Language contact between Lambadi and Telugu in Telangana region has been in effect since before independence. Generations of contact has resulted in bilingualism of various degrees among them. This bilingualism has produced variation in the use of Lambadi language with respect to psychological, social and cultural factors further under the influence of urbanization and globalization. Part of a series of research, addressed to analyze the synchronic effects seen as a consequence of the contact of lambada with a dominant language (culturally and in numbers), this paper aims to state and consolidate all factors influencing the language maintenance and shift among Lambada speakers. Under such circumstances, an analysis of language choice under the influence of factors ranging from situation, topic, domain, role, media as theorized by Fishman(1965) are applicable with furthermore additions resulting from Lambadi being an oral language. Language contact and choice, of two languages with scripts has to be viewed in a different perspective than the contact between an orally passed down language and a language with script. Media variance tips the needle towards the scripted language for all governmental and technical purposes and thus eliminates the resistance to shift from mother tongue which is otherwise universally seen. Similar differences have been studied and an effort to give a construct more suitable to the multilingual contact study of the case under study has been done in this paper.
India, as well-known to all, is the home of diversity; linguistic, cultural, religious, and social diversity. All these aspects are interwoven together making India a vibrant nation promoting the impeccable idea of "unity in diversity". As a multilingual nation, the study of language contact, where hundreds of different languages are in a constant negotiation, provides an appropriate zone for investigating the language interaction and the sociolinguistic consequences resulting from such process. This paper casts the light on the Kurukh’s contact with Hindi and Sadri, being the languages spoken in the area under scrutiny, tracing the sociolinguistic consequences of this interaction through studying a sample of these tribes residing in Mandar area. It also seeks to find out the sociolinguistic status quo of Kurukh and its status among its speakers through considering the contexts and situations in which both Hindi and Kurukh are used. It has been reported that Hindi, Sadri, and Kurukh are used exchangeably in a complementary distribution. Kurukh is spoken in some certain domains; at home, talking with friends of the same speech community, and in-group occasions when they come together to celebrate their religious festivals or any other social occasions whereas Hindi and Sadri are used for conversing with people of other speech communities or when they are in the presence of out-group people. On the other hand, the children receive their education in Hindi-medium schools and some of them in that of English-medium. In the school context, the students of Kurukh background avoid using their mother tongue even when they talk to each other lest to be mocked at or stigmatized by their friends and classmates who do not understand their language. This linguistic behavior of the young generation puts the Kurukh language at stake and jeopardizes the linguistic identity of its speakers as the time goes by.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
Language and culture have a close relationship. Language allows culture to be transmitted between generations and helps establish communities through shared identities. While culture can influence the structure and vocabulary of a language, language also shapes thought and perceptions of reality according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages categorize concepts like time, kinship, colors and animals in distinct ways according to their cultures. The document provides examples of how vocabulary and meanings of words vary between cultures and languages.
This document discusses language, culture and identity. It defines culture and lists some cultural parameters like individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, time orientation and tightness. It discusses stereotypes and how language shapes thought and frames our conceptual universe. It also discusses communities of practice, identity and language learning, linguistic relativity, acculturation, culture shock, social distance, attitudes, ideology, language policy, English as a lingua franca, linguistic imperialism and teaching intercultural competence.
1) The document discusses how classroom cultures are influenced by both micro and macro social contexts. It examines how national culture, institutional culture, and classroom culture can shape student behavior and influence the effectiveness of different teaching methodologies.
2) Two perspectives are presented on the role of national culture - that it can either inhibit collaborative learning ideals or that local cultural norms should take precedence over foreign teaching methods. The document advocates considering smaller cultural influences as well.
3) Non-pedagogical factors like student interactions, identities, coping strategies, and power dynamics also impact classroom cultures in ways unrelated to lesson content. Appropriate teaching methods require understanding these complex social influences.
What is Sociolinguistics - Introduction to Sociolinguistics in Urdu & Hindi -...Usama Tahir
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social and cultural factors influence language and linguistic behavior. It examines how aspects like race, social class, gender, and age can be judged based on one's language use, dialect, or word choice. Sociolinguistics analyzes language as a social activity and studies topics of language standardization, language change over time, the relationship between speakers and listeners, and the power dynamics conveyed through language. It also encompasses the study of bilingualism/multilingualism, dialects, language evolution, and the development of pidgins and creoles.
An analysis of cultural contents ... work-in-progress-seminariwanmunandar2014
This document outlines a study that will analyze the cultural content in Indonesian senior high school English language textbooks from an intercultural perspective. It discusses the rationale for examining culture in language education and how textbooks can help develop students' intercultural awareness. The study aims to describe the cultural information included, how it is integrated and represented, and the extent to which the textbooks facilitate intercultural awareness. It will use qualitative methods to analyze six textbooks, addressing limitations and significance. A literature review covers context, culture learning approaches, textbook evaluation models, and factors in intercultural communication.
India, as well-known to all, is the home of diversity; linguistic, cultural, religious, and social diversity. All these aspects are interwoven together making India a vibrant nation promoting the impeccable idea of "unity in diversity". As a multilingual nation, the study of language contact, where hundreds of different languages are in a constant negotiation, provides an appropriate zone for investigating the language interaction and the sociolinguistic consequences resulting from such process. This paper casts the light on the Kurukh’s contact with Hindi and Sadri, being the languages spoken in the area under scrutiny, tracing the sociolinguistic consequences of this interaction through studying a sample of these tribes residing in Mandar area. It also seeks to find out the sociolinguistic status quo of Kurukh and its status among its speakers through considering the contexts and situations in which both Hindi and Kurukh are used. It has been reported that Hindi, Sadri, and Kurukh are used exchangeably in a complementary distribution. Kurukh is spoken in some certain domains; at home, talking with friends of the same speech community, and in-group occasions when they come together to celebrate their religious festivals or any other social occasions whereas Hindi and Sadri are used for conversing with people of other speech communities or when they are in the presence of out-group people. On the other hand, the children receive their education in Hindi-medium schools and some of them in that of English-medium. In the school context, the students of Kurukh background avoid using their mother tongue even when they talk to each other lest to be mocked at or stigmatized by their friends and classmates who do not understand their language. This linguistic behavior of the young generation puts the Kurukh language at stake and jeopardizes the linguistic identity of its speakers as the time goes by.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
Language and culture have a close relationship. Language allows culture to be transmitted between generations and helps establish communities through shared identities. While culture can influence the structure and vocabulary of a language, language also shapes thought and perceptions of reality according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages categorize concepts like time, kinship, colors and animals in distinct ways according to their cultures. The document provides examples of how vocabulary and meanings of words vary between cultures and languages.
