BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
For more discussion on mobile data offload or Wi-Fi access networks, please visit: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns673/networking_solutions_solution_category.html.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
For more discussion on mobile data offload or Wi-Fi access networks, please visit: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns673/networking_solutions_solution_category.html.
Dynamic Data Offloading : Connect Intelligently With ANDSFGreen Packet
The arrival of varied smartphones and devices has inevitably encouraged greater data consumption.
Users are now more sophisticated and demand nothing less than best network performance. Smartphone generally accounts for higher ARPU and represents potential new revenue streams for enabling quad play services. Operators are aggressively addressing these challenges and improving the quality of their solution to retain existing customers and offering better service experience to build loyalty.
WiFi adoption as data offloading is gaining momentum as it improves user experience while lowering the cost of service providers. Correctly implemented, it can ease up to 20% of traffic with substantial impact of freeing up the spectrum and load balancing. Offloading data to WiFi hotspots is economically attractive, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots.
In this paper, we will examine how dynamic data offloading can be further optimized with 3GPP based Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF describes how the inter-system mobility between 3GPP systems and non-3GPP systems (ie: WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA) policies and priorities can control the conditions for which a device (UE) connects to which wireless network.
The world is going wireless. For many years we have been discussing mobile broadband and always-on services and applications. This is maturing to reality with new devices in different shapes and forms such as mobile devices, tablets and netbooks. The introduction of LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the technology behind the compelling user experience required for their success. New industry initiatives such as VoLTE and VoLGA are allowing for real-time multimedia communication yet there are many challenges for realizing this technology.
The webinar will discuss the future of voice and SMS services, supplementary and Advanced Services in the era of all IP mobile networks, network architecture issues and interconnectivity with Legacy and current 2G and 3G access.
Deployment challenges and migration solutions will be covered as well as LTE network elements with the underlying standard IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network infrastructure and endpoint devices. Speakers will discuss the development tools required, from the basic building blocks of IMS protocol stacks to the intricate details of application deployment. IMS standardization and interoperability efforts to overcome growing complexities of this new network architecture will be discussed as well.
By attending this webinar, you will learn:
• LTE and IMS market and technology trends
• Challenges in building Next Generation core and endpoint devices
• Unique requirements for Voice over LTE
• RADVISION solutions for LTE networks
Who should attend:
• Developers, architects
• Product Managers
• CTOs, VP R&D
• Marketing executives
Segments – Core Network Devices, SBCs, Media Gateways, Media Servers, Terminal End Points, and any other device that can connect to NGN/IMS Networks
In my project the traditional mobile data offloading transfers cellular users to Wi-Fi networks to relieve the cellular system from the pressure of ever-increasing data traffic load. The spectrum utilization of the network is bound to suffer from potential packet collisions due to its congestion -based access protocol. Due to the number of competing Wi-Fi users grows large. To tackle numerous users problem transfer some users to be served by the LTE-U system. By using cognitive network, admission control algorithm is used for minimizing the traffic. Conventional portable information offloading exchanges cell clients to WiFi systems to alleviate the cell framework from the weight of the continually expanding information activity stack. Be that as it may, the range use of the WiFi system will undoubtedly endure from potential bundle crashes because of its dispute based get to convention, particularly when the quantity of contending WiFi clients develops substantial. To handle this issue, we propose to exchange a few WiFi clients to be served by the LTE framework, as opposed to the customary versatile information offloading which successfully offloads LTE movement to the WiFi arrange. In the interim, utilizing the rising LTE in unlicensed range (LTE-U) innovation, some unlicensed range assets might be apportioned to the LTE framework in remuneration for taking care of more WiFi clients.
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
The evolution of mobile networks to 4G technologies, and primarily LTE, sets additional requirements and challenges for operator backhaul networks. The selection of flexible and future-proof microwave backhaul technologies is of paramount importance. Maravedis and Intracom wireless experts present critical trends in backhaul technologies and markets.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Dynamic Data Offloading : Connect Intelligently With ANDSFGreen Packet
The arrival of varied smartphones and devices has inevitably encouraged greater data consumption.
