Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Optimization of percentages of steel and glass fiber reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Cementitious matrices are the fragile materials that possess a low tensile strength. The addition of fibers randomly distributed in these matrices improves their resistance to cracking, substantially. However, the incorporation of fibers into a plain concrete disrupts the granular skeleton and quickly causes problems of mixing as a result of the loss of mixture workability that will be translated into a difficult concrete casting in site. This study was concerned on the one hand with optimizing the fibers reinforced concrete mixes in the fresh state, and on the other hand with assessing the mechanical behaviour of this mixture in the hardened state, in order to establish a compromise between the two states . In this paper optimization of fibers by using different percentages in steel and glass fiber reinforced concrete of grade M 70 have been studied. It optimizes 1.5% for steel Fiber content and 1% for glass fiber content by the volume of cement is used in concrete. Keywords: fibers, fragile materials, cracking, substantially
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Optimization of percentages of steel and glass fiber reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Cementitious matrices are the fragile materials that possess a low tensile strength. The addition of fibers randomly distributed in these matrices improves their resistance to cracking, substantially. However, the incorporation of fibers into a plain concrete disrupts the granular skeleton and quickly causes problems of mixing as a result of the loss of mixture workability that will be translated into a difficult concrete casting in site. This study was concerned on the one hand with optimizing the fibers reinforced concrete mixes in the fresh state, and on the other hand with assessing the mechanical behaviour of this mixture in the hardened state, in order to establish a compromise between the two states . In this paper optimization of fibers by using different percentages in steel and glass fiber reinforced concrete of grade M 70 have been studied. It optimizes 1.5% for steel Fiber content and 1% for glass fiber content by the volume of cement is used in concrete. Keywords: fibers, fragile materials, cracking, substantially
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–, abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials.[1][2] This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance to that of longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Introduction
Benefits of FRC
Toughening Mechanism
Factor affecting the properties of FRC
Comparison of Mix Proportion of FRC and Plain Concrete
Type of fibres
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)
Structural behaviour & Durability of SFRC
Problems with SFRC
Application Of FRC
Conclusion
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBRE CONCRETEIjripublishers Ijri
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete is recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. The present day world is
witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult Civil Engineering Structures. Concrete being the most
important and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient workability properties.
Concrete the most widely used construction material has several desirable properties like high compressive strength,
stiffness, durability under usual environmental factors. At the same time concrete is brittle and weak in tension. Efforts
are being made in the field of concrete technology to develop high performance concretes by using fibres and other admixtures
in concrete up to certain proportions. To improve the concrete properties, the system was named alkali resistance
glass fibre reinforced concrete in the present view the alkali resistance glass fibre has been used. In the present
experimental investigation the alkali resistance Glass Fibres has been used to study the effect on compressive strength
on M30 grades of concrete.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented.
Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.
Glass Fibre Concrete: Investigation on Strength and Fire Resistant PropertiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Over the decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of fibres in concrete for improving
its properties such as tensile strength and ductility. The fibre concrete is also used in retrofitting existing
concrete structures. Among many different types of fibres available today, glass fibre is a recent introduction in
the field of concrete technology. Glass fibre has the advantages of having higher tensile strength and fire
resistant properties, thus reducing the loss of damage during fire accident of concrete structures. In this
investigation glass fibres of 450 mm length are added to the concrete by volume fraction of up to 1% to
determine its strength and fire resistant characteristics. Comparison of the strength and fire-resistance
performance of conventional concrete and glass fibre concrete was made. The paper presents the details of the
experimental investigations and the conclusions drawn there from
a brief overview of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) by Milad Nourizadeh from Civil engineering department of the University of Tabriz.
I've introduce some types of fiber with their historical backgrounds and their mechanical properties as well as their advantages and this advantages.
I also present some applications of FRC all over the world.
Finally, I hope you enjoy that!
Errata: Let's Begin in second slide
Learning, and science education in particular, is full of mysteries and opportunities to provoke curiosity. So how can teachers scatter this emotional and cognitive itching powder to excite, rather than frustrate, their students? Discover some of the psychological and performance secrets used by magicians and street buskers to interest their audiences, and learn how educators can apply these techniques. Find out how inventing a toy, instead of doing his homework, made one student a fortune.
A presentation on solutions to the housing crisis, and the way to build tiny home villages and ecovillages. Vancouver Island University, November 10th, 2016.
Introduction
Benefits of FRC
Toughening Mechanism
Factor affecting the properties of FRC
Comparison of Mix Proportion of FRC and Plain Concrete
Type of fibres
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)
Structural behaviour & Durability of SFRC
Problems with SFRC
Application Of FRC
Conclusion
Comparison of glass fiber reinforced concrete & geopolymer concrete with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the world most commonly used as well as durable material is concrete. In the field of concrete technology, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is the recently introduced material. GFRC has many advantages such as light weight material, steel reinforcement corrosion free and structural deterioration free. So, these are the reason the researchers all over the globe are attempting to develop high performance concrete with the use of glass fibers as well as admixtures. While the combination of fly ash, alkaline liquids, fine and coarse aggregate and glass fibers resulted in the product called as Glass Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (GFRGC). This product has many advantages such as high early strength, corrosion and sulphate resistance and low shrinkage. The present work has compared the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for GFRC and GFRGC. From this comparison it is observed that except for the flexural strength the normal concrete with the addition of glass fibers shown good results as compared to the geopolymer concrete with the addition of glass fibers. This work is only an accumulation of information about GFRC and the research work which is already carried out by other researchers. Key Words: GFRC, GC, Geopolymer Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Glass Fiber Reinforcement
AN INVESTIGATION ON GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ECO SANDVikaas Balaji
WE HAVE FOUND THAT BY ADDING 2% AND 4% OF GLASS FIBRE IN CONCRETE MIX AND INSTEAD OF RIVER SAND AND M-SAND WE HAVE USED ECO SAND TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH IN CONCRETE IN RESPECTIVE DAYS (7 AND 28 DAYS)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBRE CONCRETEIjripublishers Ijri
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete is recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. The present day world is
witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult Civil Engineering Structures. Concrete being the most
important and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient workability properties.