This document discusses language, culture and identity. It defines culture and lists some cultural parameters like individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, time orientation and tightness. It discusses stereotypes and how language shapes thought and frames our conceptual universe. It also discusses communities of practice, identity and language learning, linguistic relativity, acculturation, culture shock, social distance, attitudes, ideology, language policy, English as a lingua franca, linguistic imperialism and teaching intercultural competence.
1) The document discusses how classroom cultures are influenced by both micro and macro social contexts. It examines how national culture, institutional culture, and classroom culture can shape student behavior and influence the effectiveness of different teaching methodologies.
2) Two perspectives are presented on the role of national culture - that it can either inhibit collaborative learning ideals or that local cultural norms should take precedence over foreign teaching methods. The document advocates considering smaller cultural influences as well.
3) Non-pedagogical factors like student interactions, identities, coping strategies, and power dynamics also impact classroom cultures in ways unrelated to lesson content. Appropriate teaching methods require understanding these complex social influences.
What is Sociolinguistics - Introduction to Sociolinguistics in Urdu & Hindi -...Usama Tahir
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social and cultural factors influence language and linguistic behavior. It examines how aspects like race, social class, gender, and age can be judged based on one's language use, dialect, or word choice. Sociolinguistics analyzes language as a social activity and studies topics of language standardization, language change over time, the relationship between speakers and listeners, and the power dynamics conveyed through language. It also encompasses the study of bilingualism/multilingualism, dialects, language evolution, and the development of pidgins and creoles.
An analysis of cultural contents ... work-in-progress-seminariwanmunandar2014
This document outlines a study that will analyze the cultural content in Indonesian senior high school English language textbooks from an intercultural perspective. It discusses the rationale for examining culture in language education and how textbooks can help develop students' intercultural awareness. The study aims to describe the cultural information included, how it is integrated and represented, and the extent to which the textbooks facilitate intercultural awareness. It will use qualitative methods to analyze six textbooks, addressing limitations and significance. A literature review covers context, culture learning approaches, textbook evaluation models, and factors in intercultural communication.
The document discusses translingual education as a phenomenon, methodology, and ideology that can promote social justice and educational renewal. It provides examples of how translingualism was observed in the linguistic landscape of Harrison, NJ and describes two classroom activities incorporating students' native languages that demonstrate a translingual methodology for teaching English. The presentation argues that translingual education moves beyond monolingual and multilingual approaches by viewing languages and literacies as fluid and dynamic.
This document discusses context and culture in communication. It defines context as factors outside a communication that are relevant to its interpretation, such as situation, cultural knowledge, and relationships between speakers. Discourse analysis studies how language is perceived as meaningful based on context. Culture includes conventions, values and beliefs behind communication. Cross-cultural communication occurs between different communities and affects fields like translation, where understanding context and culture is important for conveying accurate meaning. Teaching language and culture can also differ based on the language and ideologies involved.
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters in a sociolinguistics textbook. It discusses what sociolinguists study, including how social factors influence language varieties. It also covers multilingual speech communities and concepts like diglossia, code-switching and language shift. Language maintenance and revival are discussed, along with linguistic varieties in multilingual nations. National languages and language planning are also summarized.
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and thought. It makes three key points:
1. Culture can be defined as the knowledge that is learned from other people, either through direct instruction or observation. Since language is learned from others, it is closely connected to culture.
2. Concepts and meanings that underlie language are based on a person's general knowledge and concepts. Understanding language relies on shared knowledge between speakers and listeners.
3. Some concepts and categories may be organized differently in different languages due to cultural differences. While core meanings of words are often shared across languages and cultures, there can be variation, especially in more peripheral concepts. Prototypes provide a framework for analyzing these differences
This document discusses a study on how intercultural competence affects the translation process of English students at Tridinanti University in Palembang, Indonesia. The study analyzed translations done by fourth semester English students with different cultural backgrounds. It found that while the students had diverse cultures, they demonstrated the same ability to translate the target language well by considering its cultural context. Most translations showed good word choice, correct grammar and syntax, and could be understood by readers. The document provides background on intercultural communication, translation, and the relationship between language, culture and translation competence.
This document summarizes a presentation on translingualism given at TESOL 2013. It defines translingualism as languages and literacies developing dynamically between each other as people move between borders and cultural identities. Translingualism can be viewed as a new phenomenon of study, an ideology, or methodology. Examples are given of translingual practices like linguistic landscape projects, multilingual word walls, and using heritage languages in assignments. The presentation argues for conceptualizing language learning as fluid rather than bounded and emphasizes drawing on students' diverse experiences to teach content areas through culturally relevant practices.
This document discusses language policy and multilingualism. It provides examples of official language policies in different countries and regions that aim to establish the status and use of particular languages in government, education and public services. It also discusses unofficial language policies and how language ideologies and practices shape overt policies. Experts define language policy differently, with some seeing it as both official plans and unofficial practices, while others see it as existing between official ideology and everyday practices.
English language teaching- "Sociolinguistic"Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on English language teaching and my topic is “Sociolinguistics’ It is a part of my Academic activity.
Language is the primary system of human communication. It allows people to express thoughts, emotions, and ideas across cultures through a set of symbols and rules. An effective language must meet several key criteria, including having symbols to represent concepts, rules to structure symbols into understandable messages, and a community of users. The document outlines several characteristics that define human language, such as its arbitrary nature, role as a social phenomenon, and ability to constantly generate new expressions. It also describes some fundamental building blocks of language, including phonemes, morphemes, and grammar.
This document discusses multilingualism from several perspectives. It begins by defining multilingualism and multilingual speakers. It then discusses what constitutes a multilingual person, including simultaneous and successive acquisition of languages. The document contrasts individual versus societal multilingualism and compares compound and coordinate bilingual speakers. It also addresses models for native language literacy programs and categories of bilingualism such as early versus late and additive versus subtractive. The document concludes by discussing multilingualism within communities in terms of diglossia, ambilingualism and bipart-lingualism.
The document provides an introduction to language planning, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. It discusses how language planning aims to influence the status and internal structure of languages. Status planning involves changing a language's social role while corpus planning develops aspects like standardization, modernization, and codification. Examples of language planning include France establishing French as the sole official language and Ethiopia's literacy campaigns.