Users are now more sophisticated and demand nothing less than best network performance. Smartphone generally accounts for higher ARPU and represents potential new revenue streams for enabling quad play services. Operators are aggressively addressing these challenges and improving the quality of their solution to retain existing customers and offering better service experience to build loyalty.
WiFi adoption as data offloading is gaining momentum as it improves user experience while lowering the cost of service providers. Correctly implemented, it can ease up to 20% of traffic with substantial impact of freeing up the spectrum and load balancing. Offloading data to WiFi hotspots is economically attractive, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots.
In this paper, we will examine how dynamic data offloading can be further optimized with 3GPP based Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF describes how the inter-system mobility between 3GPP systems and non-3GPP systems (ie: WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA) policies and priorities can control the conditions for which a device (UE) connects to which wireless network.
The world is going wireless. For many years we have been discussing mobile broadband and always-on services and applications. This is maturing to reality with new devices in different shapes and forms such as mobile devices, tablets and netbooks. The introduction of LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the technology behind the compelling user experience required for their success. New industry initiatives such as VoLTE and VoLGA are allowing for real-time multimedia communication yet there are many challenges for realizing this technology.
The webinar will discuss the future of voice and SMS services, supplementary and Advanced Services in the era of all IP mobile networks, network architecture issues and interconnectivity with Legacy and current 2G and 3G access.
Deployment challenges and migration solutions will be covered as well as LTE network elements with the underlying standard IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network infrastructure and endpoint devices. Speakers will discuss the development tools required, from the basic building blocks of IMS protocol stacks to the intricate details of application deployment. IMS standardization and interoperability efforts to overcome growing complexities of this new network architecture will be discussed as well.
By attending this webinar, you will learn:
• LTE and IMS market and technology trends
• Challenges in building Next Generation core and endpoint devices
• Unique requirements for Voice over LTE
• RADVISION solutions for LTE networks
Who should attend:
• Developers, architects
• Product Managers
• CTOs, VP R&D
• Marketing executives
Segments – Core Network Devices, SBCs, Media Gateways, Media Servers, Terminal End Points, and any other device that can connect to NGN/IMS Networks
In my project the traditional mobile data offloading transfers cellular users to Wi-Fi networks to relieve the cellular system from the pressure of ever-increasing data traffic load. The spectrum utilization of the network is bound to suffer from potential packet collisions due to its congestion -based access protocol. Due to the number of competing Wi-Fi users grows large. To tackle numerous users problem transfer some users to be served by the LTE-U system. By using cognitive network, admission control algorithm is used for minimizing the traffic. Conventional portable information offloading exchanges cell clients to WiFi systems to alleviate the cell framework from the weight of the continually expanding information activity stack. Be that as it may, the range use of the WiFi system will undoubtedly endure from potential bundle crashes because of its dispute based get to convention, particularly when the quantity of contending WiFi clients develops substantial. To handle this issue, we propose to exchange a few WiFi clients to be served by the LTE framework, as opposed to the customary versatile information offloading which successfully offloads LTE movement to the WiFi arrange. In the interim, utilizing the rising LTE in unlicensed range (LTE-U) innovation, some unlicensed range assets might be apportioned to the LTE framework in remuneration for taking care of more WiFi clients.
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
The evolution of mobile networks to 4G technologies, and primarily LTE, sets additional requirements and challenges for operator backhaul networks. The selection of flexible and future-proof microwave backhaul technologies is of paramount importance. Maravedis and Intracom wireless experts present critical trends in backhaul technologies and markets.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Carrier Aggregation in LTE Releases3rd Generation Partnership Proj.docxannandleola
Carrier Aggregation in LTE Releases
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
The 3GPP unites seven telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC), which is an umbrella for these standards organizations, that develop protocols for mobile telecommunication. The 3GPP organizes its work into three different streams: Radio Access Networks, Services and Systems Aspects, and Core Network and Terminals, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications. It was established in December 1998 with the goal of developing a specification for a 3G mobile phone system based on the 2G GSM system, within the scope of the International Telecommunication Union's.LTE and LTE-A
The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology, which is standardized by the 3GPP and evolving to meet the International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced) requirements named as LTE-Advanced. The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. The network architecture of LTE has been designed with the goal to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and great quality of service.
