Language variation2003
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This document discusses several key linguistic concepts: 1) Internal variation refers to different ways of expressing the same meaning within a language like "lorry-truck" or "underground-subway". 2) A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a group that has systematic differences in structure or vocabulary compared to other varieties. 3) An idiolect is the unique variety of language used by an individual based on their personal vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciations.
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2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in society and how social factors such as culture, power, and identity influence language use. Researchers collect examples of natural language usage and study how different social groups use language, including differences in dialects, accents, and vocabulary. Sociolinguists also examine how standard languages are established and how attitudes toward language varieties can impact their form and influence.
What is sociolinguistics,
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic class influence language. It examines how language differs between social groups and how these differences can categorize individuals. Sociolinguists study how grammar, vocabulary, and other language aspects vary depending on social context, in contrast to dialectology which focuses on language's effect on society. Key concepts in sociolinguistics include speech communities, prestige varieties, social networks, and differences in language according to class, age, gender, geography, and politeness.
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Language and Regional Variations by Yule
There are three main points made in the document:
1. Variation in language reflects social identity, as ways of speaking are associated with social groups and attitudes. People's language use can indicate their socioeconomic class, ethnicity, gender, age, and other social factors.
2. Every person has their own idiolect made up of the languages and dialects they command, and they code-switch between styles depending on the social situation or context.
3. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language but natural linguistic variations, and studying dialects can provide insights into how languages diverge regionally without any variety being inherently better than others.
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This document discusses language variation and dialects. It defines language varieties as forms of language that change based on social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation. A dialect is a language variety spoken by a speech community that is distinguished by systematic phonological, lexical and grammatical features from other varieties of the same language. An idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual speaker. Dialects can be regional, based on geographical area, temporal based on historical stage, or social/sociolects based on social class. Factors like social situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity can contribute to language variation. All languages have dialects and everyone speaks at least one
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Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) is used for formal situations and learning, while the low variety (L) is used for daily communication. Examples include Classical Arabic vs. colloquial Arabic, and Standard German vs. Swiss German.
Bilingualism is the ability to use two languages. Broad definitions include anyone who uses two languages in their life, while narrow definitions require native-like ability. Types of bilingualism include coordinate (fluent in both), subordinate (fluent in one), and incipient (partial understanding of second language).
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Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "I ain't got no money", and use of "ain't" as a general negative indicator. It is an established language variety, not a defect, that is rule-governed like all languages.
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
African american vernacular english
African American Vernacular English is a systematic dialect of English that originated from the Southern United States and spread north with the Great Migration of African Americans in the early 20th century. It developed from English spoken by slaves and includes unique grammatical patterns and vocabulary compared to Standard English. Examples of features include using "be" without subject-verb agreement, double negatives like "ain't got no money", and zero copula as in "she the first one started us off".
Caribbean
Caribbean English refers to the dialects of English spoken in the Caribbean region and parts of Central America. These dialects developed from 17th century English and African languages and show influence from Creole varieties. They vary significantly between countries but share some common features like different pronoun forms and dropping or stopping of initial 'h' sounds in words. Accents range from non-rhotic to rhotic and can be influenced by Irish, Welsh or Spanish as well as indigenous languages.
Chicano english
Chicano English is a dialect of American English influenced by Spanish. It is used by Mexican Americans and has some phonological, morphological, and syntactic features that differ from other English varieties, such as devoicing of consonants, stress on prefixes, use of Spanish vocabulary, omission of verbs like "to be", and multiple negation. It developed as children acquired English in ethnic social settings while their first language was being acquired.
South africa
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic characteristics of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can also vary depending on factors like education, location, and influence from other languages.
- The main influences on South African English vocabulary are reported to be from Dutch/Afrikaans (50%), English (30%), African languages (10%), and other languages (10%).
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city which brought an influx of Irish and Welsh immigrants. Their languages influenced the local accent, introducing pronunciations like tapping 'r' sounds and merging the 'u' and 'a' vowel sounds. The Scouse accent is also known for its rising and falling tones and unique vocabulary from Irish and Welsh words.
South africa
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city which brought influence from Irish and Welsh immigrants. Key features of the Scouse accent include pronouncing 'h' as 'haych', using 'youse/yous/use' for 'you', and pronouncing 'k' and 't' sounds differently than in Received Pronunciation. The Scouse accent also merged the 'NURSE' and 'SQUARE' vowel sounds.
South africa
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.
South africa
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.
Texan accent
Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. with an area of almost 270,000 square miles and a population of 24.7 million residents. The passage describes several linguistic features of Southern American English dialects, including vowel changes, dropping or changing consonants, use of past participles instead of past simple verbs, double modals, and distinctive greetings and words. It provides an example script of an interview with a woman from Amarillo, Texas who discusses her family and background.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city with influences from Irish and Welsh immigrants. Key features include pronouncing "h" as "haych", using "youse" for the second person plural, and pronouncing "k" and "t" sounds differently than in Received Pronunciation. The Scouse accent also merged the "NURSE" and "SQUARE" vowel sounds.
Welsh english accent.2003
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.
Scouse
The Scouse accent originated from Liverpool's position as a major port city which brought an influx of Irish and Welsh immigrants. Their languages influenced the local accent, introducing pronunciations like tapping 'r' sounds and merging the 'u' and 'ir' vowel sounds. The Scouse accent is also known for its rising and falling tones and unique vocabulary from Irish and Welsh words.
Welsh english accent.2003
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.
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Language variation2003
- 13. 田中 : こんにちは。 木村 : こんにちは。 田中 : 木村さん、こちらは私の友達です。 山田ひろ子さんです。