International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many ountries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as international Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried
out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of
training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One
primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites
and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in
large quantities..
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE BY VARYING PERCENTAGE ...Ijripublishers Ijri
Self-compacting concrete was first developed 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures. Since then, various
investigations have been carried out and the concrete has been used in practical structures in Japan, mainly by large
construction companies. Investigations for establishing a rational mix-design method and self-compactability testing
methods have been carried out to make the concrete the standard one.
the presentation covers the history of SCC, its composition and its comparision with conventionally vibrared concrete.
The presentation was made for ultratech rising star competion and won the third prize in the zone.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many ountries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as international Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried
out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of
training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One
primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites
and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in
large quantities..
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE BY VARYING PERCENTAGE ...Ijripublishers Ijri
Self-compacting concrete was first developed 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures. Since then, various
investigations have been carried out and the concrete has been used in practical structures in Japan, mainly by large
construction companies. Investigations for establishing a rational mix-design method and self-compactability testing
methods have been carried out to make the concrete the standard one.
the presentation covers the history of SCC, its composition and its comparision with conventionally vibrared concrete.
The presentation was made for ultratech rising star competion and won the third prize in the zone.
study of self-compacting concrete for economical constructionTejas6957
topic is to prove that self-compacting concrete[SCC] is more cheaper than ordinary concrete in mass concrete. and we PROVED that SCC is cheaper then ordinary concrete. yes, goal is achieved.........
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
A STUDY ON HIGH STRENGTH SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE ON EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS TEMP...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of concrete surface.
ASSESSMENT OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE IMMERSED IN ACIDIC SOLUTIONS WITH PART...Ijripublishers Ijri
The present investigations are proposed to study the acid resistance behavior of M40 grade SCC with partial replacement
of cement with mineral admixture Fly Ash at 10, 20, and 30%. Rational method of mix design was adopted for mix
design of M40 grade SCC for the trial mixes in the absence of BIS code for SCC mix design. Experimental investigations
were carried out to study the acid resistance of SCC from hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2So4) which are
effective acids expected to cause damage for strength and durability of structures, by observing the effect for 14, 28 and
60days strengths and performance at different percentages of mix with flyash. Based on these studies, inference was
drawn for durability of structures exposed to such aggressive environment.
STUDY ON DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WHEN BLENDED WITH MICRO SILICA AND FLYASHIjripublishers Ijri
The environment in some concrete structures can become very acidic due to formation of sulphuric acid converted
from hydrogen sulphide by bacterial action. Significant deteriation of concrete in such harsh environments has
been reported world wide. Deteriotation of sewer system may result in serious problem such as the loss of ability to
transport sewerage, contamaniation of ground and ground water, excessive ground settelements.
Study Of Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete By Partial Replaceme...dbpublications
Concrete is considered as durable and strong material. Concrete is one of the most popular material used for constructions. The present investigation deals with High strength concrete of M60 by adding fiber material to strengthen the concrete. Partial replacement of OPC with fly ash in percentages of 0%, 5% and10% in various ratios and also add Masterpel777, super plastisizer for workability purpose. Exposure periods of 7, 14 and 28 days on various tests. In this project we have designed M60 grade concrete using Design mix of Department of Environment method of various strengths.
Ebook Blogs.com Estudos sobre blogs e comunicaçãoAdriana Amaral
Blogs.com. Estudos sobre blogs e comunicação Ebook organizado por mim, Raquel Recuero e Sandra Montardo. Ed. Momento Editorial, 2009
www.sobreblogs.com.br
study of self-compacting concrete for economical constructionTejas6957
topic is to prove that self-compacting concrete[SCC] is more cheaper than ordinary concrete in mass concrete. and we PROVED that SCC is cheaper then ordinary concrete. yes, goal is achieved.........
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
A STUDY ON HIGH STRENGTH SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE ON EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS TEMP...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of concrete surface.
