This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Hi. This is Marvin Morales, i hope this slide will help you in your studies in as an Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. i just want to share.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Hi. This is Marvin Morales, i hope this slide will help you in your studies in as an Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. i just want to share.
Xm achhi h k tu meri galti hai kya ji pagaliya ho gya h to kya kar rahi ho kya baat hai bhai bahut din m nhi hai kya mere pass nhi hai jo poochh rahe hai tab se chen nhi h to
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
2. • We are going to talk about properties of
grammars
• When we talk about grammar (and language);
a key distinction:
Prescriptive Grammar
Vs.
Descriptive Grammar
Bear in mind from the beginning the idea
that any given “language” has many dialects.
3. Prescriptive Grammar
• Rules of “good” or “proper” usage, which
dictate what is “good grammar” and what is
“bad grammar”
Example:
(1)She doesn’t know him.
(2)She don’t know him.
Example (1) is supposed to be “good”, while (2)
is supposed to be “bad”
4. Why?
• The basic problem with She don’t know him: it is not
part of standard English. But it is part of some
varieties/dialects of English
• Is there a logic to this judgment? Technically, what
the example shows is the absence of 3rd person
singular agreement -s
• Agreement morphemes on a verb mark who the
subject of the verb is (in some languages…)
• Is the absence of agreement somehow bad or
illogical?
5. Agreement…
• Consider modal verbs like can, would, etc.
in standard English:
Yes: No:
1) I can I can
2) You can You can
3) He/she/it can *He/she/it cans
So absence of agreement is not inherently “bad”. English has very
little agreement compared to some languages, but more than
e.g. Swedish or Chinese, which have no agreement on the
verb.
• There’s nothing inherently better or worse about the
“standard” variant
6. Descriptive Grammar
• What native speakers know (tacitly) about their
language. We have to distinguish between different
variants of one language, versus things that are
impossible in all varieties
• Example:
– Grammatical according to style/register, dialect
• I didn’t see anybody.
• I didn’t see nobody.
– Ungrammatical
• *I did anybodyn’t see.
• *See did nobody I not.
7. Descriptive Grammar, cont.
• Descriptive grammar is the objective study of what
speakers actually know. It does not presume to tell
them how to use their language (faculty).
• One can objectively study dialects or registers of a
language that are not the ‘standard’ or most socially
accepted variety
• All of these varieties are equally complex as far as
the scientific study of language is concerned
• In order to focus on descriptive grammar later, we will
examine aspects of prescriptive grammar now
8. Varieties of Prescriptive
Grammar
• The rules set out by prescriptive grammar
have kind of a mixed character:
– Standard (written) style:
• Use 3rd person -s
• No double negatives; etc.
– Cases in which people differ:
• Who/whom did you see at the park?
• The data are/is interesting.
9. Varieties of Prescriptive
Grammar, cont.
– Changes that are resisted by some speakers:
• Between you and I
• Me and John saw that.
– Inventions of so-called experts, or grammarians
• Don’t split infinitives
• Don’t strand prepositions
• Use I shall and you will
10. Historical Reasoning
• Why should English be like it used to be? All
languages change… Where would we stop?
• Should we say (Chaucer quote):
– He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde.
he never yet no villainy not said
Roughly: ‘He never used rough language’
– In addition to being almost incomprehensible, it
shows double (triple even) negation, like I didn’t
see nobody; which we’re not supposed to say,
according to the prescriptivists.
11. Example: other languages
• E.g. ‘no split infinitives”:
– Ok: to go boldly
– Supposedly bad: to boldly go
– Why? Latin infinitives are one word: e.g. amare ‘to love’. This
couldn’t be split by another word.
• Why make English like Latin? Consider:
– wehLla’-te. This means ‘I’ll have (a rope) there’ in the
language Hupa (related to Navajo, spoken in CA)
– Why not make English look like this? Or any other language
for that matter? Linguistically speaking, this is the same type
of thing; but clearly it doesn’t make sense.
12. Dubious appeals to ‘Logic’
• Is the standard always ‘more logical’? Consider reflexive
pronouns like ‘myself’:
Reflexive Possessive
St. myself my car
yourself your car
himself his car
herself her car
Non-St.myself my car
yourself your car
hisself his car
herself her car
--> In the non-standard variety, the reflexive form is always
the same as the possessive; this is more systematic than the
standard, where this is true in only three of the four cases
above.
13. Interim Conclusions
• The scientific study of language provides a
theory of the structures found in the
descriptive grammar of human language
• Prescriptive grammar has no place in this
enterprise
• Throughout the course, our discussions of
grammar will refer to the descriptive sense
14. What this does not mean
• We are not saying that there is no such thing
as unhelpful, uninformative, ambiguous, or
difficult language; e.g.
– Uninformative:
• Q: What have you been doing lately?
• A: Stuff.
– Difficult (for memory reasons)
• The rat the cat the dog bit chased ate the cheese.
– Compare:
» The rat the cat chased ate the cheese; or
» This is the dog that bit the cat that chased the rat that
ate the cheese
15. It also doesn’t mean that…
• We are not saying that ‘anything goes’ in any
context. It is also the case that some things
are more appropriate in some contexts than
in others:
– E.g. starting a term paper with “inappropriate”
words or phrases
– Telling a friend on the phone that “An
acquaintance with whom I spoke earlier alluded to
similar possibilities at an earlier juncture.”
• But:These are points about (social) acceptability, not
grammaticality in the sense of being derived by one’s
linguistic competence.