Concrete the most widely used construction material has several desirable properties like high compressive strength,
stiffness, durability under usual environmental factors. At the same time concrete is brittle and weak in tension. Efforts
are being made in the field of concrete technology to develop high performance concretes by using fibres and other admixtures
in concrete up to certain proportions. To improve the concrete properties, the system was named alkali resistance
glass fibre reinforced concrete in the present view the alkali resistance glass fibre has been used. In the present
experimental investigation the alkali resistance Glass Fibres has been used to study the effect on compressive strength
on M30 grades of concrete.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented.
Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.
Glass Fibre Concrete: Investigation on Strength and Fire Resistant PropertiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Over the decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of fibres in concrete for improving
its properties such as tensile strength and ductility. The fibre concrete is also used in retrofitting existing
concrete structures. Among many different types of fibres available today, glass fibre is a recent introduction in
the field of concrete technology. Glass fibre has the advantages of having higher tensile strength and fire
resistant properties, thus reducing the loss of damage during fire accident of concrete structures. In this
investigation glass fibres of 450 mm length are added to the concrete by volume fraction of up to 1% to
determine its strength and fire resistant characteristics. Comparison of the strength and fire-resistance
performance of conventional concrete and glass fibre concrete was made. The paper presents the details of the
experimental investigations and the conclusions drawn there from
a brief overview of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) by Milad Nourizadeh from Civil engineering department of the University of Tabriz.
I've introduce some types of fiber with their historical backgrounds and their mechanical properties as well as their advantages and this advantages.
I also present some applications of FRC all over the world.
Finally, I hope you enjoy that!
Errata: Let's Begin in second slide
Learning, and science education in particular, is full of mysteries and opportunities to provoke curiosity. So how can teachers scatter this emotional and cognitive itching powder to excite, rather than frustrate, their students? Discover some of the psychological and performance secrets used by magicians and street buskers to interest their audiences, and learn how educators can apply these techniques. Find out how inventing a toy, instead of doing his homework, made one student a fortune.
A presentation on solutions to the housing crisis, and the way to build tiny home villages and ecovillages. Vancouver Island University, November 10th, 2016.
"Deserts are the footprint of civilization", & this means that the most important work we have to do now as conscious human beings is to regenerate the soils that have been lost, & those that have been exploited & de-vitalized all over the planet, especially by agricultural activities.
Fertile soils are very important stores of carbon in the earth, & just with regenerating soils we could halt climate change stabilizing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
It is vital for sustainability that we regenerate & improve the fertility of soils also because they are the support of biodiversity, important stores of water & indeed the base of all land-dwelling life & any civilization. There are many techniques we can use, & many very inspiring examples of soils regeneration (& so of entire ecosystems) in the world. In this class we explore several of those.
of the PDC+++ in Integral Permaculture
see www.PermaCultureScience.com
What makes some people very effective at realizing their dreams whilst other people struggle?
I this class we investigate how to increase individual intelligence, how it inter-connects with emotional intelligence, the habits of highly effective people & some ingenious tools for thinking & co-creating in powerful ways with others.
Biodiversity is the variety of life in all its forms, levels & combinations. To maintain the biodiversity of the Gaian organism is of vital importance because each species represents a node of connexion in the complex web of Life which sustains us. At the moment our industrial & highly consumerist civilization is responsible for the disappearance of some 200 species per day.
These are converted into human biomass on a daily basis, but we're destroying the foundation that support our own survival. So there is a big job to do. In this class we explore some direct ways of increasing biodiversity at a local level, like seed recuperation, habitat protection, & starting to change our diet in a conscious way so that it adapts better to the indigenous ecosystem of our region, instead of trying to adapt nature to our whims.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fibre reinforced and ferrocement car park pavers by R Sri RavindrarajahSriravindrarajah Rasiah
Published at the Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Ferrocement and Thin Reinforced Cement Composites (FERRO 10),held in Havana, Cuba in Oct. 2012
Experimental Study on Durability Characteristics of High Performance Concrete...theijes
High performance concrete (HPC) is developed gradually over the last 15 years with respect to production of concrete with higher and higher strength. To enhance the properties such as durability, strength, workability, economy has increased due to the usage of mineral admixtures in making high performance concrete. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of mineral admixtures and by-products towards the performance of HPC. An effort has been made to concentrate on the mineral admixture of silica fume towards their pozzolanic reaction and industrial by-product of bottom ash and steel slag towards their hydration reaction can be contributed towards their strength and durability properties. The strength characteristics such as compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated to find the optimum replacement of mineral admixture and by-product admixture. HPC with mineral admixture of silica fume at the replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% were studied at the age of 28 days and industrial by-products of bottom ash and steel slag aggregate at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% were studied at the age of 28 days. There were a total of 15 mixes created with different material contents. Out of 14 were HPC mixes and 1 were conventional concrete mixes. Finally strength has enhanced with the mix of silica fume can replaced by cement with 5% and bottom ash and steel slag can replaced by fine and coarse aggregate with 10% can be achieved higher strength when compared with other percentage of mixes. The combination mixes can be classified as binary and ternary mixes. Binary mixes involved combinations of silica fume and bottom ash (SF+BA), silica fume and steel slag aggregate (SF+SSA), bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (BA+SSA) and Ternary mixes involved combination of three materials such as silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (SF+BA+SSA) in High performance concrete. The investigation revealed that the combined use of silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate improved the mechanical properties of HPC and thus there 3 materials may use as a partial replacement material in making HPC. The durability studies such as acid resistance, salt resistance, sulphate resistance & water absorption were conducted. From the experimental investigation, it was observed that mineral admixture of silica fume and industrial by-products of bottom ash & steel slag aggregate plays a vital role in improving the strength and durability parameter itself.