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals. LTE is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. LTE increases the capacity and speed of wireless mobile communication by using a different radio interface and other core network improvements. LTE uses different frequencies and bands in different countries. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE & Advance 4G. LTE is also commonly known as 3.95G. LTE-Advanced or LTE-A is a major enhancement of the LTE standard. LTE-A uses several techniques and technologies (hardware and software) to meet higher network-performance standards. The technique of this standard which we are using in our work is following.
· Increased peak data rate for DL/UL
· Improved performance at cell edges.
· Carrier Aggregation (CA), the enhanced use of multi-antenna techniques.
· Support for Relay Nodes, LTE Femtocell and macro cell.
Based on the requirements and observations, the 3GPP has identified carrier aggregation (CA) as major feature for achieving improved data rate. It is a worth noting that BW aggregation basic concept has been used in 3G. Similarly, there are options in High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) evaluation to aggregate up to four carriers for downlinks, up to two carriers for uplink and have consider both the carriers contiguous. In release 8/9 of 3GPP LTE different carrier BW of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz being used that provide support for several deployment plus spectrum plans. Succeeding the desires of 100 MHz BW of system, Release 10 of 3GPP LTE has presented CA one of the foremost important structure of LTE-Advanced to balance the bandwidth a far 20 MHz. CA Release 10 described up to 100 MHz system bandwidth can.
LTE stands for Long term evolution.
Next Generation mobile broad band technology.
Commonly referred as 4G LTE,is a standard for wireless communication of high speed data for mobile phones and data terminals .
It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.
LTE is the new standard for nationwide public safety broadband.
Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
Summary of LTE Advance Pro
MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
References
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
LTE is basically a transition from 3G to 4G mobile networks. This report covers various aspects related to telecommunication sector, LTE basics, working and its applications. Apart from this it also includes technologies such as MIMO, FREQUENCY and TIME DUPLEXING etc.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
5. BIEL
is
working
in
Bangladesh
since
2007
with
ISP
license
having
one
of
the
Iirst
and
biggest
large-‐scale
deployment
of
a
3.5
GHz
WiMAX
network.
Currently,
it
covers
major
areas
of
Dhaka
including
Uttara,
Gulshan,
Mohakhali,
Dhanmondi,
Motijheel
&
its
surrounding
areas.
BIEL
has
been
granted
BWA
License
according
to
the
BWA
guidelines
by
the
Bangladesh
Telecommunication
Regulatory
Authority
(BTRC)
in
Nov,
2013
BIEL
has
compiled
with
all
Iinancial
conditions
for
obtaining
BWA
Services
License
successfully
which
allows
BIEL
to
provide
BWA
Services
in
2.5-‐2.6
MHz
spectrum
brand.
8. 4G
LTE
The
De6inition
LTE,
an
acronym
for
Long-‐Term
Evolution,
commonly
marketed
as
4G
LTE,
is
a
standard
for
wireless
communication
of
high-‐speed
data
for
mobile
phones
&
data
terminals.
It
is
based
on
the
GSM/EDGE
and
UMTS/HSPA
network
technologies,
increasing
the
capacity
and
speed
using
a
different
radio
interface
together
with
core
network
improvements.
Adoption
of
LTE
technology
as
of
February
15,
2014.
