with natural periods up to 25% less than the RCC buildings. The CFT buildings also exhibited reduced displacements and drifts compared to the RCC structures.
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
Comparison of reinforced concrete and prestressed concreteSpice Shuvo
This document compares reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Prestressed concrete applies compression to concrete before loading to counteract tensile stresses when in use. For construction, reinforced concrete requires steel bars and formwork while prestressed concrete uses steel tendons stressed after the concrete reaches strength. Prestressed concrete allows for thinner sections, reduced self-weight, and less deflection compared to reinforced concrete. However, it requires higher quality materials and specialized equipment. In summary, the document outlines the key differences in material composition and behavior between the two composite concrete materials.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a composite material made of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Some key points:
- François Coignet built the first reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in Paris in 1853.
- RCC is used in the construction of columns, beams, footings, slabs, dams, water tanks, tunnels, bridges, walls and towers due to its high strength and durability.
- The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the steel from corrosion. Together they form a very strong, stable structural material.
1 CE133P Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design (Robles) 2.pdfjoerennelapore
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material of concrete and steel reinforcement. Concrete provides compressive strength while steel provides the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using reinforced concrete, properties of concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships, design codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
The Structural Behaviour of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular columnsIRJET Journal
This document describes a study comparing the structural behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular columns made with different steel materials through numerical analysis and experimental testing. Six column specimens were tested - two each made with stainless steel, mild steel, and cold-formed steel tubes. Both short and long columns were analyzed. The numerical analysis found that stainless steel columns had the highest load-carrying capacity. The experimental results supported this, with stainless steel columns outperforming the other materials. There was good agreement between the numerical and experimental load values, with errors generally below 5%. The study concluded that stainless steel provided the best performance for concrete-filled steel tubular columns subjected to axial loads.
This presentation is about RCC. one can find most of the information about RCC with architecture in mind. Structure Design - 2 Semester 2 B. Arch Notes
1. The document summarizes a student project on modeling steel fiber reinforced concrete. It includes an abstract, literature review, methodology, applications, expected outcomes, and expected conclusions.
2. The project involves performing tests on steel fiber reinforced concrete and comparing the results to normal concrete for properties like compressive strength, split tension, and flexural strength.
3. The literature review covers previous research showing that adding steel fibers improves properties like tensile strength, ductility, crack resistance, fatigue resistance, and energy absorption of concrete.
This document discusses different types of concrete, including plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). PCC does not contain reinforcement and is strong under compression but weak under tension. RCC contains steel reinforcement and can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses. The key ingredients of concrete are a binding material (usually cement or lime), fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (stones, gravel), and water. Concrete has properties like strength, durability, impermeability, and resistance to fire and abrasion. RCC is more durable and suitable for construction of beams, columns, slabs, and foundations in seismic zones.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how concrete gains strength through hydration. It also covers testing methods for concrete, mix design proportions, factors affecting the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and additives/admixtures. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete strengthened through the addition of reinforcement steel bars. The document further discusses mechanics of reinforced concrete, design loads, specifications/codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
RCC 1st.pptx Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Structuresashishpoudel28
This document discusses the design of reinforced cement concrete structures. It covers the course contents which include the introduction, design methods, limit state design for beams and slabs, columns and footings, and miscellaneous structures. The introduction section discusses the limitations of plain concrete including its weakness in tension. It also covers the properties of reinforcement and concrete needed for analysis of forces and stresses in reinforced concrete structures.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
Composite Construction Method for Engineering and ArchitectureMimi Alguidano
Composite construction uses two materials together to utilize each material's strengths. It examines problems with steel-concrete beams, including concrete placement order and deflection monitoring. New approaches include beam-column systems and air ducts in box girders. Other composites include timber-concrete slabs and steel-timber trusses.
Composite construction is beneficial because concrete resists compression well and steel resists tension well. Joining them results in an efficient, lightweight design with construction speed benefits. It allows for reduced floor depths and foundation sizes.
The benefits of composite construction include speed, performance, and value. Steel erection is fast and prefabricated decks provide stiffness when concrete cures. Concrete also protects
Similar to Mechanism of load transfored...PRC-I (20)
1) This document discusses two cases for determining the failure mode of reinforced concrete columns: a dividing point between transition and tension failure, and when the nominal load exceeds the nominal bending capacity.
2) For the first case, equations are provided to calculate the unknown steel stress given other known values in order to then determine the nominal load and moment capacities.
3) For the second case, when the nominal load exceeds the nominal bending capacity, the document notes that the steel stress is not equal to the yield stress but the method to determine if the steel reaches its yield stress must be calculated.