This document discusses the key concepts and methods of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication. It defines key terms like speech community, communicative competence, and units of analysis. It explains that the ethnography of communication analyzes patterns of language use in social contexts through observation and participation. Findings can help teachers understand cultural differences in communication and build bridges between home and school contexts.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It describes the concept of variety codes, which refers to the different linguistic codes a person has and uses depending on the social context or domain of interaction. Domains include factors like the addressee, setting, topic, and function. Code choice is also influenced by other social factors like social distance, status relationship, and formality. The document then discusses concepts like diglossia, where two varieties of the same language are used depending on social context, and polyglossia, where three or more language varieties are present in a community. It also addresses how stable diglossia can be, with high varieties sometimes being displaced by low varieties over time. Finally, it covers the
Using a theoretical concept by combining linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism – the
structure of our language; a set of specific selected words influence man’s perception of the world and language
use determines thought and action, data was collected and analysed qualitatively. The aim of the paper is to
illustrate the pertinence of culture in language use and actions with emphasis to explore the contextual symbolic
meanings of specific words in Africa nation states’ quest for peace. Specifically, in this paper we examine
carefully selected and uttered lexis and their significant meanings in Cameroon, South Africa and Uganda. The
results of the study confirmed that words have unique significance in relation to the culture, history and identity
of a particular African people. Words used in the Cameroon context, ‘all is well’, are mostly words of hope and
assurance in a war-free nation. The interpretation of some words, ‘Rhodes must fall’, generate disputes and
lead to violent actions in the search for peaceful and prosperous co-existence in an apartheid ridden country
like South Africa. Certain words of greetings, ‘you still exist’, though a total recall of pain and torture in a
period of turbulence and massacre in Uganda, portray gratitude and delightedness among citizens.
This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview and cognition. It describes studies showing how the categories used in a language to describe colors can influence color perception.
2. The text also introduces the concepts of "etic" and "emic" categories used in anthropology. Etic categories describe objective reality while emic categories reflect a culture's subjective perceptions based on its language and beliefs.
3. Finally, it discusses how semiotics studies how signs and their relationships construct meaning. Differences in how languages use signs can lead to divergent interpretations between cultures.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of language. It contrasts the view of language in linguistics with more everyday understandings. In linguistics, language is studied through examining its universal properties, using both natural languages like English as well as artificial example languages. These artificial languages demonstrate properties like vocabulary, syntax and semantics. However, they lack meaningful relationships to the real world. Natural languages relate symbols to the world through truth conditions and can be used to make statements that are true or false. The document introduces the sociolinguistic perspective, which studies language use in its social contexts.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.
The document discusses the relationship between language, thought, and culture. It explores the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which claims that the language we speak shapes how we think. The document examines the work of Sapir and Whorf, who argued that different languages lead to different worldviews. As evidence, it analyzes Whorf's study of the Hopi language and his claim that it conveyed a different concept of time than English. While the strong version of linguistic determinism has been debunked, evidence suggests there may be weaker "Whorfian effects," where language predisposes certain ways of thinking.
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
The document discusses translingual education as a phenomenon, methodology, and ideology that can promote social justice and educational renewal. It provides examples of how translingualism was observed in the linguistic landscape of Harrison, NJ and describes two classroom activities incorporating students' native languages that demonstrate a translingual methodology for teaching English. The presentation argues that translingual education moves beyond monolingual and multilingual approaches by viewing languages and literacies as fluid and dynamic.
This document discusses context and culture in communication. It defines context as factors outside a communication that are relevant to its interpretation, such as situation, cultural knowledge, and relationships between speakers. Discourse analysis studies how language is perceived as meaningful based on context. Culture includes conventions, values and beliefs behind communication. Cross-cultural communication occurs between different communities and affects fields like translation, where understanding context and culture is important for conveying accurate meaning. Teaching language and culture can also differ based on the language and ideologies involved.
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters in a sociolinguistics textbook. It discusses what sociolinguists study, including how social factors influence language varieties. It also covers multilingual speech communities and concepts like diglossia, code-switching and language shift. Language maintenance and revival are discussed, along with linguistic varieties in multilingual nations. National languages and language planning are also summarized.
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and thought. It makes three key points:
1. Culture can be defined as the knowledge that is learned from other people, either through direct instruction or observation. Since language is learned from others, it is closely connected to culture.
2. Concepts and meanings that underlie language are based on a person's general knowledge and concepts. Understanding language relies on shared knowledge between speakers and listeners.
3. Some concepts and categories may be organized differently in different languages due to cultural differences. While core meanings of words are often shared across languages and cultures, there can be variation, especially in more peripheral concepts. Prototypes provide a framework for analyzing these differences
This document discusses a study on how intercultural competence affects the translation process of English students at Tridinanti University in Palembang, Indonesia. The study analyzed translations done by fourth semester English students with different cultural backgrounds. It found that while the students had diverse cultures, they demonstrated the same ability to translate the target language well by considering its cultural context. Most translations showed good word choice, correct grammar and syntax, and could be understood by readers. The document provides background on intercultural communication, translation, and the relationship between language, culture and translation competence.
This document summarizes a presentation on translingualism given at TESOL 2013. It defines translingualism as languages and literacies developing dynamically between each other as people move between borders and cultural identities. Translingualism can be viewed as a new phenomenon of study, an ideology, or methodology. Examples are given of translingual practices like linguistic landscape projects, multilingual word walls, and using heritage languages in assignments. The presentation argues for conceptualizing language learning as fluid rather than bounded and emphasizes drawing on students' diverse experiences to teach content areas through culturally relevant practices.
This document discusses language policy and multilingualism. It provides examples of official language policies in different countries and regions that aim to establish the status and use of particular languages in government, education and public services. It also discusses unofficial language policies and how language ideologies and practices shape overt policies. Experts define language policy differently, with some seeing it as both official plans and unofficial practices, while others see it as existing between official ideology and everyday practices.
English language teaching- "Sociolinguistic"Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on English language teaching and my topic is “Sociolinguistics’ It is a part of my Academic activity.
Language is the primary system of human communication. It allows people to express thoughts, emotions, and ideas across cultures through a set of symbols and rules. An effective language must meet several key criteria, including having symbols to represent concepts, rules to structure symbols into understandable messages, and a community of users. The document outlines several characteristics that define human language, such as its arbitrary nature, role as a social phenomenon, and ability to constantly generate new expressions. It also describes some fundamental building blocks of language, including phonemes, morphemes, and grammar.
This document discusses multilingualism from several perspectives. It begins by defining multilingualism and multilingual speakers. It then discusses what constitutes a multilingual person, including simultaneous and successive acquisition of languages. The document contrasts individual versus societal multilingualism and compares compound and coordinate bilingual speakers. It also addresses models for native language literacy programs and categories of bilingualism such as early versus late and additive versus subtractive. The document concludes by discussing multilingualism within communities in terms of diglossia, ambilingualism and bipart-lingualism.
