LTE Advance Pro

BLM515 Computer Networks and Communications
KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Prepared By: Mohammed ABUIBAID
Email: m.a.abuibaid@gmail.com
Submitted to: Dr. Kerem KÜÇÜK
Electronic and Communication Engineering
LTE Advance Pro (Marketed as 4.5 G)
AcademicYear
2015/2016

Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Paving the path to 5G with LTE Advanced Pro – YouTube

Congratulations to Turkey!
4.5G Launched Simultaneously By All Operators
Unique Achievement!
This table is summarized from Ref. [1]

Overview on 4.5 G Evolution
 The logo ‘4.5G’ is a Marketing Term for what is now known as LTE-Advanced Pro.
 On 29 Aug 2015, three mobile operator in Turkey; namely Turkcell, Vodafone and
Avea, bid total of over €3.35 billion for the right to use 800, 900, 1800, 2100 and
2600 MHz FDD frequencies on ‘4.5G network’. [1]
 On 21 Feb 2016, A strategic cooperation on 4.5G between Huawei and world's
leading telecom operators, including TeliaSonera from Norway, HKT from Hong
Kong, LG Uplus from Korea, P4 from Poland, VIVA from Kuwait, among others,
took place at the 4.5G Industry Summit in Barcelona.[2]
 By April 2016, 4.5G networks are commercially deployed in over 80 cities
throughout Turkey and have secured a position as the world's largest commercial
4.5G network.
 On 10 May 2016, Huawei organized the 4.5G Industry Summit in Istanbul in
cooperation with the three top mobile operators in Turkey.

Mobile Technologies' Shares: 2020 Forecast
Dec 2015 Dec 2020
LTE will be the leading mobile systems technology by 2020
with 44.5% share of subscriptions
Source of data: OVUM
Provided to GSA on March 3, 2016

LTE
Rel. 8, 9
LTE-A
Rel. 10, 11, 12
LTE-AP
Rel. 13, 14
LTE ??
Rel. 15, ??
3.9 G 4 G 4.5 G 5 G
LTE Mobile Technology Development Timeline
1 Gbps
100 MHz
8 ms
> 3 Gbps
640 MHz
0.6 ms
100 Mbps
20 MHz
20 ms
Marketing
Term

Introducing LTE Advanced Pro
PROPEL MOBILE BROADBAND EVEN FURTHER
1. Carrier Aggregation Evolution:
Wider Bandwidths
2. LTE In Unlicensed Spectrum:
Make the best use of 5 GHz spectrum
3. Ultra-Low Latency:
Faster, More Flexible
4. Many More Antennas:
Path to Massive MIMO
PROLIFERATE LTE TO NEW USE CASES
1. Connect the Internet of Things:
City infrastructure, Object Tracking,
Wearables, Energy Management …
2. New ways to connect and interact:
LTE-Direct, V2X Communications
3. New classes of services:
- Digital TV broadcasting
- Proximal awareness
- Public safety
- Latency-critical control
Rising up to meet the significant expanding connectivity needs of tomorrow

1. Evolving Carrier Aggregation (CA)

2. LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum, aka Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)
 One important aspect of LAA is the fair sharing of
the unlicensed spectrum with other operators
and other systems such as Wi-Fi.
 The LAA node searches and finds a part of the
unlicensed spectrum with low load.
 The LAA node include a listen-before-talk mechanism
 LAA targets operator-deployed small cells (e.g.
shopping malls, etc.) in the 5GHz band.
 A complementary solution to exploit unlicensed
spectrum is Wi-Fi integration.

2. Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)
A primary licensed cell
operating in licensed spectrum
aggregated with a secondary
cell operating in unlicensed
spectrum to opportunistically
boost data rate.
Carries mobility, critical control signaling
and services demanding high QoS.
Unlicensed spectrum carries (parts of)
less demanding QoS traffic.

World’s First Over-the-Air LAA Trial
Outdoor Test Case Example:
 2 LAA/LWA capable eNB (licensed + unlicensed)
 2 Wi-Fi AP (in unlicensed spectrum)
 LAA based on LTE-AP at 10 MHz channel in 2600 MHz licensed
spectrum with 4W transmit power.
 LWA using 802.11ac
Same configuration for LAA and Wi-Fi:
 2x2 downlink MIMO
 20 MHz channel in 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum with 1W
transmit power
 Terminal transmit power 0.2W
 Mobility speed 6-8 mph
Joint effort by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and Deutsche
Telekom AG in Nuremberg, Germany during November 2015

Approx. 2X Coverage Improvement Outdoors
Downlink throughput in unlicensed spectrum for each location on test route.
2 Based on geo-binned measurements over test route

LAA Outperforms Wi-Fi in Challenging Radio Conditions
Performance when it matters
LAA’s performance gains grows with more
challenging radio conditions, providing more
consistent throughput over a larger area.
Increased coverage
Providing same performance at a higher
path loss (further distance) contributes to
LAA’s improved coverage over Wi-Fi.
Higher averaged throughput
In challenging radio conditions LAA offers
significantly higher averaged throughput at
the same distance (same path loss).
2) 25 Mbps LAA vs 10 Mbps Wi-Fi at same path loss. 3) At 10 Mbps downlink speed in 5 GHz

