The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.

1. A. Najib Tuanany
“ Societal Multilingualism “
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2. A multilingual’s facility in moving
from one linguage to another as
the occasion demand is but an
extension of the monolingual’s
capacity to shift registered and
style. ( Gumperz, 1971)

3. How do societies
become multilingual ?
• Migration
• Cultural contact
• The commercial, scientific,
and technological
dependence of the speakers
ofcertain languages on the
speakers of other languages.

4. Speech communities
Defined as community sharing a knowledge
of the rules for the conduct and interpretation
of speech.

5. Language Choice
It provides frameworks with wich to analyze
the linguistic choices available to
multilingual s and their reasons for choosing
one code from among the several that are
available to them.
who uses what
language with
whom and for
what purposes ?

6. Pattern of use
the switching of
languages within
sentences .
when two or more
languages exist in
community , speakers
frequently switch from
one language to
another.
2. Code
switching
a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to
the primary dialects of the language ( which may include a
standard or regional standard ) there’s a very divergent highly
codified ( often grammaticaly more complex) superposed
variety , the vehicle of large and rispected body of written
literature, either of an earlier period or in another pseech
community , wich is in largely by formal education and is used
for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used
by any sector for the community for ordinary conversation.
1. Diglossia
3. Code
Mixing

7. Patterns in structure
The exstensive structural
modification , of a languages of
the geographic area in the
direction of one another, even
though the languages may
belong to different language
families.
A powerful force in
language change,
acquisition, and use in
multilingual communities

8. Implications for language teaching
4. Teachers need to be familiar
with the other languages in the
learners repertoirer.
5. Language teacher trained a
minolingual , monocultural pradigm have
often been needlessly harsh toward
minority students who switch and mix
languages.
6. The preeceding disscusion of language
contact shows that multilingualism
involves not only a division of labor but
also a great deal of give and take
between languages.
3. The functionsl complementarity
of languages also implies that it
may be unnecessary and unrealistic
to expect complete and native like
competenece in the entire range of
register, styles and function of
english.
2. The role of English vis-a-vis other
languages in the learner’s and the
comunities verbal reportoire should be
reassessed.
1. Language teachers need to revise
their attitudes with regard to the status
and value of bilingualism.

9. Thank you