ASSESSMENT OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE IMMERSED IN ACIDIC SOLUTIONS WITH PART...Ijripublishers Ijri
The present investigations are proposed to study the acid resistance behavior of M40 grade SCC with partial replacement
of cement with mineral admixture Fly Ash at 10, 20, and 30%. Rational method of mix design was adopted for mix
design of M40 grade SCC for the trial mixes in the absence of BIS code for SCC mix design. Experimental investigations
were carried out to study the acid resistance of SCC from hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2So4) which are
effective acids expected to cause damage for strength and durability of structures, by observing the effect for 14, 28 and
60days strengths and performance at different percentages of mix with flyash. Based on these studies, inference was
drawn for durability of structures exposed to such aggressive environment.
STUDY ON DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WHEN BLENDED WITH MICRO SILICA AND FLYASHIjripublishers Ijri
The environment in some concrete structures can become very acidic due to formation of sulphuric acid converted
from hydrogen sulphide by bacterial action. Significant deteriation of concrete in such harsh environments has
been reported world wide. Deteriotation of sewer system may result in serious problem such as the loss of ability to
transport sewerage, contamaniation of ground and ground water, excessive ground settelements.
Study Of Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete By Partial Replaceme...dbpublications
Concrete is considered as durable and strong material. Concrete is one of the most popular material used for constructions. The present investigation deals with High strength concrete of M60 by adding fiber material to strengthen the concrete. Partial replacement of OPC with fly ash in percentages of 0%, 5% and10% in various ratios and also add Masterpel777, super plastisizer for workability purpose. Exposure periods of 7, 14 and 28 days on various tests. In this project we have designed M60 grade concrete using Design mix of Department of Environment method of various strengths.
Ebook Blogs.com Estudos sobre blogs e comunicaçãoAdriana Amaral
Blogs.com. Estudos sobre blogs e comunicação Ebook organizado por mim, Raquel Recuero e Sandra Montardo. Ed. Momento Editorial, 2009
www.sobreblogs.com.br
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The results of an experimental investigation to study the effects of partial replacement of cement with fly ash in rubberized and coconut shell concrete. The percentage of rubber used in this study was 5% replaced with coarse aggregate and fly ash varies from 0-20% were replaced with cement in conventional concrete. One size of tire rubber chips are used of about 10mm.
Rubber is produced excessively worldwide every year. It cannot be discharge off easily in the environment as its decomposition takes much time and also produces environmental pollution. In such a case the reuse of rubber would be a better choice.
In order to reuse rubber wastes, it was added to concrete as coarse aggregate and its different properties like compressive strength, Tensile strength, ductility etc. were investigated and compared with ordinary concrete.
As a result it was found that rubberized concrete is durable, less ductile, has greater crack resistance but has a low compressive strength when compared with ordinary concrete. The compressive strength of rubberized concrete can be increased by adding some amount of silica to it.
Properties of concrete with coconut shells (CS) as aggregate replacement were studied. Control concrete with normal aggregate and CS concrete with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with CS were made. Two mixes with CS and fly ash were also made to investigate fly ash effect on CS replaced concretes. Constant water to cementitious ratio of 0.6 was maintained for all the concretes. Properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and moisture migration were investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that, density of the concretes decreases with increase in CS percent.
Workability decreased with increase in CS replacement. Compressive and split tensile strengths of CS concretes were lower than control concrete. Permeable voids, absorption and sorption were higher for CS replaced concretes than control concrete. Coarse aggregate replacement with equivalent weight of fly ash had no influence when compared with properties of corresponding CS replaced concrete
The mix design was targeted to be M15 grade of concrete. The mix proportion of concrete was 1:2:4 with water cement ratio of 0.45.The fresh and hardened properties of rubberized concrete produced at two different replacements ratios of fly ash compared to the conventional concrete without rubber and fly ash.
The test result indicate that there was a small reduction in the strength with the 5% replacement in rubber content as compared with the conventional concrete. However, the increase of fly ash from 10% to 20% improved the mechanical properties of rubberized and coconut shell concrete.
This study explores the effects of rubber particles and coconut shell on some properties of concrete.