Experimental study of concrete using corrugated steel fibreAbishaY1
Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials.
▶ It can cast to fit any structural shape from a cylindrical water storage tank to a rectangular beam or column in a high rise building.
▶ The advantages of using concrete include high compressive strength, good fire resistance, high water resistance, low maintenance, and long service life.
▶ The disadvantages of using concrete include poor tensile strength low strain of fracture and formwork requirement.
▶ The major disadvantage is that concrete develops micro cracks during curing.
▶ It is the rapid propagation of these micro cracks under applied stress that is responsible for the low tensile strength of the materials, hence fibres are added to concrete to overcome these disadvantages.
▶ The addition of fibres in the matrix has many important effects. Most notable among the improved mechanical characteristics of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are its superior fracture strength, toughness, impact resistance, flexural strength resistance to fatigue, improving fatigue performance is one of the primary reason for the extensive use of steel fibre reinforced concrete(SFRC) in pavements, bridge decks, offshore structure and machine foundation.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced cement concrete beam wrapped with gfrp sheeteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
structural and modal analysis of an engine block by varying materialsIjripublishers Ijri
The largest part of the engine is cylinder block. The upper section of the cylinder block consists of cylinders and pistons. Crankcase is supported by the crankshaft and it is placed in the lower section. Aluminum cylinder blocks are lighter than the cast-iron cylinder blocks of the same size. Cylinder block, pistons, cylinder head, crankshaft and connecting rods are the major elements of the engine. IC engine cooling uses either a liquid or gas to remove the unnecessary heat from an internal combustion engine. For special purpose and small engines, air cooling makes for a lightweight and relatively simple system, if we use the materials with better waste heat dissipation it will help in achieving better efficiencies and long life of the engine.
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.html#
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.pdf
life prediction analysis of tweel for the replacement of traditional wheelsIjripublishers Ijri
This thesis work is to provide advance level solution for the 4 wheeler wheels to provide unpuncherd and self-shock observed wheels.US defense recently lance honey comb tweels for the military vehicles, this project motto is to evaluate different types of tweels (shaped rims and tyres) to provide best shape and geometry for the tweels for two wheelers. Data collection will be done and literature survey will be done on wheels constriction, wheel materials to understand methodology for new research. Different tweel models will be prepared with the variation in tweel geometry then export into Ansys to conduct analysis work. Fatigue analysis will be done to evaluate total life for different tweels with variation of materials to suggest optimum shape for wheel.
simulation and analysis of 4 stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel e...Ijripublishers Ijri
A zero dimensional model has been used as a model to investigate the combustion performance of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled by high speed diesel. The numerical simulation was performed at different speeds and compression ratios. The pressure, temperature diagrams vs crank angle are plotted. The simulation model includes sub models for various frictional pressure losses, fuel inflow rate with crank angle.
A solution procedure is developed for solving the available equations using numerical methods. An appropriate C++ code is written for brake power, friction power, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency are simulated. Experiment was conducted on available four stroke diesel engine and the model is validated.
KEYWORDS: Simulation model, combustion performance, zero dimensional model, numerical simulation, indicated power, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, friction power.
investigation on thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine app...Ijripublishers Ijri
he present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties.
Ijricit 01-008 confidentiality strategy deduction of user-uploaded pictures o...Ijripublishers Ijri
With the growing quantity of pictures users distribute from node to node social networks, retaining confidentiality has turn out to be a foremost predicament, as declared by a latest wave of made known occurrences wherever users unintentionally shared individual profile. In radiance of these occurrences made necessitate of tools to assist users organize access to their distributed data is evident. In the direction of speak to this requirement, we suggest an Adaptive Privacy Policy forecast (A3P) scheme to facilitate users compile confidentiality settings for their pictures. We observe the responsibility of communal context, picture content, and metadata as possible sign of users’ confidentiality preference. We recommend a two-level structure which according to the user’s obtainable times past on the site, establishs the most excellent obtainable confidentiality policy for the user’s pictures being uploaded. Our solution relies on an image classification framework for image categories which may be associated with similar policies, and on a policy prediction algorithm to automatically generate a policy for each newly uploaded image, also according to users’ social features. Over time, the generated policies will follow the evolution of users’ privacy attitude. We provide the results of our extensive evaluation over 5,000 policies, which demonstrate the effectiveness of our system, with prediction accuracies over 90 percent.
public truthfulness assessment for shared active cloud data storage with grou...Ijripublishers Ijri
The arrival of the cloud computing constructs cloud storage outsourcing turns out to be a mounting drift, which encourages the protected isolated data inspection an burning subject that materialize in the investigation writing. Newly a quantity of investigation regard as the trouble of protected and proficient public data truthfulness inspection for shared active data. Though, these methods are still not protected against the consent of cloud storage space server and invalidated group users through user invalidation in realistic cloud storage space method. Thus here in this paper, we Identify the conspiracy assault in the obtainable method and offer an well-organized public truthfulness inspection method with protected group user invalidation based on vector assurance and verifier-local invalidation group signature. We propose a tangible plan based on the our method explanation. Our method chains the public examination and well-organized user revocation and also some nice properties, such as confidently, efficiency, countability and traceability of secure group user invalidation. Finally, the security and experimental analysis show that,compared with its appropriate methods our scheme is also safe and well-organized.