The document provides an introduction to language planning, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. It discusses how language planning aims to influence the status and internal structure of languages. Status planning involves changing a language's social role while corpus planning develops aspects like standardization, modernization, and codification. Examples of language planning include France establishing French as the sole official language and Ethiopia's literacy campaigns.
This document discusses the key concepts and methods of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication. It defines key terms like speech community, communicative competence, and units of analysis. It explains that the ethnography of communication analyzes patterns of language use in social contexts through observation and participation. Findings can help teachers understand cultural differences in communication and build bridges between home and school contexts.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It describes the concept of variety codes, which refers to the different linguistic codes a person has and uses depending on the social context or domain of interaction. Domains include factors like the addressee, setting, topic, and function. Code choice is also influenced by other social factors like social distance, status relationship, and formality. The document then discusses concepts like diglossia, where two varieties of the same language are used depending on social context, and polyglossia, where three or more language varieties are present in a community. It also addresses how stable diglossia can be, with high varieties sometimes being displaced by low varieties over time. Finally, it covers the
Using a theoretical concept by combining linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism – the
structure of our language; a set of specific selected words influence man’s perception of the world and language
use determines thought and action, data was collected and analysed qualitatively. The aim of the paper is to
illustrate the pertinence of culture in language use and actions with emphasis to explore the contextual symbolic
meanings of specific words in Africa nation states’ quest for peace. Specifically, in this paper we examine
carefully selected and uttered lexis and their significant meanings in Cameroon, South Africa and Uganda. The
results of the study confirmed that words have unique significance in relation to the culture, history and identity
of a particular African people. Words used in the Cameroon context, ‘all is well’, are mostly words of hope and
assurance in a war-free nation. The interpretation of some words, ‘Rhodes must fall’, generate disputes and
lead to violent actions in the search for peaceful and prosperous co-existence in an apartheid ridden country
like South Africa. Certain words of greetings, ‘you still exist’, though a total recall of pain and torture in a
period of turbulence and massacre in Uganda, portray gratitude and delightedness among citizens.
This document discusses the topic of sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of language use in society and how language interacts with and helps shape social structures. The document outlines three subcategories of sociolinguistic study: micro-sociolinguistics, macro-sociolinguistics, and three areas of sociolinguistic research - language variation, language contact, and linguistic relativity. It provides examples of research within these areas and discusses implications for language teaching.
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview and cognition. It describes studies showing how the categories used in a language to describe colors can influence color perception.
2. The text also introduces the concepts of "etic" and "emic" categories used in anthropology. Etic categories describe objective reality while emic categories reflect a culture's subjective perceptions based on its language and beliefs.
3. Finally, it discusses how semiotics studies how signs and their relationships construct meaning. Differences in how languages use signs can lead to divergent interpretations between cultures.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of language. It contrasts the view of language in linguistics with more everyday understandings. In linguistics, language is studied through examining its universal properties, using both natural languages like English as well as artificial example languages. These artificial languages demonstrate properties like vocabulary, syntax and semantics. However, they lack meaningful relationships to the real world. Natural languages relate symbols to the world through truth conditions and can be used to make statements that are true or false. The document introduces the sociolinguistic perspective, which studies language use in its social contexts.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.
The document discusses the relationship between language, thought, and culture. It explores the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which claims that the language we speak shapes how we think. The document examines the work of Sapir and Whorf, who argued that different languages lead to different worldviews. As evidence, it analyzes Whorf's study of the Hopi language and his claim that it conveyed a different concept of time than English. While the strong version of linguistic determinism has been debunked, evidence suggests there may be weaker "Whorfian effects," where language predisposes certain ways of thinking.
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
Analysis of the Implementation of the Project of Revitalization of Health Hut...inventionjournals
USAID through its implementing agencyAfricare, committed since 2006 to support the health district Goudomp in improving the services offered at the health huts especially in the fight against malnutrition, diarrhea, malaria and acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children aged 0 to 5 years. The general objective of this study is to analyze the USAID Community Health program implementation at the boxes in the Health District of Goudomp.A cross-sectional study with a survey of knowledge and practices of mothers or guardians of children from 0 to 59 months and an assessment on the quality of services in health huts of the areas targeted by the project was conducted from 2 to 5 May 2009 at the health district of Goudomp. The home delivery rate is 48.5% among persons surveyed and 18.7% gave birth in the Health Hut. On assistance to childbirth 26.4% of the women surveyed were assisted by a midwife or a community health worker. 80.3% of children were weighed every month for the last 3 months preceding the survey.The ARI care for children took place in more than 1/3 of cases (36.5%) at the health hut against 31.8% at the stations or health center. 1/3 fevers were also treated at the health huts.In terms of the cleanliness of the yard and premises, additional efforts must be made because 13 of the 19 huts visited were found fit contrary to the basic survey where 20 of the 23 huts visited were found fit. It is also the prevention of infections which is very low as practiced by 8 of the 19 huts visited. The implementation of strategies involving associations such as groupings of promoting women and youth groups should be preferred in order to allow greater involvement of the population. The success of this project will undoubtedly improve the reduction of maternal and child mortality in the health district of Goudomp.
Este documento resume las principales plataformas para compartir archivos de imagen, redes sociales y documentos. Describe formatos de imágenes como PNG, JPEG y GIF, así como redes sociales horizontales y verticales. También explica plataformas populares para compartir archivos como Google Drive, Dropbox y Cubby que ofrecen almacenamiento en la nube y sincronización de archivos.
A collection of artists and work from MacFineArt Gallery in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
For more information on these artists and their works, visit our website:
http://macfineart.com/artists-by-name/
Algebraic Method of the Robust Stability of Continuous Linear Interval Dynami...inventionjournals
The algebraic method of researches of robust stability is considered continuous interval dynamic systems. The results specifying and supplementing earlier known are received. The illustrating examples are given
The Ambassador Hotel & Conference Centre was recently purchased by a new family-owned business, but the new owners have kept all 160 staff members and intend to continue the hotel's family-oriented culture. As the largest conference facility between Ottawa and Toronto, the hotel can accommodate groups from 10 to 600 people. In addition to conferences and meetings, the hotel is popular for its indoor waterpark and new restaurant menu. The management prioritizes supporting the local community through fundraising efforts.