Study on the Effect of Ggbs & M Sand in Self Compacting oncretetheijes
Conventional concrete is the most widely used construction material throughout the world because of its versality, mouldability, durability, and resistance to fire and energy efficiency. However, its major disadvantages like poor tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking resists its use as a structural material. Hence, in order to overcome these difficulties several new materials have been developed in the recent past.Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing. Mineral admixtures are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete, to improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion and sulphate attack and to enable a reduction in cement content. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various mineral admixtures in producing SCC. In this study the scope of GGBS ( Ground granular blast furnace slag ) as a mineral admixture to some percentage replace cement in SCC were studied. The study showed that a maximum of 50% GGBS were able to be used as a mineral admixture without affecting the self-compactability
Study of Mechanical Properties in SCC by Blending Cement Partially With Fly A...IJSRD
The development of self-compacting concrete has been one of the most important materials in the modern building industry. The purpose of this concrete concept is to decrease the risk due to human factor. The use of SCC is spreading worldwide because of its very attractive properties. In the present investigation Blended SCC is the one in which some percentage of cement content used for the concrete is replaced by any of the mineral admixtures. Here, the present study to development of blended self-compacting concrete by replaced in the mineral admixtures using Fly ash 0-30% and metakaolin 0-30% as the weight of cement. Study the rheological properties and mechanical properties of developed blended SCC mixes in the laboratory condition and different curing ages. In recent years, many researchers have established that the use of supplementary cementatious materials (SCMs) like blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin (MK), fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) etc. can, not only improve the various properties of concrete both in its fresh and hardened states, but also can contribute to economy in construction costsruning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
1. Dharmesh K. Bhagat et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 5), February 2014, pp.36-39
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Designing Concrete Of New Era:“Self Compacting Concrete”
Dharmesh K. Bhagat1, Nandan H. Dawda2, Dhanshree L. Goyal3, Navneet T.
Jha4, Upasana N. Panchal5
1
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat,
Gujarat, India.
2,3,4,5
UG Student, Civil Engineering Department, Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat,
Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT
In India, infrastructure is given prior importance and it is vision to make India fully developed up till 2020.But,
it is a challenging job to produce high strength concrete and one of the problems for this is presence of air voids.
At present to reduce these voids many compacting machines like vibrators are used in field. But, this leads to
high noise pollution and annoyance the person working on site. Thus, to eliminate this problem related to
compaction, strength and noise, a new concrete called Self Compacting Concrete [SCC] is used. It reduces the
voids as it flows under its own weight. The strength and durability of SCC is much higher compared to
conventional concrete. It also helps in achieving high quality of surface finishes and becomes sustainable as it
saves the energy. But, the problem with this type of concrete is that there is no specific mix design for it. Thus,
the aim of this research is to give proper methodology for the mix design of self compacting concrete and
various points to be kept in mind while designing such flowable concrete.
Keywords: Compaction, Durability, Mix design, Strength, Self compacting concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
The three basic necessities of humans are
food, cloth and shelter. In order to provide shelter,
the most important thing needed is concrete. Hence;
concrete is the second most selling product just after
water.Actually, Concrete is most versatile man-made
construction material - can be shaped in a variety of
forms. It is most important material used for
construction and can be manufactured by proper mix
design. Also, the life span of a building depends on
mix design and method of execution of concrete. But
if we talk about today’s concrete than it is found to
have various limitations like Scarcity of skilled
manpower, Inconsistent construction quality,
Increased cost of labour and materials, Reduce in
durability and life span of structure, Inadequate
compaction in densely reinforced concrete, Noise
pollution due to vibration, Increasing cost of Repair
and maintenances etc. One of the main reasons of
getting low strength of Concrete is due to lack of
compaction. Basically, compaction of concrete is a
process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from
concrete. Also, it has been witnessed that if air is not
removed fully then concrete looses strength. Presence
of 5% of voids reduces the strength by 30% and 10%
of voids reduces the strength over 50%.Thus, it is
very important to keep in mind to have 100% of
compaction of concrete. But in India, it is next to
impossible to get 100% compacted concrete due to
lack of skilled labours ,malpractices ,lack of
www.ijera.com
communication skill between designers and
construction engineers ,etc. Along with this, the noise
produced by the vibrators and compacting machine is
of very high decibel which may result into hearing
losses and annoyance the person working on the site.