Ijricit 01-006 a secluded approval on clould storage proceedingsIjripublishers Ijri
In available practically proven Data clustering practices for eradicating same copies of replicated data, Data de-replication is one of significant mechanisms, and has been extensively practiced in cloud storage to diminish the quantity of storage space and accumulate bandwidth. To guard the privacy of responsive data though sustaining de-replication, the convergent encryption technique has been anticipated to encrypt the data before redirecting. For an improvised shielding of data safety, this paper formulates the primary effort to formally speak to the problem of approved data de-replication. Diverse from conventional de-replication systems, the discrepancy privileges of users are auxiliary considered in replica verification besides the data itself. In this we introduce several novel de-replication structural methods in sustaining approved replica test in hybrid cloud architecture. Safety examination demonstrates that our system is protected in terms of the description particular in the anticipated security model. As an evidence of perception, we execute a model of our anticipated approved replica check method and perform test-bed research using our model. We demonstrate that our anticipated approved replica check method acquire minimal overhead evaluated to standard procedures.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri ece-01-02 image enhancement aided denoising using dual tree complex wave...Ijripublishers Ijri
This paper presents a novel way to reduce noise introduced or exacerbated by image enhancement methods, in particular algorithms based on the random spray sampling technique, but not only. According to the nature of sprays, output images of spray-based methods tend to exhibit noise with unknown statistical distribution. To avoid inappropriate assumptions on the statistical characteristics of noise, a different one is made. In fact, the non-enhanced image is considered to be either free of noise or affected by non-perceivable levels of noise. Taking advantage of the higher sensitivity of the human visual system to changes in brightness, the analysis can be limited to the luma channel of both the non-enhanced and enhanced image. Also, given the importance of directional content in human vision, the analysis is performed through the dual-tree complex wavelet transform , lanczos interpolator and edge preserving smoothing filters. Unlike the discrete wavelet transform, the DTWCT allows for distinction of data directionality in the transform space. For each level of the transform, the standard deviation of the non-enhanced image coefficients is computed across the six orientations of the DTWCT, then it is normalized.
Keywords: dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTWCT), lanczos interpolator, edge preserving smoothing filters.
Ijri ece-01-01 joint data hiding and compression based on saliency and smvqIjripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
a prediction of thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine appl...Ijripublishers Ijri
The present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties
Ijri te-03-013 modeling and thermal analysis of air-conditioner evaporatorIjripublishers Ijri
Air conditioning evaporator works by absorb heat from the area (medium) that need to be cooled. It does that by maintaining the evaporator coil at low temperature and pressure than the surrounding air. Since, the AC evaporator coil contains refrigerant that absorbs heat from the surrounding air, the refrigerant temperature must be lower than the air.
In our project we have modeling an air-cooled evaporator for a home 1.5ton air conditioner. Presently the material used for coils is copper and the material used for fins is copper or aluminum. A 3D model of the evaporator is done in parametric software Pro/Engineer.
To validate the temperatures and other thermal quantities like flux and gradient, thermal analysis is done on the evaporator coil by applying properties copper and suitable material like aluminum. And also we are varying inside cooling fluid Hydrocarbon (HC) and Hydro chloroflouro carbon (HCFC).The best material for the evaporator of our design can be checked by comparing the results.
Thermal analysis is done in ANSYS.
Ijri te-03-012 design and optimization of water cool condenser for central ai...Ijripublishers Ijri
Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compressor of the chiller then compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure, adding the heat of compression in the process. The high pressure refrigerant then moves to the economical condenser water flow of 3.0 USGPM/ton and a 10°F denser, where the unwanted heat is rerange. In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the merits of designing around lower condenser water flow rates with a higher range in order to improve system lifecycle costs. However, two other parameters must also be considered in any analysis - approach and design wet bulb. The question to be answered is: What nominal condenser water flow rate and approach is best from a first cost standpoint as well as from a full load energy standpoint at any given wet bulb.
Ijri me-02-031 predictive analysis of gate and runner system for plastic inje...Ijripublishers Ijri
The aim of the project work is to specify optimum design of runner and gate systems to enhance the production rate for plastic part manufacturing. Literature survey will be done on runner and gate system to understand simulation or analysis approach. Data collection will be done to brief about runner and gate system importance, design method and variations. Plastic flow analysis will be done on digital prototype of a specimen by various runner and gate profiles and also done by changing materials. The optimum profiles for the runner and gate system will be suggested by comparing flow results with specific materials and profiles.
The dispersed mobile-health concern in cloud computing significantly make easy protected and well-organized patient
treatment for medical discussion by distributional individual health data amongst the health concern contributors. This
scheme should fetch about the confront of maintening both the data privacy and patient’s individuality confidentiality
concurrently. Many conventional access control and unidentified verification methods cannot be directly exploited. To
resolve the trouble proposed a district approved accessible confidential model (AACM) is recognized. Patients can give
permission to physicians by setting an permission tree sustaining bendable threshold predicates. Then related to that,
by formulating a novel procedure of attribute based nominated authenticator signature, a patient self-driven multi-stage
confidentiality safeguard supportive verification scheme (PSCSV) understanding three levels of protection and confidentiality
necessity in distributed mobile-health concern cloud computing system is anticipated. The directly approved
physicians, the obliquely approved physicians and the illegitimate persons in medical consultation can correspondingly
decode the personal health data and/or authenticate patient individualities by gratifying the admittance tree with their
own attribute sets.
Ijricit 01-004 progressive and translucent user individualityIjripublishers Ijri
password, unambiguous logouts and procedures of user session expiration using typical timeouts. upcoming biometric
mechanism permit alternates user-id and password with biometric information throughout session administration,
however that mechanism still a single authentication is considered adequate, and the individuality of a end-user is
deemed unchallengeable throughout the whole session. In Addition, the duration of the session time-out may effect on
the utilizability of the service and consequential consumer approval. In this paper we deals with guaranteed substitutes
obtainable by considering biometrics in the administration of sessions.