Socio-Economic Condition of Power Loom Weavers: A Case Study of Mau Cityinventionjournals
Indian power loom industry is an export oriented cottage industry. In 1930 there were about 3000 power loom in the country and by the end of 2008-2009 .The number was raised to about 22.05 lakh. The power loom is spread all over India. Mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Apart earning, it also provides employment to a large number of people of an area of Mau city. The manufacturing of textile through power loom has a special place in the heart of the people of India, because these are beautiful and stylish. The power loom industry mainly depends upon weavers, but for a last few years weavers have been facing problems. Their socio-economic condition is going down, due to low manufacturing output. The main objectives of the paper are to explore the existing socio-economic conditions of the power loom weavers, and to reveal the reasons behind the low products in the Mau city. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey. The total number of interviewed weavers is 277.The results reveals that socio-economic condition of weavers is very pathetic, because manufacturing production is very low. The major reason of low manufacturing and low socio economic condition is economic necessity, poverty, large family size with low level of literacy, low electricity supply, and poor government support, and on over whelming recent labour force in weaving activity. So there is an urgent need of government intervention, improvement in educational level, and increase the duration of electricity supply to improve the condition of power loom weaver. Apart of this there is a need to break this culture, norms and tradition which compels women to enter in this work force in pathetic condition
Kids In Danger (KID) was founded in 1998 following the death of Danny Keysar in an unsafe portable crib. KID's mission is to promote safer children's products, advocate for children, and educate the public on safety. As a member of several standards committees, KID reviews and comments on mandatory standards and regulations. Harmonization should increase safety standards rather than lower them, and not prioritize ease of compliance over safety. A strong standards process includes adequate consumer participation, transparency, and oversight to effectively address safety hazards. Harmonization must consider impacts on all stakeholders and regulations while strengthening global consumer safety.
Impact of Road Infrastructure on Agricultural Development and Rural Road Infr...inventionjournals
This document discusses the impact of road infrastructure on agricultural development in rural India. It begins with an abstract that outlines how road transport plays an important role in agricultural development by transporting produce from farms to markets. It then reviews literature that has found roads increase crop income, agricultural productivity and output, and market access for farmers. The document discusses how rural road networks in India are often poorly developed, resulting in significant post-harvest crop losses. Finally, it outlines various ways that road infrastructure development can promote agricultural growth, such as bringing new land into cultivation, lowering transportation costs, and improving access to inputs and output markets.
Este documento discute los beneficios de un parto humanizado que respeta los derechos de la mujer embarazada y su familia. Propone una atención del parto centrada en la madre de manera natural sin interferencias innecesarias, donde la madre y el padre participan activamente y son educados sobre el proceso de parto. También destaca la importancia de posiciones verticales para la madre y la presencia del padre y familia para reducir el dolor y ansiedad.
Multiple Linear Regression Applications in Real Estate Pricinginventionjournals
In this paper, we attempt to predict the price of a real estate individual homes sold in North West Indiana based on the individual homes sold in 2014. The data/information is collected from realtor.com. The purpose of this paper is to predict the price of individual homes sold based on multiple regression model and also utilize SAS forecasting model and software. We also determine the factors influencing housing prices and to what extent they affect the price. Independent variables such square footage, number of bathrooms, and whether there is a finished basement,. and whether there is brick front or not and the type of home: Colonial, Cotemporary or Tudor. How much does each type of home (Colonial, Contemporary, Tudor) add to the price of the real estate
The paper examines a general understanding of Polygamy and its positive and negative effects on family among the Somali Communities. Polygamy is one of special of interest and a distinguished feature in Muslim communities. It remains a controversial issue not only in Kenya but also in many Muslim countries around the world. There is an argument whether polygamy is appropriate or inappropriate to our family as well as society. Some societies, especially in rural areas, it is believed that Polygamy is helpful to career women who might have to work late and then go home and take care of their children or husband. On the other hand, Polygamy is forbidden in modern society, as polygamy has negative effect on the family and society especially it makes a conflict among wives. In some cases, polygamy is permissible in order to give chance to the aged woman who has not been married. In that case, polygamy is viewed the way to help to those group. Based on the discussions, the paper attempts to discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effect on family in Kenya as well as other Muslim countries. Furthermore, the application of Family law is still debatable among scholars. Some scholars view that it gives a positive effect, while others do not. Based on the discussion, the paper attempts to discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effects on family. The paper is based on both primary and secondary information
El documento define el verbo como significando acciones o estados que ocurren en un tiempo determinado. Explica que el verbo está formado por la raíz o lexema y las desinencias, las cuales aportan información sobre el tiempo, modo, número, persona y aspecto. Finalmente, señala que la función principal del verbo es ser el núcleo del predicado de la oración.
1. Multilingualism refers to the use of two or more languages by an individual or community. Two examples of highly multilingual societies are South Africa and Vanuatu.
2. South Africa has 11 official languages following the end of apartheid. Vanuatu distinguishes between a national language, official languages, and languages of education which are divided between French, English, and Bislama.
3. The vitality of a language depends on its status, institutional support, demography, and distribution. High vitality means a language is widely used over generations while low vitality means a language has been replaced.
Sociology of Language of Telugu Minorities in Tamil Naduijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper that examines the sociology of language among Telugu linguistic minorities living in southern Tamil Nadu. It finds that while Telugu speakers maintain their mother tongue in core domains like home, they predominantly use Tamil in public domains due to its status as the dominant regional language. Over time, the use of Telugu has diminished and become restricted to intimate settings, resulting in linguistic convergence with Tamil and potential language shift and loss. The paper analyzes language use across different domains and generations of Telugu speakers in Tamil Nadu.
Multilingualism in Bharat, defines the linguistic diversity of Bharatlarencebapu132
This PPT was checked by Dr.Santosh(Proffer At GNDU Amritsar,in Department of education)
I expect this will help you to increase your knowledge in language,you can trust it for making any report or file
Kannada Versus English Meti Mallikarjun[1][1]guest614115c
This document discusses the interactions between Kannada and English in India in the context of globalization. It explores how English dominance has occurred at local and global levels in various domains like education, science, technology, and wider communication. While English plays an important role in connecting India to the world, its dominance threatens Kannada and India's linguistic diversity. However, some argue that most non-native English speakers use it as a lingua franca without adopting Anglo cultural values. The document examines strategies for preserving local languages like Kannada, such as promoting a balance of localization and globalization through a hybridization of languages.
Full summary an_introduction_to_sociolinguisticsLutfan Adli
This document provides an overview of Chapter One from Janet Holmes' book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". It discusses key topics that sociolinguists study such as how social factors influence language varieties and how sociolinguists define terms like variety. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and how social factors like social distance, status, age and gender impact language varieties and convey social meanings.