This document discusses the different types of loads that structures must be designed to withstand. It identifies vertical loads like dead loads from structural elements and permanent fixtures, and live loads from temporary objects and occupancy. Horizontal loads include wind loads and seismic loads from earthquakes. Longitudinal loads also exist for some structures. Specific live loads are defined by building codes depending on a structure's use. Other load types addressed are wind loads, snow loads, hydrostatic pressure, soil pressure, and impact loads. Dead and live loads are explained in more detail.
Gray Ordinary Portland Cement is the most commonly used type and is a high-quality, cost-effective building material composed mainly of clinker. White Portland Cement is produced with limestone, low iron kaolin clay, and gypsum for architectural works requiring brightness and artistic finishes. Masonry or mortar cement is mixed with finely ground limestone for uses like concrete blocks and brick work. Oil-well cement is a specially designed variety of hydraulic cement produced with gray Portland clinker for use in oil wells at high temperatures and pressures. Blended cements are produced by mixing Portland cement with materials like slag, fly ash, and lime to reduce CO2 emissions and offer more sustainable products.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
Prepared by madam rafia firdous. She is a lecturer and instructor in subject of Plain and Reinforcement concrete at University of South Asia LAHORE,PAKISTAN.
This document provides information about bearing capacity of soil and different types of foundations. It discusses key topics like:
- Types of foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, continuous footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations.
- Factors that determine the selection of a foundation type including the structure's function/loads, sub-surface soil conditions, and cost.
- Comparison of shallow and deep foundations in terms of depth, load distribution, construction, cost, structural design considerations, and settlement.
- Criteria for foundation design including safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement, especially differential settlement.
Geotech. Engg. Ch#04 lateral earth pressureIrfan Malik
This document provides an overview of lateral earth pressure and retaining wall design. It defines key terms like coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K), which is the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress. Retaining wall types are described including gravity, cantilever, counterfort and sheet piles. The theories of Rankine and Coulomb for calculating earth pressures are summarized. Equations are provided for determining the active (Ka) and passive (Kp) earth pressure coefficients based on the soil friction angle. Typical K values are listed for different soil types.
Goetech. engg. Ch# 03 settlement analysis signedIrfan Malik
This document discusses settlement analysis and different types of settlement. It begins by defining settlement as the vertical downward deformation of soil under a load. There are two main types of settlement based on permanence - permanent and temporary. There are also different types based on mode of occurrence: primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and immediate settlement. Differential settlement can cause structural damage, while uniform settlement has little consequence. The document outlines methods to estimate settlement, such as consolidation tests, and discusses remedial measures to reduce or accommodate settlement.
Goe tech. engg. Ch# 02 strss distributionIrfan Malik
This document discusses stress distribution in soils. It defines stress as the internal forces per unit area within a body resisting external loads. Stress is calculated as force over cross-sectional area. Stresses in soil come from geostatic or self-weight stresses due to overburden pressure, or induced stresses from external loads like foundations or vehicles. Pore water pressure is stress transmitted by water in soil pores, while effective stress is that transmitted between soil grains, accounting for both normal and shear strength. Effective stress is calculated as total stress minus pore water pressure.
This document provides information on bearing capacity of soil and foundations. It defines key foundation terms like contact pressure, foundation depth, shallow and deep foundations. It describes different types of shallow foundations like spread footing, continuous footing, combined footing, strap footing, and mat or raft footing. Factors for selecting a foundation type and comparing shallow vs deep foundations are also discussed. Design criteria of safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement are covered.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
1. 1
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mechanism of Load Transfer
Load
Roof Surface
Roof Slab
Beams
Column
Foundation
Sub Soil
Function of structure is
to transfer all the loads
safely to ground.
A particular structural
member transfers load
to other structural
member.
2. 2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.
3. 3
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
4. 4
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are
reduced.
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.
5. 5
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Demerits of Concrete Construction
4. Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and curing
even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two
different times.
5. Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not
straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of
water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in
volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration.
This problem is not in steel structures.
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial
behavior.
6. 6
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to
guide the designers for safe and economical design of
structures
Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-08 By American Concrete Institute. For
general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
7. 7
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
fc’ 0.85fc’
Stress
Strain
Crushing
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003
•The first portion
of curve, to about
40% of the
ultimate strength
fc’, can be
considered linear.
•The lower the
strength of
concrete the
greater will be the
failure strain
0.4 fc’
8. 8
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed
value of modulus of elasticity
Strain
Stress
Secant Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Initial tangent
Modulus
Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete
0.4fc’
9. 9
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)
Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
Ec = 0.043 wc
1.5√fc’
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’
10. 10
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
Plain
Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)
Yield strength, fy
Ultimate strength, fu
Size and diameter of bar
13. 13
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation
Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 60
Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70
FPS
Strain
Grade 300
Grade 420
Grade 520
Stress
For hot rolled
steel bars
Cold twisted
steel bars are
available in
grade 420
For hot rolled steel bars
14. 14
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding
cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
Strain
Stress
Bilinear Curve