Thus we propose protected protocol is emphasized for continuous verification through perpetual user authentication.
This protocol emphasizes about adaptive timeouts in terms of the excellency, occurrence and type of biometric data
transparently obtained from the end-user. Illustration of operational behavior of the protocol is done through Matlab
simulations by base paper author, whereas model-based quantitative investigation is been carried out to review the
capability of the protocol to distinct security attack practiced by diverse kinds of attackers. In conclusion, the contemporary
prototype for PCs and Android smartphones is discussed.
Ijricit 01-002 enhanced replica detection in short time for large data setsIjripublishers Ijri
Similarity check of real world entities is a necessary factor in these days which is named as Data Replica Detection.
Time is an critical factor today in tracking Data Replica Detection for large data sets, without having impact over quality
of Dataset. In this we primarily introduce two Data Replica Detection algorithms , where in these contribute enhanced
procedural standards in finding Data Replication at limited execution periods.This contribute better improvised state
of time than conventional techniques . We propose two Data Replica Detection algorithms namely progressive sorted
neighborhood method (PSNM), which performs best on small and almost clean datasets, and progressive blocking (PB),
which performs best on large and very grimy datasets. Both enhance the efficiency of duplicate detection even on very
large datasets.
Ijricit 01-001 pipt - path backscatter mechanism for unveiling real location ...Ijripublishers Ijri
There is a necessity to think over IP traceback technique that help us to track or predict IP address details of malicious
attackers and reveal their actual locations. In spite of lot of research over IP traceback solutions, still there is a necessity
to find an optimal solution that could be implemented at the level of Internet. Real identity of spoofers couldn’t be
revealed by conventional techniques used until today. Through this paper we emphasize primarily on traceback of passive
IP (PIPT) that avoid the procedural risks involved in implementing IP traceback solutions. Path Backscatter (Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) error messages) is probed by PIPT. Spoofing traffic fires these Backscatter, in order to
find the details of spoofer’s topological physical identity and bypasses procedural risks.
Impacts of normal mode and complication mode over Router topological structure are visualized. Nodal info tracker
over parameter i.e Bandwidth, digital sign, source IP, Dest IP and attack status on three network parameters. Spoofing
has been performed on IP addresses, packet data and bandwidth .These three parameter i.e IP addresses, packet data,
bandwidth status and topological nature are been demonstrated through technical stimulation. From the study made
we are able to assure optimized technique of traceback system through PIPT, in order to face the challenges of deployment
at internet level.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
1. 138
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
A REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING
GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
Methuku Vaishnavi1
, Ketepalli Sravani 2
,
1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Technological and Research Institute, Hyderabad India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora Technological and Research Institute, Hyderabad India.
*Corresponding Author:
Methuku Vaishnavi ,
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Technological and Research Institute,
Hyderabad India.
Published: July 11, 2015
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: II, Issue : II
Citation: Methuku Vaishnavi , Research Scholar (2015) "A
REVIEW ON STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COM-
POSITES"
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
The maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of struc-
tural members, is perhaps one of the most crucial prob-
lems in civil engineering applications. Moreover, a large
number of structures constructed in the past using the
older design codes in different parts of the world are struc-
turally unsafe according to the new design codes. Since
replacement of such deficient elements of structures in-
curs a huge amount of public money and time, strength-
ening has become the acceptable way of improving their
load carrying capacity and extending their service lives.
Infrastructure decay caused by premature deterioration
of buildings and structures has led to the investigation
of several processes for repairing or strengthening pur-
poses.One of the challenges in strengthening of concrete
structures is selection of a strengthening method that will
enhance the strength and serviceability of the structure
while addressing limitations such as constructability,
building operations, and budget. Structural strengthen-
ing may be required due to many different situations.
• Additional strength may be needed to allow for higher
loads to be placed on the structure. This is often required
when the use of the structure changes and a higher load-
carrying capacity is needed. This can also occur if addi-
tional mechanical equipment, filing systems, planters, or
other items are being added to a structure.
• Strengthening may be needed to allow the structure to
resist loads that were not anticipated in the original de-
sign. This may be encountered when structural strength-
ening is required for loads resulting from wind and seis-
mic force.
• Additional strength may be needed due to a deficiency
in the structure's ability to carry the original design loads.
Deficiencies may be the result of deterioration (e.g., corro-
sion of steel reinforcement and loss of concrete section),
structural damage (e.g., vehicular impact, excessive wear,
excessive loading, and fire), or errors in the original de-
sign or construction (e.g., misplaced or missing reinforc-
ing steel and inadequate concrete strength). When deal-
ing with such circumstances, each project has its own set
of restrictions and demands. Whether addressing space
restrictions, constructability restrictions, durability de-
mands, or any number of other issues, each project re-
quires a great deal of creativity in arriving at a strength-
ening solution.
The majority of structural strengthening involves improv-
ing the ability of the structural element to safely resist
one or more of the following internal forces caused by
loading: flexure, shear, axial, and torsion. Strengthen-
ing is accomplished by either reducing the magnitude
of these forces or by enhancing the member's resistance
to them. Typical strengthening techniques such as sec-
tion enlargement, externally bonded reinforcement, post-
tensioning, and supplemental supports may be used to
achieve improved strength and serviceability.
Abstract
Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps,
laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life
span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point concentrated static loading system. Two sets of beams were casted
for this experimental test program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure.
In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of which one is the controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strengthening of the beams
is done with different amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Experimental data on load, deflection and failure modes of each of the beams were obtained. The detail procedure and
application of GFRP sheets for strengthening of RC beams is also included.
1401-1402
2. 139
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• To study the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete
beams.
• To study the effect of GFRP strengthening on ultimate
load carrying capacity and failure pattern of reinforced
concrete beams.