Thus the only one solution for all such problems is
the new kind of High performance concrete, a newer
type of concrete that is concrete of new era called
“SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE”
The concept of such type of concrete
originated for the first time in Japan by Prof.
Hajimeokamura (1986).Further; the prototype was
first developed in 1988 in Japan by Professor Ozawa
(1989) at university of Tokyo. Basically, SCC is
defined as concrete that is able to flow and
consolidate under its own weight, completely fill to
formwork even in the presence of dense
reinforcement maintaining homogeneity without
compaction. Actually, SCC was deliberately designed
to be able to fill every corners of form work and
encapsulate all reinforcement with maintain stability
only under the influence of gravitational force
without segregation or bleeding .Self compacting
concrete (SCC) is concrete with the ability to
compact itself only by means of its own weight
without the requirement of vibration. It flows under
the influence of gravity without segregation during
which it and completely fills the formwork and
spaces between the reinforcement without any need
of induced compactions. For concrete to be self36 | P a g e
2. Dharmesh K. Bhagat et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 5), February 2014, pp.36-39
compacting it should have filling ability, passing
ability and. resistance against segregation.
Filling ability- It is the ability of SCC to flow into
and fill completely all spaces in the formwork by its
own weight. It gives us idea about the fluidity of
concrete.
Passing ability-It is the ability of concrete mix to
pass through obstacles like narrow sections aggregate
particles. It gives us idea about the flow through tight
openings such as spaces between steel reinforcing
bars without segregation and blocking.
Resistance to segregation- Segregation resistance of
self-compacting concrete is its capability to retain
homogeneity in the distribution of ingredient in fresh
state during both static and moving condition i.e.
during mixing, transportation and Placing. It is
dependent on viscosity of mix at fresh state. The
basic principle for designing self compacting
concrete is as shown in fig.1
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2.2 COARSE AGGRAGATE:
Coarse aggregate used was locally available
from the nearby RMC Plant having maximum 12.5
mm with specific gravity 2.78 & water absorption
1.76.
2.3 FINE AGGRAGATE:
River sand having maximum size 4.75 mm
was used having specific gravity 2.7, fineness
modulus 2.413, and water absorption 1.29.
2.4 FLY ASH:
Ukai thermal power plant fly ash with
specific gravity 2.2 was used for the project.
2.5 SUPER PLASTICIZER:
Polycarboxylic ether based super plasticizer
named GLENIUM 149 of BASF chemicals pvt. ltd
was used.The relative density of SP was 1.15+0.01
and PH was 6.83+1.
III. Experimental work
In all five different trial mixes were made
and all various fresh properties were checked to
ensure that obtained mix is of Self compacting
concrete. The trial mixes were designed on the basis
of experiences and observations of the previous mix.
Table-1 Different trial mixes
Trial
Trial
Trial
Trial
1
2
3
4
CEMENT
450
450
450
450
WATER
117
180
213.3
209
SAND
925.5 532.3
707
611
C.A
1002
974.6
797
688
FLY ASH
266.2
265
264
S.P
4.97
5.38
7.36
3.6
Fig. 1 Principle of self compacting concrete
Hence from above figure is clear that in
order to obtain SCC we need to follow the above
three steps. Along with that the other important point
to be noted is that all material available in market
cannot be used for producing SCC. It is found that
SCC is very sensitive to the property of the materials
used.It is very necessary to have uniformity of the
property.
Trial
5
450
194
842
603
135
4.4
IV. Results
Table-2 Fresh properties results
Trial no.
