Description of concrete,wet and set concrete,binding materials,uses,different classifications according to binding materials,according to uses,according to design,according to purpose,and its respective uses.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document provides an overview of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC). It discusses what concrete and fiber reinforced concrete are, as well as the history and types of fiber reinforced concrete. Glass fiber concrete is described as a composite material made of sand, cement, polymer, water, glass fibers and other admixtures. The document outlines the properties, applications, advantages and structural characteristics of GFRC. It concludes that GFRC provides benefits like high strength, crack resistance, impact resistance and durability compared to conventional concrete.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
This document provides information on various building construction materials and techniques. It discusses surface finishes like plasters and paints that protect surfaces and provide decoration. It describes cladding materials like wood, stone, vinyl and metal that provide weather protection, aesthetics and insulation. It also details pointing and jointing techniques for brickwork and discusses plastering methods using materials like lime, cement and mud in single or multiple coats. Tools used for tasks like pointing, jointing and plastering are also outlined.
This document discusses various types of admixtures used in concrete, including their functions, compositions, and advantages. It defines admixtures as materials other than water, aggregates, cement, and fiber that are added to concrete mixtures to modify properties. The main types of admixtures discussed are air-entraining, water-reducing, superplasticizers, and set-retarding admixtures. Air-entrainers introduce tiny air bubbles that increase durability. Water-reducers and superplasticizers increase workability without increasing water content. Set-retarders delay the initial setting of concrete. The document provides details on the chemical compositions and functioning of different admixture types.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its ingredients, types, proportioning, batching, water-cement ratio, mixing, slump test, workability, and ready mix concrete. Concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures. It is proportioned using various methods and batched by volume or weight. The water-cement ratio affects the strength and workability of concrete. Mixing is done by hand or machine to produce a homogeneous mixture. Workability and consistency are evaluated using a slump test. Ready mix concrete is manufactured off-site and delivered to the construction location by truck.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
1. What is Mix design.
2. Understand the different types of mix.
3. Design the mix proportion as per IS Method.
4. Design the mix proportion as per ACI Method.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
Brick masonry uses bricks and mortar as primary building materials. There are traditional and modular bricks that vary in size, and mortars can be cement, lime, or cement-lime. Good brick earth for making bricks contains approximately 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, less than 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide. There are different bonds used like stretcher, header, English, and Flemish bonds. Walls can be load bearing like solid masonry or cavity walls, or non-load bearing like partition walls. Reinforcement, lintels, and arches are also discussed.
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing stairs due to its fire resistance, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance. R.C.C. stairs can be designed in various forms including straight flights, inclined slabs with half landings, string beams, cranked slabs, cantilevers, and spirals. The type of stair adopted depends on the space and loading conditions. Common stair arrangements include single straight flights, inclined slabs spanning longitudinally, string beams with horizontal slab spanning, cranked slabs inducing bending and torsion stresses, cantilever stairs with central supporting walls, and spiral or helical stairs used in prestige buildings.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their uses. It describes concrete as a composite material made of a binding agent like cement or lime, and fine and coarse aggregates. It classifies concrete into types based on the binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed cement concrete), and purpose. Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings due to its strength and durability, while lime concrete is used where cement availability is limited. Reinforced concrete can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing. It discusses the ingredients of concrete including cement, sand, gravel, and water. It describes types of concrete such as plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It also summarizes different types of cement and tests used to evaluate concrete, including slump and compaction factor tests.
This document provides an overview of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC). It discusses what concrete and fiber reinforced concrete are, as well as the history and types of fiber reinforced concrete. Glass fiber concrete is described as a composite material made of sand, cement, polymer, water, glass fibers and other admixtures. The document outlines the properties, applications, advantages and structural characteristics of GFRC. It concludes that GFRC provides benefits like high strength, crack resistance, impact resistance and durability compared to conventional concrete.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block is a building material made of Portland cement, fine aggregates (fly ash or sand), water and an expansion agent in an autoclaving process heated under pressure which results in the production of air voids in the material, making it less dense, easy to cut/mould and better insulating
This document provides information on various building construction materials and techniques. It discusses surface finishes like plasters and paints that protect surfaces and provide decoration. It describes cladding materials like wood, stone, vinyl and metal that provide weather protection, aesthetics and insulation. It also details pointing and jointing techniques for brickwork and discusses plastering methods using materials like lime, cement and mud in single or multiple coats. Tools used for tasks like pointing, jointing and plastering are also outlined.