• To study the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete
beams.
• To study the effect of GFRP strengthening on the shear
behaviour of reinforced concrete beams.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
CONCRETE
Concrete is a construction material composed of portland
cement and water combined with sand, gravel, crushed
stone, or other inert material such as expanded slag or
vermiculite. The cement and water form a paste which
hardens by chemical reaction into a strong, stone-like
mass. The inert materials are called aggregates, and for
economy no more cement paste is used than is necessary
to coat all the aggregate surfaces and fill all the voids.
The concrete paste is plastic and easily molded into any
form or troweled to produce a smooth surface. Hardening
begins immediately, but precautions are taken, usually
by covering, to avoid rapid loss of moisture since the pres-
ence of water is necessary to continue the chemical reac-
tion and increase the strength. Too much water, however,
produces a concrete that is more porous and weaker. The
quality of the paste formed by the cement and water large-
ly determines the character of the concrete. Proportioning
of the ingredients of concrete is referred to as designing
the mixture, and for most structural work the concrete is
designed to give compressive strengths of 15 to 35MPa.
A rich mixture for columns may be in the proportion of
1 volume of cement to 1 of sand and 3 of stone, while a
lean mixture for foundations may be in the proportion of
1:3:6. Concrete may be produced as a dense mass which
is practically artificial rock, and chemicals may be added
to make it waterproof, or it can be made porous and high-
ly permeable for such use as filter beds. An air-entraining
chemical may be added to produce minute bubbles for
porosity or light weight. Normally, the full hardening pe-
riod of concrete is at least 7 days. The gradual increase in
strength is sand.
A concrete with trap rock may have a density of 2,483
kg/m3
. Concrete is stronger in compression than in ten-
sion, and steel bar, called rebar or mesh is embedded in
structural members to increase the tensile and flexural
strengths. In addition to the structural uses, concrete is
widely used in precast units such as block, tile, sewer,
and water pipe, and ornamental products. Ordinary Port-
land cement (opc) – 53 grade was used for the investiga-
tion. It was tested for its physical properties in accordance
with Indian Standard specifications. The fine aggregate
used in this investigation was clean river sand, passing
through 4.75 mm sieve with specific gravity of 2.68. The
grading zone of fine aggregate was zone III as per Indian
Standard specifications. Machine crushed granite broken
stone angular in shape was used as coarse aggregate. The
maximum size of coarse aggregate was 20 mm with spe-
cific gravity of 2.73. Ordinary clean portable water free
from suspended particles and chemical substances was
used for both mixing and curing of concrete. For concrete,
the maximum aggregate size used was 20 mm. Nominal
concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 by weight is used to achieve the
strength of 20 N/mm2
. The water cement ratio 0.5 is
used. Three cube specimens were cast and tested at the
time of beam test (at the age of 28 days) to determine the
compressive strength of concrete. The average compres-
sive strength of the concrete was 31N/mm2
.
Experimental Study
The experimental study consists of casting of two sets
of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. In SET I three beams
weak in flexure were casted, out of which one is controlled
beam and other two beams were strengthened using con-
tinuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in
flexure. In SET II three beams weak in shear were casted,
out of which one is the controlled beam and other two
beams were strengthened by using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The strength-
ening of the beams is done with varying configuration
and layers of GFRP sheets. Experimental data on load,
deflection and failure modes of each of the beams were
obtained. The change in load carrying capacity and failure
mode of the beams are investigated as the amount and
configuration of GFRP sheets are altered. The following
chapter describes in detail the experimental study.
Casting of Beams
Two sets of beams were casted for this experimental test
program. In SET I three beams (F1, F2 and F3) weak in
flexure were casted using same grade of concrete and re-
inforcement detailing. In SET II three beams (S1, S2 and
S3) weak in shear were casted using same grade of
concrete and reinforcement detailing. The dimensions
of all the specimens are identical. The cross sectional
dimensions of the both the set of beams is 250 mm by 200
mm and length is 2300 mm. In SET I beams 2, 12 mm
bars are provided as the main longitudinal reinforce-
ment and 6 mm bars as stirrups at a spacing of 75 mm
center to center where as in SET II beams 3, 12 mm bars
are provided as the main longitudinal reinforcement and
without any stirrups.
Reinforcement details of SET I beam
Section of SET I beams
3. 140
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Reinforcement details of SET II beams
Section of SET II beams
Application of epoxy and hardener on the beam
Fixing of GFRP sheet on the beam
Roller used for removal of air bubbles
Experimental Setup
The testing procedure for the entire specimen was same.
After the curing period of 28 days was over, the beam as
washed and its surface was cleaned for clear visibility of
cracks. The most commonly used load arrangement for
testing of beams will consist of two-point loading. This
has the advantage of a substantial region of nearly uni-
form moment coupled with very small shears, enabling
the bending capacity of the central portion to be assessed.
If the shear capacity of the member is to be assessed, the
load will normally be concentrated at a suitable shorter
distance from a support.
casting of beam with concrete material
marking on the casting beam
4. 141
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
After casting marking on the beams for test
ANALYTICAL STUDY
Introduction
This chapter is devoted to the development of an ana-
lytical model to analyse and design reinforced concrete
beams strengthened in flexural by means of externally
bonded glass fiber reinforced polymer composite sheets.
The purpose of this analytical model is to accurately pre-
dict the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
strengthened with GFRP sheet.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
This chapter describes the experimental results of SET I
beams (weak in flexure) and SET II beams (weak in shear).
Their behavior throughout the static test to failure is de-
scribed using recorded data on deflection behavior and
the ultimate load carrying capacity. The crack patterns
and the mode of failure of each beam are also described
in this chapter.
Two sets of beams were tested for their ultimate strengths.