1
2
3
4
5
Requirement
Test
Slump
cone(mm)
230
720
700
600
760
650-800
T50(sec)
-
3
5
6
4
2-5
J-ring(mm)
-
2
1
1
1
0-10
V-funnel
(sec)
-
20
9
10
10
8-12
U-box
(mm)
-
10
26
25
23
Up to 30
II. Properties of Materials
2.1 CEMENT:
In this research Ultra tech cement of OPC 53
grade which is locally available in market was used
having specific surface area 350.00 m²/Kg ,specific
gravity 3.12.
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3. Dharmesh K. Bhagat et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 5), February 2014, pp.36-39
V. Discussion
Various observations made from each of the
trial mix were as follows:
5.1 Trial 1.
It can be clearly seen that the water-cement
ratio is very less and hence, the self compacting
concrete obtained was very dry. It was not possible
even to do slump test for such concrete. Along with
this the super plasticizer used was Glenium based and
thus, the concrete had hardened very soon. Even
there was no binding between the cement and the
aggregate.
Therefore, from first trial mix, we
concluded that the water-cement ratio of the mix
should be increased and there should be some
mineral admixture which on adding with cement acts
as a good binder in the concrete. The coarse and fine
aggregate were sufficient enough to obtain SCC.
5.2 Trial 2
In this design mix we tried to remove the
problem of binder material by adding fly ash into the
concrete. Also the water-cement ratio was increased
from 0.26-0.40. Even the content of coarse and fine
aggregate was approximately adjusted. But, the
problem with such concrete was that the aggregate
started getting segregated. Thus, from above trial mix
we found that still water-cement ratio is less and the
content of cement and course aggregate is
comparatively less. The dosage of SP was also found
to be les
5.3 Trial 3
In order to overcome the drawback of the
above trial mix, the water content of concrete was
increased and even the dosage of SP had even
increased. In this trial mix, we had changed our super
plasticizer from Glenium based to Naphthalene
based. Using Naphthalene based SP, self compacting
concrete was achieved. But, when we kept the cube
for curing then we found that bleeding of concrete
was seen which may result in to weak concrete
strength. Hence, the third trial mix taught us that it is
easy to achieve SCC using Naphthalene based super
plasticizer, but it directly affects the mechanical
properties of concrete. Even, large amount of
Naphthalene based SP is used which directly increase
the cost of concrete.
5.4 Trial 4
In the fourth trial we again moved on to
Glenium based SP. Here, we optimized the dosage of
SP up to 3.6 kg. from 5.38 kg. but the limitation with
this mix was that it had resulted into a large amount
of segregation of aggregate and sand.In this mix we
found out that segregation is very high and one of the
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reasons for this is that the binder material present in
concrete is very large
5.5 Trial 5
Here, there was reduction in the content of
binder material in concrete and increase in the finer
material of concrete. Even the SP content was
increased from 3.6 to 4.6 kg. This concrete achieved
had satisfy all the necessities of self compacting
concrete and thus, it was our final mix design for 450
kg/m3 of cement content
VI. Conclusion
From the Experimental research of 5 self
compacting concrete mixes, following conclusions
can be drawn:
1) Self compacting concrete has wide scope in
future and it can be considered as the concrete of
new era.
2) From the trial mixes we have understood that the
self compacting concrete is very sensitive and is
directly affected by the property of content used
in concrete. The little variation in physical
parameters of the material used can greatly affect
the flowing ability of the concrete.
3) Even it is necessary to understand the
compatibility between the super plasticizer and
cement. The lower dosage of super plasticizer
results into bleeding and higher dosage of SP
results into segregation and hardening of
concrete.
VII. Acknowledgement
We are hearty thankful to our guide Prof.
Dharmesh Bhagat, for his valuable guidance, helpful
comments and cooperation. We would avail this
opportunity to thank Mr. Mukesh Mehta, Mr. Nehal
Desai, and Mr. Hitesh Desai of Unique Engineering
Laboratory and Advisory services. At last, we would
also thank ULTRATECH COMPANY for guiding us
whenever we needed and providing us cement for our
research.
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