Countries
and
regions
with
commercial
LTE
service
Countries
and
regions
with
commercial
LTE
network
deployment
on-‐going
or
planned
Countries
and
regions
with
LTE
trial
systems
(pre-‐commitment)
11. An
IP
packet
for
a
UE
is
encapsulated
in
an
EPC-‐speci6ic
protocol
and
tunneled
between
the
P-‐GW
and
eNodeB
for
transmission
to
the
UE.
Different
tunneling
protocols
are
used
across
different
interfaces.
A
3GPP-‐speci6ic
tunneling
protocol
called
the
GPRS
Tunneling
Protocol
(GTP)
is
used
over
the
CN
interfaces,
S1
&
S5/S8.
The
E-‐UTRAN
user
plane
protocol
stack
is
shown
as
blue
in
above
6igure,
consisting
of
the
Packet
Data
Convergence
Protocol
(PDCP),
Radio
Link
Control
(RLC)
and
Medium
Access
Control
(MAC)
sub
layers
that
are
terminated
in
the
eNodeB
on
the
network
side.
4G
LTE
PROTOCOL
ARCHITECTURE
User
plane
protocol
stack
12. The
protocol
stack
for
the
control
plane
between
the
UE
and
MME
is
shown
in
above
Figure.
The
blue
region
of
the
stack
indicates
the
AS
protocols.
The
lower
layers
perform
the
same
functions
as
for
the
user
plane
with
the
exception
that
there
is
no
header
compression
function
for
the
control
plane.
The
Radio
Resource
Control
(RRC)
protocol
is
known
as
“layer
3”
in
the
AS
protocol
stack.
It
is
the
main
controlling
function
in
the
AS,
being
responsible
for
establishing
the
radio
bearers
and
con6iguring
all
the
lower
layers
using
RRC
signaling
between
the
eNodeB
and
the
UE.
4G
LTE
PROTOCOL
ARCHITECTURE
Control
plane
protocol
stack
13. There
are
two
major
differences
between
TD-‐LTE
and
LTE
FDD:
how
data
is
uploaded
and
downloaded,
and
what
frequency
spectra
the
networks
are
deployed
in.
While
LTE
FDD
uses
paired
frequencies
to
upload
and
download
data,
TD-‐LTE
uses
a
single
frequency,
alternating
between
uploading
and
downloading
data
through
time.
The
ratio
between
uploads
&
downloads
on
a
TD-‐LTE
network
can
be
changed
dynamically,
depending
on
whether
more
data
needs
to
be
sent
or
received.
TD-‐LTE
and
LTE
FDD
also
operate
on
different
frequency
bands,
with
TD-‐
LTE
working
better
at
higher
frequencies,
and
LTE
FDD
working
better
at
lower
frequencies.
Frequencies
used
for
TD-‐LTE
range
from
1850
MHz
to
3800
MHz,
with
several
different
bands
being
used.
The
TD-‐LTE
spectrum
is
generally
cheaper
to
access,
and
has
less
traf6ic.
Further,
the
bands
for
TD-‐LTE
overlap
with
those
used
for
WiMAX,
which
can
easily
be
upgraded
to
support
TD-‐LTE.
FDD
is
still
leading
the
game,
however.
Most
commercial
LTE
networks
are
based
on
FDD
because
the
FDD
ecosystem
is
more
mature
and
is
still
where
most
of
the
spectrum
allocation
is
done.
All
major
operators
around
the
world
are
already
acquiring
wide
bands
of
FDD
spectrum
for
their
4G
LTE
networks,
which
is
well
suited
for
voice
because
it
is
inherently
symmetric
in
the
UL
and
DL.
In
addition,
FDD
can
provide
better
coverage
of
a
larger
area
due
to
the
6ixed
DL/UL
on
different
frequencies.
4G
LTE
PROTOCOL
ARCHITECTURE
LTE-‐FDD
vs
LTE-‐TDD
21. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
Ø Protocol
and
Functional
testing
Ø Load
and
Stress
testing
Ø Result
Checklist
22. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
End-‐to-‐end
LTE
Test
Topology
23. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
Protocol
and
Functional
testing
Protocol
and
functional
testing
involves
verifying
the
operation
of
elementary
procedures
de6ined
in
the
3GPP
speci6ications,
possibly
for
each
protocol
layer
individually,
or
the
complete
protocol
stack
as
a
whole.