In SET I three beams (F1, F2 and F3) weak in flexure are
tested. In SET II three beams (S1, S2 and S3) weak in
shear are tested. The beams F1and S1 were taken as the
control beams. It was observed that the beams F1 and S1
had less load carrying capacity when compared to that of
the externally strengthened beams using GFRP sheets. In
SET I beams F2 is strengthened only at the soffit of the
beam and F3 is strengthened up to the neutral axis of the
beam along with the soffit of the beam. SET II beams S2
is strengthened only at the sides of the beam in the shear
zone and S3 is strengthened by U-wrapping of the GFRP
sheets in the shear zone of the beam. Deflection behav-
ior and the ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams
were noted. The ultimate load carrying capacity of all the
beams along with the nature of failure
Failure Modes
The flexural and shear strength of a section depends on
the controlling failure mode. The following flexural and
shear failure modes should be investigated for an FRP-
strengthened section:
• Crushing of the concrete in compression before yielding
of the reinforcing steel
• Yielding of the steel in tension followed by rupture of the
FRP laminate
• Yielding of the steel in tension followed by concrete
crushing
• Shear/tension delamination of the concrete cover (cover
delamination) and
• Debonding of the FRP from the concrete substrate (FRP
debonding).
A number of failure modes have been observed in the ex-
periments of RC beams strengthened in flexure and shear
by GFRPs. These include flexure failure ,shear failure,
flexural failure due to GFRP rupture and crushing of con-
crete at the top. Concrete crushing is assumed to occur if
the compressive strain in the concrete reaches its maxi-
mum usable strain. Rupture of the FRP laminate is as-
sumed to occur if the strain in the FRP reaches its design
rupture strain before the concrete reaches its maximum
usable strain. Cover delamination or FRP de-bonding can
occur if the force in the FRP cannot be sustained by the
substrate. In order to prevent de-bonding of the FRP lami-
nate, a limitation should be placed on the strain level de-
veloped in the laminate.
The GFRP strengthened beam and the control beams
were tested to find out their ultimate load carrying ca-
pacity. It was found that the control beams F1 and S1
failed in flexure and shear showing that the beams were
deficient in flexure and shear respectively. In SET I beam
F2 failed due to fracture of GFRP sheet in two pieces and
then flexural-shear failure of the beam took place. Beam
F3 failed due to delamination of the GFRP sheet after that
fracture of GFRP sheet took place and then flexural-shear
failure of the beam. In SET I beams F2 and F3, GFRP
rupture and flexural-shear kind of failure was prominent
when strengthening was done using both the wrapping
schemes. In SET II beams S2 and S3 failed due to flexural
failure and crushing of concrete on the top of the beam.
The SET II beams S2 and S3 developed major flexural
cracks at the ultimate loads. In SET II beams S2 and S3
the flexural kind of failure was prominent when strength-
ening was done using both the wrapping schemes.
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam F1
5. 142
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam F2
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam F3
Load vs Deflection Curves for Beams F1, F2 and F3.
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam S1
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam S2
Load vs Deflection Curve for Beam S3
Load vs Deflection Curves for Beams S1, S2 and S3.
Load at Initial Crack
Two point static loading was done on both SET I and SET
II beams and at the each increment of the load, deflection
and crack development were observed. The load at initial
crack of all the beams under two point static loading of
SET I beams, at each increment of load, deflection and
crack development were observed. In beam F1 initiation
of the crack takes place at a load of 30 KN which is lower
than beam F2 in which crack initiation started at 34 KN.
The crack initiation of beam F3 was not visible due to
application of GFRP sheet up to the neutral axis of the
beam. The cracks were only visible after a load of 90 KN.
6. 143
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Load at initial crack of beams F1, F2 and F3.
Load at initial crack of beams S1, S2 and S3.
Under two point static loading of SET II beams, at each
increment of load, deflection and crack development were
observed. In beam S1 initiation of the crack takes place
at a load of 35 KN which is lower than beam F2 in which
crack initiation started at 39 KN and further lower than
beam F3 in which crack initiation started at 40 KN. There
was not much difference in load for crack initiation in
beam S2 and S3.
Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity
The load carrying capacity of the control beams and
the strengthen beams were found out and is shown in
fig. 5.11 and 5.12. The control beams were loaded up to
their ultimate loads. It was noted that of all the beams,
the strengthen beams F2, F3 and S2, S3 had the higher
load carrying capacity compared to the controlled beams
F1 and S1. An
warning before the ultimate failure. The use of FRP can
delay the initial cracks and further development of the
cracks in the beam
Ultimate load of beams F1, F2 and F3.
SET I beams F1, F2 and F3 were loaded under two point
static loading. As the load was increased incrementally
development of cracks takes place and ultimately the
beam failed. The ultimate load of F1 beam was 78 KN
which is lower than F2 beam which carried an ultimate
load of 104 KN and further lower than F3 beam which
carried anultimateload112kn
Ultimate load of beams S1, S2 and S3.
SET II beams S1, S2 and S3 were loaded under two point
static loading. As the load was increased incrementally
development of cracks takes place and ultimately the
beam failed. The ultimate load of S1 beam was 82 KN
which is lower than S2 beam which carried an ultimate
load of 108 KN and further lower than S3 beam which
carried an ultimate load of 122 KN.
Comparison of Results
SET I Beams Mu
from
analytical study
Mu
from experi-
mental study
F1 17.12 KN-m 26.00 KN-m
F2 24.60 KN-m 34.68 KN-m
Comparison of Mu
value obtained from analytical and ex-
perimental study
CONCLUSIONS
Introduction
In this experimental investigation the flexural and shear
behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by
GFRP sheets are studied. Two sets of reinforced concrete
(RC) beams, in SET I three beams weak in flexure and in
SET II three beams weak in shear were casted and tested.