This document discusses various types of admixtures used in concrete, including their functions, compositions, and advantages. It defines admixtures as materials other than water, aggregates, cement, and fiber that are added to concrete mixtures to modify properties. The main types of admixtures discussed are air-entraining, water-reducing, superplasticizers, and set-retarding admixtures. Air-entrainers introduce tiny air bubbles that increase durability. Water-reducers and superplasticizers increase workability without increasing water content. Set-retarders delay the initial setting of concrete. The document provides details on the chemical compositions and functioning of different admixture types.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its ingredients, types, proportioning, batching, water-cement ratio, mixing, slump test, workability, and ready mix concrete. Concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures. It is proportioned using various methods and batched by volume or weight. The water-cement ratio affects the strength and workability of concrete. Mixing is done by hand or machine to produce a homogeneous mixture. Workability and consistency are evaluated using a slump test. Ready mix concrete is manufactured off-site and delivered to the construction location by truck.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
1. What is Mix design.
2. Understand the different types of mix.
3. Design the mix proportion as per IS Method.
4. Design the mix proportion as per ACI Method.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
Brick masonry uses bricks and mortar as primary building materials. There are traditional and modular bricks that vary in size, and mortars can be cement, lime, or cement-lime. Good brick earth for making bricks contains approximately 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, less than 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide. There are different bonds used like stretcher, header, English, and Flemish bonds. Walls can be load bearing like solid masonry or cavity walls, or non-load bearing like partition walls. Reinforcement, lintels, and arches are also discussed.
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing stairs due to its fire resistance, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance. R.C.C. stairs can be designed in various forms including straight flights, inclined slabs with half landings, string beams, cranked slabs, cantilevers, and spirals. The type of stair adopted depends on the space and loading conditions. Common stair arrangements include single straight flights, inclined slabs spanning longitudinally, string beams with horizontal slab spanning, cranked slabs inducing bending and torsion stresses, cantilever stairs with central supporting walls, and spiral or helical stairs used in prestige buildings.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their uses. It describes concrete as a composite material made of a binding agent like cement or lime, and fine and coarse aggregates. It classifies concrete into types based on the binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed cement concrete), and purpose. Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings due to its strength and durability, while lime concrete is used where cement availability is limited. Reinforced concrete can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, properties, types, and testing. It discusses the ingredients of concrete including cement, sand, gravel, and water. It describes types of concrete such as plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It also summarizes different types of cement and tests used to evaluate concrete, including slump and compaction factor tests.
Rishabh Lala is a student in the 6th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Technological University in Bhopal. The document discusses various topics related to concrete including its composition, types, properties, testing, ingredients, water-cement ratio, workability, curing, and types of cement. It provides definitions and details on plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, pre-stressed concrete, lime concrete, air entrained concrete, and more.
This document discusses concrete, including its composition, manufacturing process, types, properties, and uses. Concrete is a mixture of a binding material like cement or lime, fine aggregates like sand, coarse aggregates like stone, and water. It is made by mixing, placing, and curing the ingredients. Common types include cement concrete, lime concrete, reinforced cement concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. Concrete has advantages like strength, durability, moldability, and cost-effectiveness. As a building material, it is used widely in structures like buildings, dams, bridges, and more.
Concrete is a composite material made of cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together when hardened. Concrete can be molded into various shapes and is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its versatility, strength, and availability of constituents. Concrete is commonly classified according to its binding material, design, or purpose. Common types include cement concrete, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, vacuum concrete, and lightweight concrete.
The document discusses concrete as a building material. It defines concrete as a mixture of binding material, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It then discusses the different types and classifications of concrete based on binding material, design, and purpose of use. The key types discussed are cement concrete, lime concrete, reinforced cement concrete, plain concrete, and pre-stressed concrete. It also discusses reinforced concrete (RCC), proportions of concrete mixes for different works, and the importance of curing concrete.
This document discusses concrete as a building material. It defines concrete as a mixture of binding material, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. Concrete can be classified in different ways, including by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (reinforced, plain, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (lightweight, sawdust, high-early strength, colored concrete). Reinforced concrete combines concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength. Proper mixing proportions and curing of the concrete are important to achieve maximum strength.
Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together. Concrete is very versatile and can be molded into any shape. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its strength, durability, fire resistance and affordability. Proper curing of concrete by keeping it wet is important for it to gain full strength.
1. Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. The document discusses the history and development of concrete, including the first American concrete street and the Hoover Dam project.
3. It provides details on the composition, types, properties, and uses of concrete in construction.
The document discusses different types of concrete and their properties. It begins by listing the advantages of concrete such as high compressive strength, durability, fire resistance, and more. It then describes different types of concrete classified based on binding material (cement, lime) and design (plain, reinforced, prestressed). Key types discussed include normal strength concrete, reinforced concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, and others. For each type, the document provides details on composition, properties, uses, and characteristics. It also covers mix design and factors that affect mix proportions such as required strength, workability, durability, aggregate size and quality control.
This document provides information about concrete, including its definition, classification, mix design, tests, and qualities. It can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Concrete is summarized as a composite material made of cement, sand, stone and water that is widely used in construction. The document outlines various types of concrete based on binding material, design, and purpose, and discusses factors in concrete mix design, methods of mixing, placing, curing, and tests to determine qualities like strength, workability, and water tightness. Modern concrete is the most widely used man-made material and the document provides its classification and testing methods.
Concrete
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus". Which means compact.Now a days concrete is most common and necessary things in our life.
The history of cementing materials together goes back to the time when prehistoric man prepare his cave to build shelter.