For
example,
we
wanted
to
test
the
“Attach”
procedure
by
itself,
using
one
User
Equipment
(UE),
or
test
the
Tracking
Area
Update
(TAU)
procedure.
Each
and
every
step
of
the
procedure
analyzed
for
correctness
in
terms
of
the
signaling
6low
and
content
of
each
of
the
message
Information
Elements
(IEs).
Where
the
attach
procedure
fails,
additional
paths
were
considered.
Here,
we
conducted
“negative
testing”
in
which
conditions
are
generated
in
order
to
trigger
different
types
of
reactions.
The
failure
response
is
usually
a
rejected
procedure
with
an
appropriate
failure
code.
Examples
are
attach
attempts
with
missing
IEs,
or
in
the
improper
sequence.
We
executed
Protocol
and
functional
tests
during
the
network
design
and
early
QA
phases
of
LTE
deployment.
24. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
Load
and
Stress
testing
Stress
testing
involves
simulating
large
amounts
of
traf6ic
in
order
to
measure
performance,
capacity,
and
key
performance
indicators
(KPI)
for
quality
of
service
(QoS)
under
load
conditions.
Its
objective
was
to
stress
the
Test
User
Equipment
(UE)
for
both
performance
and
capacity.
Stress
dimensions
are
varied
including:
•
User
plane
traf6ic
•
Control
plane
traf6ic
The
use
of
control
and
user
plane
traf6ic,
or
a
combination
of
both,
depends
on
the
UE.
An
MME
or
Home
Subscriber
Server
(HSS)
demands
a
control
plane
load,
while
the
serving
gateway
(SGW)
and
packet
data
network
gateway
(PGW)
require
a
user
plane
load.
However,
since
the
SGW
and
PGW
are
responsible
for
both
user
and
control
plane
traf6ic,
we
used
a
mix
of
both
in
order
to
execute
a
realistic
test.
25. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
Load
and
Stress
testing
Control
Plane
Events
The
events,
performed
by
a
subscriber,
that
generate
control
plane
signaling.
The
most
signi6icant
control
plane
events
include:
•
Attach
•
Authentication
•
Session
establishment
•
Dedicated
bearer
establishment
and
deletion
•
Tracking
Area
Update
(TAU)
•
Service
request
•
Handover
•
Detach
User
Plane
TrafIic
These
events
determine
which
type
of
user
plane
traf6ic
will
6low
through
the
network
under
test.
The
most
common
types
of
user
plane
traf6ic
are:
•
http:
to
simulate
web
browsing,
Facebook,
etc
•
ftp:
for
6ile
transfers
•
OTT
video:
to
simulate
OTT
services
like
YouTube
•
On
demand
video
•
Conversational
video
•
DNS
•
Email:
IMAP,
POP3
and
SMTP
•
Instant
messaging
26. 4G
LTE
Test
Methodologies
Result
Checklist
q Application
QoS
•
Download
times
•
Dedicated
bearer
vs
best
effort
traf6ic
•
GBR
vs
non-‐GBR
traf6ic
q Control
plane
latencies
•
Attach
•
Session
establishment
•
Handover
•
Dedicated
bearer
establishment
q Packet
forwarding
performance
•
Latencies
•
TCP
connection
resets
•
TCP
retries
and
retransmissions
•
Lost
packets
q Throughput
q Capacity
•
Amount
of
active
UEs
•
Amount
of
active
bearers
q Policy
•
Application
of
rules
q DNS
•
Query
rates
•
Query
failures
q Service
availability
q Errors
•
Handover
failures
•
Session
establishment
failures
•
Dedicated
bearer
establishment
failures
•
Policy
installation
failures