From the test results and calculated strength values, the
following conclusions are drawn:
A)SET I Beams (F1, F2 and F3)
1. Initial flexural cracks appear at a higher load by
strengthening the beam at soffit. The ultimate load carry-
ing capacity of the strengthen beam F2 is 33 % more than
the controlled beam F1.
2. Load at initial cracks is further increased by strength-
ening the beam at the soffit as well as on the two sides
of the beam up to the neutral axis from the soffit. The
ultimate load carrying capacity of the strengthen beam F3
is 43 % more than the controlled beam F1 and 7 % more
than the strengthen beam F2.
3. Analytical analysis is also carried out to find the ulti-
mate moment carrying capacity and compared with the
experimental results. It was found that analytical analy-
sis predicts lower value than the experimental findings.
4. When the beam is not strengthen, it failed in flexure
but after strengthening the beam in flexure, then flexure-
7. 144
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
shear failure of the beam takes place which is more dan-
gerous than the flexural failure of the beam as it does not
give much warning before failure. Therefore it is recom-
mended to check the shear strength of the beam and car-
ry out shear strengthening along with flexural strength-
ening if required.
5. Flexural strengthening up to the neutral axis of the
beam increases the ultimate load carrying capacity, but
the cracks developed were not visible up to a higher load.
Due to invisibility of the initial cracks, it gives less warn-
ing compared to the beams strengthen only at the soffit
of the beam.
6. By strengthening up to the neutral axis of the beam, in-
crease in the ultimate load carrying capacity of the beam
is not significant and cost involvement is almost three
times compared to the beam strengthen by GFRP sheet
at the soffit only.
B) SET II Beams (S1, S2 and S3)
1.The control beam S1 failed in shear as it was made in-
tentionally weak in shear.
2. The initial cracks in the strengthen beams S2 and S3
appears at higher load compared to the un-strengthen
beam S1.
3. After strengthening the shear zone of the beam the ini-
tial cracks appears at the flexural zone of the beam and
the crack widens and propagates towards the neutral axis
with increase of the load. The final failure is flexural fail-
ure which indicates that the GFRP sheets increase the
shear strength of the beam. The ultimate load carrying
capacity of the strengthen beam S2 is 31 % more than the
controlled beam S1.
4. When the beam is strengthen by U-wrapping in the
shear zone, the ultimate load carrying capacity is in-
creased by 48 % compared to the control beam S1 and by
13% compared the beam S2 strengthen by bonding the
GFRP sheets on the vertical sides alone in the shear zone
of the beam.
5. When the beam is strengthen in shear, then only flex-
ural failure takes place which gives sufficient warning
compared to the brittle shear failure which is catastrophic
failure of beams.
6. The bonding between GFRP sheet and the concrete is
intact up to the failure of the beam which clearly indicates
the composite action due to GFRP sheet.
7. Restoring or upgrading the shear strength of beams
using GFRP sheet can result in increased shear strength
and stiffness with no visible shear cracks. Restoring the
shear strength of beams using GFRP is a highly effective
technique.
REFERENCES
1. MA. Shahawy, M. Arockiasamy, T. Beitelman, R. Sowrirajan
“Reinforced concrete rectangular beams strengthened with CFRP
laminates”, Composites: Part B 27B (1996) 225-233
2. Victor N. Kaliakin, Michael J. Chajes and Ted F. Januszka
“Analysis of concrete beams reinforced with externally bonded
woven composite fabrics”, Composites: Part B 27B (1996) 235-
244
3. Koji Takeda, Yoshiyuki Mitsui, Kiyoshi Murakami, Hiromichi
Sakai and Moriyasu Nakamura “Flexural behaviour of reinforced
concrete beams strengthened with carbon fibre sheets”, Com-
posites Part A 27A (1996) 981-987
4. B. Taljsten and L. Elfgren “Strengthening concrete beams for
shear using CFRP- materials: evaluation of different application
methods” Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 87–96
5. Ahmed Khalifa, Antonio Nanni “Improving shear capacity of
existing RC T-section beams using CFRP composites”, Cement &
Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 165-174
6. Thanasis C. Trianta fi llou and Costas P. Antonopoulos “De-
sign of concrete flexural members strengthened in shear with
FRP” Journal of Composites for Construction, Vol. 4, No. 4, No-
vember, 2000. 198-205
7. V.P.V. Ramana, T. Kant, S.E. Morton, P.K. Dutta, A. Mukher-
jee and Y.M. Desai “Behavior of CFRPC strengthened reinforced
concrete beams with varying degrees of strengthening”, Compos-
ites: Part B 31 (2000) 461-470
8. D. Kachlakev and D.D. McCurry “Behavior of full-scale rein-
forced concrete
beams retrofitted for shear and flexural with FRP laminates”,
Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 445-452
9. Alex Li, Cheikhna Diagana, Yves Delmas “CRFP contribution
to shear capacity of strengthened RC beams” Engineering Struc-
tures 23 (2001) 1212–1220
10. Ahmed Khalifa, Antonio Nanni “Rehabilitation of rectangular
simply supported RC beams with shear deficiencies using CFRP
composites”, Construction and Building Materials 16 (2002)
135–146
11. Bjorn Taljsten “Strengthening concrete beams for shear with
CFRP sheets” Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003)
15–26
12. C. Diagana, A.Li, B. Gedalia, Y. Delmas “Shear strengthening
effectiveness with CFF strips” Engineering Structures 25 (2003)
507–516
13. M.N.S. Hadi “Retrofitting of shear failed reinforced concrete
beams” Composite Structures 62 (2003) 1–6
Author
Methuku Vaishnavi,
Research Scholar,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Technological and Research Institute,
Hyderabad, India.
Ketepalli Sravani
Assistant Professor, Experience: 3years
Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Technological and Research Institute,
Hyderabad, India.