He used mud and clay to fill the gap between stone. To keep out the wind and cold.
Later the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as their bonding substance and straw to make a shape.
The Egyptians used lime and gypsum and crushed stone to create a material that would harden even better.
Concrete , CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE AND USESSANJEEV Wazir
This document discusses concrete, including its classification, uses, and properties. Concrete is classified according to its binding material (cement or lime), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or lightweight). Reinforced concrete is commonly used in construction due to its strength in tensile, compressive, and shear stresses. Good concrete possesses qualities like strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability, and resistance to wear and tear.
The document classifies and describes 8 types of concrete: 1) plain cement concrete, 2) lime concrete, 3) reinforced cement concrete, 4) pre-stressed cement concrete, 5) light weight concrete, 6) cellular or aerated concrete, 7) sawdust concrete, and 8) vacuum concrete. It provides details on the typical compositions and uses for each type of concrete. Plain cement concrete uses cement, sand, and gravel and is strong in compression. Reinforced cement concrete embeds reinforcement and can resist tensile, compressive, and shear stresses equally. Vacuum concrete removes entrained air and excess water after placement to increase strength by 15-20%.
This document discusses the functions of sand and surkhi in mortars. It states that sand reduces shrinkage and cracking, helps lime set faster, and allows for varying strength by adjusting proportions. Surkhi acts as an adulterant to reduce costs, and provides strength and color to mortar. The document also provides strengths of different types of masonry constructed with various mortars, and recommendations for selecting appropriate mortars based on engineering application and stresses.
This document discusses and defines various types of concrete. It describes 17 different types including normal strength concrete, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, precast concrete, lightweight concrete, high-density concrete, air entrained concrete, ready mix concrete, polymer concrete, high-strength concrete, high-performance concrete, self-consolidating concrete, shotcrete concrete, pervious concrete, vacuum concrete, and pumped concrete. For each type, it briefly explains the key properties and typical uses.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
2. CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material in which a binding material
mixed with definite proportion of water, on solidification binds
the inert particles of well graded fine and coarse aggregates, that
composite material is termed as concrete.
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Cement and lime are
generally used as binding
materials, whereas sand
cinder is used as fine
aggregates and crushed
stones, gravel, broken bricks,
clinkers are used as coarse
aggregates.
3. Freshly prepared concrete till it has not yet set is called
wet or green concrete.
After it has thoroughly set and fully hardened it is called
set concrete or just concrete.
TYPES OF CONCRETE AND ITS USES
Concrete are classified into different types:
1. According to binding material used in concrete.
2. According to design of concrete.
3. According to purpose of concrete.
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4. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BINDING MATERIAL:
According to binding material used concrete are classified into
two types:
(1) Cement concrete
(2) lime concrete.
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Cement concrete
lime concrete
5. TYPES OF CONCRETE AND ITS USES
CEMENT CONCRETE:
The concrete consisting of cement, sand and coarse
aggregates mixed in a suitable proportions in addition to
water is called cement concrete. In this type of concrete
cement is used as a binding material, sand as fine
aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse
aggregates.
USES
cement concrete is commonly used in buildings and other
important engineering works where strength and durability
is of prime importance.
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6. TYPES OF CONCRETE AND ITS USES
LIME CONCRETE
The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates, and
coarse aggregates mixed in a suitable proportions with
water is called lime concrete.
In this type of concrete hydraulic lime is generally used
as a binding material, sand and cinder are used as fine
aggregates and broken bricks, gravel can be used as
coarse aggregates.
USES:
Lime concrete is generally used for the sake of economy in
foundation works, under floors, over roof and where cement is
not cheaply and easily available in required quantity.
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7. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DESIGN OF CONCRETE
a. Plain cement concrete.
b. Reinforced cement concrete(RCC).
c. Pre-stressed cement concrete(PCC).
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE:
The cement concrete in which no reinforcement is provided is
called plain cement concrete or mass cement concrete.
This type of concrete is strong in taking compressive stresses
but weak in taking tensile stresses.
USES:
Plain cement concrete is commonly used in for foundation
work and flooring of buildings.
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8. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE(RCC):
The cement concrete in which reinforcement is embedded
for taking tensile stress is called reinforced cement
concrete.
USES: RCC is commonly used for construction of slabs,
beams, columns, foundation, precast concrete.
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9. PRE-STRESSED CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC):
The cement concrete in which high compressive stresses are artificially
induced before their actual use is called pre-stressed cement concrete.
Uses : This concrete can take up high tensile and compressive stresses
without development of cracks. The quantity of reinforcement can be
considerably reduced by using this concrete.
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10. According to purpose concrete is classified into following types.:
(a)Vacuum concrete:
The cement concrete from which entrained air and excess
water is removed after placing it, by suction with the help of
vacuum pump is called vacuum concrete.
(b)Air entrained concrete:
The concrete prepared by mixing aluminum in it is called air
entrained
(c)Light weight concrete:
The concrete prepared by using coke breeze, cinder or slag
as coarse aggregate is called light weight concrete.
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