Language maintenance and attitude of Garo community members in BangladeshChittagong University
This document provides an outline for a thesis defense on language maintenance and attitudes among the Garo ethnic community in Bangladesh. It includes sections on introduction, literature review on language use, ideology and attitudes, methodology, findings, discussion and conclusion. The literature review discusses habitual language use in domains like family, friends, religion and media. It also covers language attitudes and ideology. The document reviews existing research on language maintenance in migration contexts and among indigenous peoples worldwide and in Bangladesh.
This document summarizes a study on the diglossic situation between Urdu and Punjabi in Central Punjab, Pakistan. The study finds that Urdu has high variety status while Punjabi has low variety status based on several defining characteristics of diglossia. Urdu is used for formal contexts and acquired through formal education, while Punjabi is used informally and acquired casually. Urdu also has greater prestige, standardization, lexicon and more clearly defined grammar. The diglossic relationship between the two languages fulfills Ferguson's criteria and has been stable for a long period of time. Therefore, the study concludes there is a diglossic situation between Urdu and Punjabi in Central Punjab.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It defines language and discusses how it is used to communicate information and establish social relationships. It also examines how language reveals aspects of a speaker's identity. The document then discusses sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. It explores the relationship between language and society, including how language reflects social and physical environments. The document also defines and compares standard languages, dialects, registers, pidgins and creoles. It examines how gender and age can influence language use.
This document discusses several topics in sociolinguistics, including language contact and variation, nativization of English in India, bilingualism and multilingualism, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgins and creoles, dialects, and register and style. It explains that language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact, leading to transfer of features between languages. In India, the prolonged contact between English and Indian languages has resulted in nativization, where English has taken on features of Indian languages. It also discusses how multilingualism has increased due to globalization, and defines concepts like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and linguistic style.
This document discusses language choice, diglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism in multilingual communities. It defines language choice as the option for communities speaking multiple languages to choose which language to use based on factors like who they are speaking to, the context, and purpose. Diglossia refers to two varieties of the same language used for different functions, with one being high and formal and the other being low and informal. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages, which may be used differently depending on the speech community, while multilingualism is the ability to speak more than two languages.
This document discusses language choice, diglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism in multilingual communities. It defines language choice as the option for a community that speaks multiple languages to choose which language to use based on factors like who they are speaking to, the context, and purpose. Diglossia refers to two varieties (high and low) of the same language that coexist and are used for different functions. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages, which may be used differently depending on the speech community. Multilingualism is the ability to speak more than two languages, either actively or passively.
This document discusses language choice, diglossia, bilingualism, and multilingualism in multilingual communities. It defines language choice as the option for communities speaking multiple languages to choose which language to use based on factors like who they are speaking to, the context, and purpose. Diglossia refers to two varieties of the same language used for different functions, with one being high and formal and the other being low and informal. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages, which may be used differently depending on the speech community, while multilingualism is the ability to speak more than two languages.
This document defines and explains various sociolinguistic terms related to language, dialects, and language varieties. It provides definitions for 50 terms, including language, dialect, patois, standardization, standard English, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norm, regional dialect, received pronunciation, dialect geography, dialect boundary, isogloss, accent, style, register, competence, performance, non-standard variety, variety, sociolect, creole, lingua franca, pidgin, norms, class, prestige, caste, ethnicity, vernacular, idiolect, social dialect, social network, homogeneous, bilingual, and multilingual. The document was created by students and
A multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language actively or passively. Multilingualism involves using or promoting multiple languages by individuals or communities. While some see it as high proficiency in multiple languages, others define it more minimally as the ability to communicate basic phrases. Multilingualism is more common globally due to the needs of globalization and cultural openness.
There are three main points made in the document:
1. Variation in language reflects social identity, as ways of speaking are associated with social groups and attitudes. People's language use can indicate their socioeconomic class, ethnicity, gender, age, and other social factors.
2. Every person has their own idiolect made up of the languages and dialects they command, and they code-switch between styles depending on the social situation or context.
3. Dialects are not inferior versions of a language but natural linguistic variations, and studying dialects can provide insights into how languages diverge regionally without any variety being inherently better than others.
Language Contact:aspects and Its ResultsDESTAWWAGNEW
What is language contact?
Language maintenance and Language Shift
Language shift and maintenance in different communities
Factors affecting language shift and maintenance
How language should be maintained
Language Borrowing
Code switching and code mixing
Causes of CS and CM
Pidgins and Creoles
The document discusses the theory of translanguaging. It provides Garcia's definition of translanguaging as accessing different linguistic features or autonomous languages to maximize communication. Translanguaging goes beyond code-switching by extending hybrid language use. Views of balanced bilingualism are discussed, noting it is a myth and bilingualism involves unequal experiences across languages. The differences between translanguaging and code-switching are explained, with translanguaging not having clear language boundaries. Examples of translanguaging in family settings are provided.
This document discusses speech communities and language variation. It defines a speech community as a group that shares language practices and norms. Speech communities can be defined geographically, socioeconomically, ethnically/culturally, by age, or gender. The document also discusses that all languages exhibit variation in aspects like pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. This variation can be regional, based on social factors like class, education, or the formality of the situation. Studies of language variation provide insights into how languages change over time.
Similar to Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice in Bilinguals (20)
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice in Bilinguals
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 10||October. 2016 || PP.43-46
www.ijhssi.org 43 | Page
Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice in
Bilinguals
Kishore Vadthya
PhD, Applied Linguistics, University of Hyderabad
ABSTRACT: Language contact between Lambadi and Telugu in Telangana region has been in effect since
before independence. Generations of contact has resulted in bilingualism of various degrees among them. This
bilingualism has produced variation in the use of Lambadi language with respect to psychological, social and
cultural factors further under the influence of urbanization and globalization. Part of a series of research,
addressed to analyze the synchronic effects seen as a consequence of the contact of lambada with a dominant
language (culturally and in numbers), this paper aims to state and consolidate all factors influencing the
language maintenance and shift among Lambada speakers. Under such circumstances, an analysis of language
choice under the influence of factors ranging from situation, topic, domain, role, media as theorized by
Fishman(1965) are applicable with furthermore additions resulting from Lambadi being an oral language.
Language contact and choice, of two languages with scripts has to be viewed in a different perspective than the
contact between an orally passed down language and a language with script. Media variance tips the needle
towards the scripted language for all governmental and technical purposes and thus eliminates the resistance to
shift from mother tongue which is otherwise universally seen. Similar differences have been studied and an effort
to give a construct more suitable to the multilingual contact study of the case under study has been done in this
paper.