LAA Benefits Everyone Sharing the Same 5 GHz Channel
DownlinkThroughputin5GHz
10.8 Mbps

LAA Benefits Everyone Sharing the Same 5 GHz Channel
DownlinkThroughputin5GHz
16.3 Mbps
10.8 Mbps

3. Ultra-Low Latency Enhancements
Lower latency improves throughput performance, enables better user experience for real-time
applications and support for new delay-sensitive use cases, such as traffic safety/control and
control of critical infrastructure and industry processes.
LTE-Advanced Pro tackles the latency problem by:
a) Instant Uplink Access:
- Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants
- Asynchronous Uplink ACK
b) Evolving FDD/TDD design
- Shortening Transmission-Time Interval
- New self-contained TDD sub-frames
- Dynamic UL/DL configuration
c) Reduced Processing Time
in Terminals and Base Stations

3. Ultra-Low Latency (Instant Uplink Access)
Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants Asynchronous Uplink ACK

3. Ultra-Low Latency (Shortening Transmission-Time Interval)
FDD
Faster
HARQ RTT
 Shortening the TTI by reducing the number of symbols
is the most promising approach when seeking to
maintain backwards compatibility and usability in
existing LTE bands.
 Shorter Time Transmission Interval (TTI), Significantly
lower Round Trip Time (RTT).
 Longer TTI for higher spectral efficiency (SE).
 New FDD design delivers 10x reduction in latency
Today, Over-the air latency based on:
- LTE HARQ RTT = 20ms (based on 14 symbol TTI)
- LTE-A HARQ RTT = 8ms (based on 7 symbol TTI)
- LTE-AP HARQ RTT = 0.6ms (based on 1 symbol TTI)

3. Ultra-Low Latency (New self-contained TDD sub-frames)
New TDD design features:
1. Supports both legacy and new self-
contained sub-frames
2. Significantly lower over-the-air latency (RTT)
3. Faster link adaptation:
e.g. fast SRS for FD-MIMO
4. Retransmission may occur immediately in
the next TDD sub-frame
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS): Signal transmitted
by the UE in the uplink direction; used by the BS to
estimate the uplink channel quality Self-Contained TDD Sub-frame:
UL/DL scheduling info, data and acknowledgement
in the same sub-frame
DL Example

3. Ultra-Low Latency (Adaptive UL/DL Configuration)
New TDD Mode New FDD Mode
DL Band
UL Band
DL Band
UL Band
 Based on traffic conditions, changing UL/DL configurations dynamically will offer more flexible capacity.
 New FDD Adaptive UL/DL Configuration (Proposed in Release 14)
- is suitable for small cell deployments where UE and BS transmission power are more similar
- Requires advanced receivers for superior performance with Interference Cancellation

4. Many More BS Antennas (Path to Massive MIMO)
Release 13: 2D codebook support for 8, 12 and 16 antenna elements with Reference Signal enhancements for BF
Release 14+: Support higher order massive MIMO > 16 antenna elements which is a key enabler for higher
spectrum bands and an evolution towards Massive MIMO (setting the path to 5G)

1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)
The internet of everything (IoE) is bringing a massive surge of smart, connected things

Massive Internet of Everything (IoE)
Wearables / Fitness
Smart Cities
Remote Sensors / Actuators
Optimizing to connect anything, anywhere with efficient, low cost communications
Smart Homes Utility Metering
Object Tracking
Power Efficient
Multi-year battery life
Low Complexity
Low device and network cost
Long Range
Deep coverage

IoE services will transform the way we live and do business with innovative and useful information

 Supporting coexistence of 1.4MHz narrow-band
low-cost MTC devices with current LTE devices.
 Introducing a new lower device transmission-
power class, allowing to integrate baseband and
radio parts same chip (with cost blew 1 USD !! )
 MTC devices operate on half-duplex, single antenna and
data rate limited to 1Mbit/s, which is more power-efficient
than a lower data rate over a longer period of time
 Providing an improvement of 15dB compared with
current FDD networks’ coverage.
 Employing various forms of repetition and power-
boosting techniques.

