The document discusses abrasive jet machining, which uses a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by compressed air or gas to erode material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. It describes the process, components, process parameters like abrasives, carrier gas, and nozzle used. Applications include cutting brittle materials like glass, ceramics, and silicon. Key advantages are cool cutting of heat-sensitive materials and high surface finish quality.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
This presentation contain discription about Fine finishing process of complex shape material which cannot be finished by normal processess. three type of finishing process has been described they are Abrasive flow machining, MAgnetic Abrasive Finishing, Magneto Rheological abrasive finishing.
The abrasive jet can be used to cut any material. Even diamonds have been cut, using diamond dust as the abrasive.
Make all sort of shapes with only one tool.
Virtually no heat is generated in the work piece.
No mechanical stress.
Fast set up.
Non Traditional Machining is playing vital role in now a days in mechanical Industries so student it should be need sound knowledge in this particular subject due to impact of this subject i am prepare in this materials it is most useful for my students...
All The Best ...
By: Author-Prof.S.Sathishkumar
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
3. Abrasive Jet Machining
Abrasive jet machining:
It is a process of material
removal which utilize the
method of impact erosion.
The high velocity abrasive
particles are used for this
purpose.
4. Abrasive Jet Machining
Process:
•A focused stream of abrasive particles, carried by
high pressure air or gas is made to impinge on the
work surface through a control nozzle.
•The high velocity stream of abrasives is generated by
converting pressure energy of carrier gas or air to its
Kinetic energy and hence high velocity jet.
•The high velocity abrasive particles remove the
material by micro-cutting action as well as brittle
fracture of the work material.
6. Abrasive Jet Machining
Physics of the Process:
•This is a process of removal of material by impact
erosion.
• Fine particles (0.025mm) are accelerated in a gas
stream.
• The particle are directed towards the focus of
machining.
• As the particles impact the surface, it causes a micro
fracture, and gas carries fractured particles away.
• Brittle and fragile work better.
8. Abrasive Jet Machining
Abrasives used in Abrasive Jet Machining:
Abrasives Grain Sizes Application
Aluminium
oxide(Al2O3)
12, 20, 50 microns Good for cleaning, cutting
and deburring
Silicon carbide (SiC) 25,40 microns Used for similar application
but for hard material
Glass beads 0.635 to 1.27mm Gives matte finish
Dolomite 200 mesh Etching and polishing
Sodium bi carbonate 27 microns Cleaning, deburring and
cutting of soft material
9. Abrasive Jet Machining
A schematic layout of AJM is shown below. The velocity of the abrasive
stream ejected through the nozzle is generally of the order of 330 m/sec.
10. Abrasive Jet Machining
Process criteria : For successful utilization of AJM process,
it is necessary to analyze the following process criteria.
1. Material removal rate
2. Geometry and surface finish of work piece
3. wear rate of the nozzle
Process parameters: Process criteria are influenced by the
following process parameters as enumerated below:
1. Abrasives
2. Carrier Gas
3. Abrasive Jet
4. Nozzle.
11. Abrasive Jet Machining
(Process parameters)
Abrasives
a) material – Al2O3; SiC;
glass beads.
b) shape – irregular/regular
c) Size – 10 to 50 microns
d) Mass flow – 2-20 gm/min
Carrier Gas
a) Composition – Air, CO2, N2
b) Density – 1.3 kg/m3
c) Velocity - 500 to 700 m/s
d) Pressure - 2 to 10 bar
e) Flow rate - 5 to 30 microns
Abrasive Jet
a) Velocity - 100 to 300 m/s
b) Stand off distance (SOD)–
0.5 to 15mm.
c) Impingement angle –
60 to 90 deg.
Nozzle
a) Material – WC/Sapphire
b) Diameter – 0.2 to 0.8 mm
c) Life – 300 hours for sapphire,
20 to 30 hours for WC
12. Abrasive Jet Machining
Process capability:
1. Material removal rate – 0.015 cm3/min
2. Narrow slots – 0.12 to 0.25mm ± 0.12mm
3 Surface finish -0.25 micron to 1.25 micron
4 Sharp radius up to 0.2mm is possible
5. Steel up to 1.5mm ,Glass up to 6.3mm is possible to
cut
6. Machining of thin sectioned hard and brittle
materials is possible.
13. Abrasive Jet Machining
Applications:
•Used in manufacturing of electronic devices , drilling of
glass wafers, deburring of plastics, making of nylon and
Teflon parts permanent marking on rubber stencils, cutting
titanium foils.
•Engraving registration numbers on toughened glass used for
car windows
•Used for drilling , cutting , deburring etching and polishing
of hard and brittle materials. Most suitable for machining
brittle and heat sensitive materials like glass, quartz, sapphire,
mica, ceramics germanium , silicon and gallium.
14. Abrasive Jet Machining
Advantages:
1. High surface finish can be obtained depending upon the
grain sizes.
2.Depth of damage is low ( around 2.5 microns)
3. It provides cool cutting action, so it can machine delicate
and heat sensitive material.
4.Process is free from chatter and vibration as there is no
contact between the tool and work piece
5.Capital cost is low and it is easy to operate and maintain
AJM.
6.It has the capability of cutting holes of intricate shape in
hard materials.
15. Abrasive Jet Machining
Disadvantages /Limitations:
1. Abrasives may get embedded in the work surface,
especially while machining soft material like elastomers or
soft plastics.
2. The accuracy of cutting is hampered by tapering of hole
due to unavoidable flaring of abrasive jet.
3. Stray cutting is difficult to avoid.
4. Nozzle life is limited (300 hours).
5. Abrasive powders cannot be reused as the sharp edges are
worn and smaller particles can clog the nozzle.
16. Abrasive Jet Machining
Effect of abrasive flow rate and grain size on material
removal rate:
•MRR increase with increase of abrasive flow rate and is
influenced by size of abrasive particles. But after reaching
optimum value, MRR decreases with further increase of
abrasive flow rate.
•This is owing to the fact that Mass flow rate of gas decreases
with increase of abrasive flow rate and hence mixing ratio
increases causing a decrease in material removal rate because
of decreasing energy available for erosion.
18. Abrasive Jet Machining
Effect of Mixing ratio on material removal rate(MRR):
•Increased mass flow rate of abrasive will result in a
decreased velocity of fluid and there by decreases the
available energy for erosion and ultimately the MRR.
•Mixing ratio = volume flow rate
of abrasive particle/volume flow
Rate of carrier gas.
•The material removal rate can
be improved by increasing the
abrasive flow rate provided the
mixing ratio can be kept constant.
19. Abrasive Jet Machining
Stand off distance is defined as the distance between the face
of the nozzle and the work surface of the work.
•SOD has been found
to have considerable
effect on the work
material and accuracy.
• A large SOD results
in flaring of jet which
leads to poor accuracy.