Keywords: Lambadi, Language contact, Bilinguals, Language choice
I. INTRODUCTION
India has a majority of speakers of Indo-Aryan languages comprising 70% of the total number of
population here followed by Dravidian languages‟ speakers comprising 20% of the total. Among the four major
families of languages found in India, these two families together represent the majority of Indian population. India
is a linguistic area states Emeneau, in his 1956‟s paper and a vast linguistic area like this has a constant contact
between languages with the differing geographical co-ordinates from the extreme north of the mainland to the
southernmost point of the islands in the Indian ocean and as a consequence almost all of the Indians are
multilingual or bilingual in the least. Most interesting among these are the contact phenomena between an
Indo-Aryan language and a Dravidian language which can be seen in the deccan plateau region. There are
probabilities of an Indo-Aryan language being a mainstream language while a Dravidian language being a
minority or of a Dravidian language being the host language and an Indo-Aryan language being the minority one.
Usually, mainstream language influences the usage of minority language in a bilingual even after being fluent in
both of them. This said, what influences the choice of a language by an interlocutor in a particular situation, in a
within-group limitation has been theorized by Fishman in his paper “Who speaks what language to whom and
when?” in a stable bilingual setting in 1965. Using his theoretical constructs and analysis, similar analysis has
been undertaken by this paper in a peculiar case of urban migrated Lambada tribal population speaking a scriptless
language within a group consisting a majority of Telugu speakers. The influence of mother tongue and telugu in
different situations, roles, domains, and the language shift caused due to these situations has been analysed and
documented in this paper.
Lambadas- From then to now
The present case study is of a tribal Indo-Aryan language named Lambadi, a spoken language belonging
to central and southern parts of India. The origin of this tribe is associated with gypsies around the world who
share common nomadic existence and ways of living. Nationally, this tribe is associated with the history of
Mughal empire and freedom struggle. Originally, due to their nomadic nature, Lambadas were salt-sellers who
knew the terrains of northern India thoroughly. When Mohammed Ghori invaded India, these tribes helped Prithvi
Raj Chauhan in his victory against him and thus stopped Hindustan, temporarily, from falling into the hands of
Ghori. But with the second onslaught, Prithvi Raj Chauhan lost the war and soldiers of Ghori‟s troops started
hunting Lambadas down in vengeance for the first loss. This led them to migrate away from Rajasthan and
northern terrain towards a safer Deccan plateau areas which now hosts states like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana. With the independence of India in 1947, these tribes slowly left their nomadic lifestyle and started
to gather together and form settlements named Thandas in the outskirts of villages. The community had hunters
2. Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice In Bilinguals
www.ijhssi.org 44 | Page
and gatherers, started domesticating animals, fishing, cultivating crops and cattle breeding. Their culture has
environment at the heart, ecological existence can be seen in their rituals for crop harvesting, daily practices,
festivals, pregnancy, marriage and their dressing protects them from all harsh climates.
Towards the end of 70s, they further started migrating to cities in search of temporary livelihood,
education or for marriage. Depending on their purpose, they established impersonal contacts or permanent
settlements in the area where the majority of the speakers speak Telugu. Through the generations, now the
community is bilingual to the point of diglossia- Telugu is used for all inter-group communication, entertainment,
official functions whereas intragroup communication has Lambadi or Telugu. Since their language is not useful
for education, entertainment, business or public speaking slowly the communities have stopped learning it as a
mother tongue.
Factors affecting language choice:
a) Group: The psychological choice of a language for a bilingual, under the purview of having similar
efficiencies in both the languages, is affected by the group he is associated with at any particular point of time.
Group can be viewed as a sociological criterion like age, sex, race, religion or in a functional way like office,
sports, home, friends, and society. In the case of Lambadas, even among the similar sociological groups, the native
speakers have to sometimes switch between their mother tongue and telugu, depending upon the number of
speakers present of either of the language. But religion allows them to be monolinguals pertaining to certain
rituals which are indigenous and exclusive to these tribal people. Again, majority of them have taken up either
Hinduism or Christianity, in line with the mainstream people‟s affiliation. Office invariably, for the sample under
observation, demanded the use of Telugu as no domain has the space for Lambadi. Home, is divided into two
generations with the older generation speaking only Lambadi for their communication but with the successor
generation, sometimes it is Lambadi if the children have been taught their mother tongue and it is a mixture of
Lambadi and Telugu if the children are only receptive bilinguals. Friends can again be classified into mainstream
Telugu speaking ones or of the same tribe migrated ones which would then decide the language of choice.
b) Situation: Another deciding factor when the choice of language is considered is „situation‟. This can be
branched into many subtypes viz. physical setting, topic or a functional demand of the situation. Physical setting
would include the intimacy or distance of the speakers involved, formality or informality of the style of speech
they usually employ towards each other, whether they are seeking solidarity or non-solidarity as a result of their
speech with the speaker, whether there is a status and power equality or inequality between the speakers. And with
the special context of Indians, the caste and religion also to certain extent create a „situation‟ forcing them to
choose a particular language and a particular style of speaking. In any multilingual situation, there is always one
language which would be considered as a standard one and another as a more sub-standard, more-vernacular,
more-argot like than others and it is usually that sub-standard language which is considered to be associated with
informality, equality, solidarity and likeability. In the present case, Telugu is considered as a standard one and
hence used to exhibit one‟s status in the society as it symbolizes one‟s literacy, power, assimilation into
mainstream, equality with the mainstream counterparts and Lambadi is the language used to gain solidarity among
their native speakers, family, and can be associated with , by the younger generation, as it symbolizes their secure
childhood and a stable upbringing.
c) Topic: The universal fact among two bi- or multi- lingual speakers is that even when they naturally prefer to
speak to each other in a particular language, when coming to certain topics, they vacillate to some other common
language which indicates that topic also regulates the choice of language among two speakers. Even if it is
possible to have a conversation involving views about politics or national economy, it usually drags the other
language into picture for the communicative ease and completeness. Being a tribal language, certain vocabulary
for a recent governance construct, or something as enormous as the nation‟s economy would not be part of it. So
apart from the ease of talking about those topics in Telugu, sometimes the lack of vocabulary for a particular
expression, then causes a switch between these two languages and the conversation pursues in Telugu or by
borrowing, in Lambadi. And it is established that at least some socio-culturally recognized spheres of activity are
usually more under the sway of a particular language than the other, for example, entertainment and media.
d) Domains: When German language abundance was being charted and compared with the languages in
contact, Schmidt-Rohr(1963) was the first to suggest domain configurations which will reveal the overall status of
language choice in these domains of behavior. Later on, these domains were recognized by the UNESCO‟s ad-hoc
expert group on „Language vitality and Endangerment‟ where in they recommend providing renewed usage of
each domain for their speakers in their native language as an important way for preservation of a language apart
from just researching on it by the experts. Domains recommended by Schmidt-Rohr were nine: the family, the
playground and street, the school ( further sub-divided into language of instruction, subject of instruction, and
language of recess and entertainment), the church, literature, the press, the military, the courts, and the
governmental administration.