Devices are no longer just end points but integral parts of the network
2. New Ways to Connect and Interact
Device-to-device (D2D)
discovery and communications
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)
Communications
Relays and multi-hop to
extend coverage

Expanding the LTE Direct Device-to-Device (D2D) platform
Discovery of 1000s of
devices/services in 500m
More flexible discovery such as
restricted/private and inter-frequency
Additional D2D
communication capabilities
Reliable one-to-many communications
(in- and out-of-coverage)
Device-to-network relays
(Designed for Public Safety cases)
Proposed for vehicle-to-
vehicle (V2V) and beyond
Release 12 Release 13 Release 14+

Empowering Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure:
Vehicles send messages to V2X
server via unicast; V2X server uses
LTE Broadcast with enhancements to
broadcast messages to vehicles and
beyond. e.g. road hazard information
Vehicle-to-Vehicle:
Build upon LTE Direct D2D
discovery and communication
design, enhancements for high
speeds/ high Doppler and low
latency e.g. e.g. location, speed
Safety:
Enhances ADAS with 360º
non-line-of-sight awareness
Traffic Efficiency:
Vehicles exchange info with each
other and infrastructure

3. New Classes of Wireless Services
Proximal Awareness:
Expanding upon LTE Direct platform to
discover nearby devices/services
Public Safety:
Leverage the vast LTE ecosystem for
robust public safety communications
Latency-Critical Control:
Utilize reduction in over-the-air latency
for command-and-control applications
Digital TV Broadcasting:
Evolving LTE Broadcast to deliver a
converged TV network

Shared LTE Broadcast For New Media Delivery Models*
Common eMBMS-only carrier
shared across Mobile Operators
Users access content
unbundled from transport
Users can access content even
without operator’s subscription
* Proposed as part of 3GPP Release 14

New LTE Direct Proximal Awareness Services
Event Discovery
of music, sporting, …
Retail Discovery
of merchants, products, …
Social Discovery
of friends, colleagues, …
Loyalty Programs
Personalizing services and offers
Reverse Auctions
Personalizing promotions
Digital Out-of-Home
Personalizing digital signs
Personalized Services
Personalizing experiences, e.g. at a venue
Service Discovery
of restaurants, transportation, ….
Continuous Discovery
of relevant people, products, services, events
Personalized Interactions
with the user’s surroundings and environment
Based on the
users interests/affinities

Public Safety Services
Release 13 provide robust D2D communications by
supporting:
1. Both in-coverage and out-of-coverage discovery.
2. Multicarrier discovery.
3. Relaying solutions to extend coverage for example, to
provide communication to rescue personnel deep
inside buildings.
4. Priorities to handle congested situations by assigning
priorities for different groups of users
In D2D communication, the role of network is to assist
in-device discovery, synchronization and security.
Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk
(MCPTT) Safety Service

Potential New Use Cases with Significantly Lower Latencies
Industrial Automation
(V2X) Communications
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
Sample Use Cases with Millisecond End-to-End Latency < 2ms
Robotics Energy / Smart Grid
Medical

In summary: a Rich Roadmap of LTE Advanced Pro features

Case Study:
Turkey’s Mobile Operators
Evolution towards 4.5 G
These results as measured in shiftdelete.Net office in 4Levent, Istanbul
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/kEWzFNPJbmM

Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
The evolution of Turkey’s mobile operators is considered as LTE-AP because of implementing
the following features:
 4x4 MIMO System
 Active Antenna System (AAU)
 3 CC Carrier Aggregation (CA)
 256 QAM
 Supporting the services:
− VoLTE / ViLTE
− Internet of Everything (IoE)
Active Antenna System offers a wide range of beamforming options

In summary: LTE-Advanced Pro ‘4.5G’ Network
a) Ultra-Low Latency Enhancements (Millisecond End-to-End Latency )
b) Enhancements for IoE, including a new low complexity UE (NB-IoT or eMTC)
9) Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT)
10) Vehicle-to-Everything Communications (V2X)
11) Higher order MIMO systems:
FDD 4T4R / TDD 8T8R or more
12) Advanced antenna features (e.g. 3D Beamforming,
AAU)
13) Superposition coding for enhancement for
downlink multiuser transmission
1) 4 to 32 CC are combined in DL.
2) At least 2 CC are combined in UL.
3) 256 QAM modulation on the DL
4) 64 QAM modulation on the UL
5) Total aggregated bandwidth exceeds 60 MHz
6) License-Assisted Access (LAA) operation
7) Proximity Services (ProSe)
8) Enhancements to indoor positioning
AND at least one of the following features is deployed:
A network is considered as LTE-Advanced Pro “4.5G” when one of the following Enhancements is achieved:

References
[1] http://www.dailysabah.com/technology/2015/08/26/turkeys-45g-mobile-technology-tender-concludes-with-a-record-bid-
of-396-billion
[2] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/2/Huawei-Opened-Massive-Commercial-Use-Era-of-45G
[3] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/5/Huawei-Helps-Turkey-with-45G
[4] White paper: LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE capabilities towards 5G, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[5] White paper: Nokia Active Antenna Systems: A step-change in base station site performance, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[6] Ericsson White paper: LTE release 13, Uen 284 23-8267 | April 2015 ,
[7] Leading the path towards 5G with LTE Advanced Pro January 2016 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
[8] Progress on LAA and its relationship to LTE-U and MulteFire™ Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. February 22, 2016
[9] Mobile technology shares: 2020 forecast, Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA), March 3, 2016.
[10] Global 4.5G Development presented in Turkey 4.5G Industry Summit on May 10, 2016 – Istanbul, Turkey
[11] LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine-Type Communications, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. November 2014

Mohammed Abuibaid
Live & Breathe Wireless

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