Seven among these nine domains, lack the use of Lambadi in an urban set-up. Being a scriptless language,
3. Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice In Bilinguals
www.ijhssi.org 45 | Page
advancing it as a medium of instruction or language of instruction is not possible, unless innovative methods to
incorporate it are suggested by policy-makers and researchers. Further, being a minority language with the
population speaking this tribal language being well under a million, making it a language of instruction for the
majority population belonging to Telugu is impossible and unnecessary. Similarly, a regional language or a
national language would be used for all press, military, courts and governmental functions but a minority tribal
language‟s use would just be non-functional. And the native population is so small that governance for these
speakers cannot be in their language as they keep migrating out to the cities. The other two domains of family and
playground are now showing a shift of language preference from Lambadi to Telugu even among the most
secluded natives of the urban setting.
This lack of usability for the native language in the new domains, added to the dwindling number of speakers,
language contact with Telugu, and urbanization is leading to the lack of language maintenance, driving a language
shift and has fallen into the categories of classifying it as an endangered language.
e) Role-relations: When the reference group, situational style, topics and domains are kept under control, we
still find a speaker using one language more than the other or switching to one language than using the habitual
one. This indicates the difference of role among the two speakers involved and these roles can be driving the
language to be intimate, informal, and formal or the extreme inter-group. Family as a domain can be very
inductive to multilingualism or can also be an extreme resistor of the change. Multilingualism, usually enters the
family domain after spilling from other domains in which it was previously unseen. Family thus has been a
specific sample of study for investigators of multilingualism, who classify it into merely family „members‟such as
father, mother, child, governess and tutor (Mackey, 1962) or into specific roles like grandfather to grandmother,
grandmother to grandfather, grandfather to father, grandmother to father, grandfather to mother, grandmother to
mother, grandfather to child, grandmother to child, father to mother, mother to father etc., (Gross, 1951). This
second approach realizes the role of a person both as a hearer and a speaker as there is a distinction between
multilingual comprehension and multilingual production and recognizes their language as not just a preference but
as a result of a role relation. Further to the change of language in all these productive and receptive roles,
pertaining to Indian context, a few more roles can be added which show an influence on language choice like
Grandfather to a male child, Grandfather to female child, Mother to a male child, Mother to a female child, Father
to a male child, Father to a female child, Father to an Elder male child, Father to a younger male child, Mother to
an elder female child, mother to a younger female child, an older sibling to a younger one, A brother to a sister and
so on. In the role-relations mentioned, an another added element is whether the speech is one-on-one or a passive
voice to a third person. Passive voice to a third person reflects formality about the conversation being described if
there is power- relation among the duo being considered.
Such role relations can also be seen in general in the society at every point of time. Religion, work,
business, school, administration, justice all have role relations in the form of preacher-devotee,
employer-employee, buyer-seller, teacher-student, officer-clerk, judge-criminal etc. when considered only as an
instances. With the advent of globalization and a million kinds of work apart from different types of relations, the
role has an innumerable number of ways to influence language and all of them usually use the dominant language
and a minority language like Lambadi whose origin is in tribal culture, has been unable to incorporate vocabulary
revolving around all of these millennial roles.
II. CONCLUSION
In stable multilingual settings among equally competing, equally equipped languages, language shift has
been observed classically since the sociolinguistic studies started in the 50s era. Multilingual phenomena have
universal reproduction among experiments synchronically and diachronically. As such, a case of Lambada and
Telugu language contact has not shown any exemption too. Further, it has much deeper and seemingly irresolvable
issues related to language maintenance and the lack thereof. Lack of script, assimilation into mainstream, lack of
accommodation to new domains of language use, dwindling number of speakers has eroded the language of its
lexicons and has pushed it into the boundaries of endangerment, which has further been exaggerated by the
language contact between Telugu and Lambada.
REFERENCES
[1]. Bell, R. 1976. Sociolinguistics. St. Martin‟s press.
[2]. Boopathy, S. 1974. Lambadi: An Indo – Aryan Dialect. Delhi.
[3]. Chambers, J. K., & Shilling-Estes, N. 2013. The handbook of language variation and change. Vol.129. John Willie and sons.
[4]. Chambers, J.K and P. Trudgill. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[5]. Chaturvedi, S. 2015. A sociolinguistic study of linguistic variation and code matrix in Kanpur. Procedia social and behavioral sciences,
192, 107-115.
[6]. Crook, W.1922. The Headdress of Banjara Women, Vol.11. New Book Publication: Cambridge. p.33.
[7]. Fishman, J. A. (1965). Who speaks what language to whom and when? La linguistique, 1(Fasc. 2), 67-88.
[8]. Gopal Rao Naik, S.1990. Banjara Charitra. Gandhiji Sugali Sevak Sangam: Piduguralla. p.45.
[9]. Grierson, G.A. 1967. Linguistic Survey of India. Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi
4. Lambada- Telugu Contact: Factors Affecting Language Choice In Bilinguals
www.ijhssi.org 46 | Page
[10]. Kennedy, C. 1984. Language planning and language education. London: George Allen and Unwin.
[11]. Labov, W. 1963. „The social motivation of a sound change’. Word, 19, pp.273-309.
[12]. Labov, W. 1973. Field methods on the project of linguistic change and variation.
[13]. Pandharipande, R. 2002. Minority matters: Issues in minority languages in India. International Journal on Multi-cultural Societies. Vol 4,
No.2.
[14]. Shyamala, B. R. 1984. Class and Caste differences among the Lambadas in Andhra Pradesh. Vol.12 (134). p49.
[15]. Somla, Kethavath. 1994. A Socio-political analysis of banjara in A.P. A case st̪udy of Bhongiri mandal. Hyderabad
[16]. Uma, S.V. 1975. Descriptive study of Banjara language. Hyderabad.
[17]. Wardaugh, R., & Fuller, J.M. 2014. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. John Willie and Sons.
[18]. William, Irvine.1962. Army of the Indian Mughals. Eurasia publishing house pvt.Ltd: New Delhi.
[19]. Wilton, Lazarus & Singh, L. 1991. Banjara: A People of India. People of India Research Training Institute: Hyderabad. p.12.