The paper examines a general understanding of Polygamy and its positive and negative effects on family among the Somali Communities. Polygamy is one of special of interest and a distinguished feature in Muslim communities. It remains a controversial issue not only in Kenya but also in many Muslim countries around the world. There is an argument whether polygamy is appropriate or inappropriate to our family as well as society. Some societies, especially in rural areas, it is believed that Polygamy is helpful to career women who might have to work late and then go home and take care of their children or husband. On the other hand, Polygamy is forbidden in modern society, as polygamy has negative effect on the family and society especially it makes a conflict among wives. In some cases, polygamy is permissible in order to give chance to the aged woman who has not been married. In that case, polygamy is viewed the way to help to those group. Based on the discussions, the paper attempts to discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effect on family in Kenya as well as other Muslim countries. Furthermore, the application of Family law is still debatable among scholars. Some scholars view that it gives a positive effect, while others do not. Based on the discussion, the paper attempts to discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effects on family. The paper is based on both primary and secondary information
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
Partnerships: A Panacea to end Child Marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin Di...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Child marriages have become a thorny issue in Zimbabwe even though the country‟s 2013
Constitution has clauses which try to curtail such abuses. Zimbabwe‟s Mashonaland Central province is no
exception, as the phenomenon is rampant in the province‟s two districts of Bindura and Mount Darwin. This
research is an effort to establish the reasons why children engage in marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin
districts of Mashonaland Central province. Using the phenomenological research design, the study sought to:
establish the causes of child marriages; analyze the gender and ages of children most affected by child
marriages; and to analyze the current mechanisms in place to protect children against child marriages in the two
districts. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches with interviews and questionnaires
administered to a sample of 66 participants. The findings were that the causes of child marriages included
harmful religious practices, poor policies, poverty, lack of access to education, and death of a child‟s
parents.The study further found that on gender basis, females are affectedmore by child marriages as compared
to males. In addition, there was lack of partnership between the government and other organizations in the fight
to end child marriages. The major recommendation of the study is that the government should enter into
partnership with other organizations in the province to deal with the problem of child marriages. Also, income
generating projects and civic education should be put in place to empower children and promote their rights.
Sound guidance and counselling services should beproffered to assist the affected children.
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
Partnerships: A Panacea to end Child Marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin Di...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Child marriages have become a thorny issue in Zimbabwe even though the country‟s 2013
Constitution has clauses which try to curtail such abuses. Zimbabwe‟s Mashonaland Central province is no
exception, as the phenomenon is rampant in the province‟s two districts of Bindura and Mount Darwin. This
research is an effort to establish the reasons why children engage in marriages in Bindura and Mount Darwin
districts of Mashonaland Central province. Using the phenomenological research design, the study sought to:
establish the causes of child marriages; analyze the gender and ages of children most affected by child
marriages; and to analyze the current mechanisms in place to protect children against child marriages in the two
districts. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches with interviews and questionnaires
administered to a sample of 66 participants. The findings were that the causes of child marriages included
harmful religious practices, poor policies, poverty, lack of access to education, and death of a child‟s
parents.The study further found that on gender basis, females are affectedmore by child marriages as compared
to males. In addition, there was lack of partnership between the government and other organizations in the fight
to end child marriages. The major recommendation of the study is that the government should enter into
partnership with other organizations in the province to deal with the problem of child marriages. Also, income
generating projects and civic education should be put in place to empower children and promote their rights.
Sound guidance and counselling services should beproffered to assist the affected children.
This year’s report is the fifth in the ‘Because I am a Girl’ series. From the very first, in 2007, when we began monitoring the State of the World’s Girls, we have been asked: “What about boys?"
The purpose of this paper is to examine the complex social and cultural practice of dowry in India. Dowry is a payment of cash or valuable gifts from the bride’s family to the bridegroom upon marriage. Dowry is one of social evils which India needs to fight and eradicate totally. The paper argues that this menace of Dowry has become a social menace in modern India leading to the oppression on women, physical violence on the bride, causing a financial and emotional stress on the parents of the bride, marital conflict and so on. At the present, the practice of giving dowry is widespread and deep-rooted in the Indian society. Paying dowry at the time of marriage is almost considered to be universal rule and dowry demands are rising.
The Effects of Teaching the Iliad with Films on the Academic Success of Stude...inventionjournals
This study aims to find out the effects of teaching the Iliad with films on the academic success of Turkish Grade 10 students. The case study pattern is used in accordance with a qualitative research method. Percentage, frequency and arithmetic mean methods are used in the analysis of data with SPSS v. 14.0. T-test is used for the analysis of significance. The experimental group watched the movie selected and shortened in relation to the Iliad during Turkish Literature course, while the control group followed traditional teaching methods (plain lecturing). It was found that the academic success rates of the experimental and control groups differ and this difference favours the group who watched the movie
Karvy wealth - Advice for the Wise Report, November 2016sneha thakur
Advice for the Wise is a Karvy Private Wealth report of November 2016. This report is provided by Karvy wealth, this report will help you understand key investment components and thus will help you to take good decision in investment choices. For more information about this presentation log on to our website http://karvywealth.com
Socio-Economic Condition of Power Loom Weavers: A Case Study of Mau Cityinventionjournals
Indian power loom industry is an export oriented cottage industry. In 1930 there were about 3000 power loom in the country and by the end of 2008-2009 .The number was raised to about 22.05 lakh. The power loom is spread all over India. Mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Apart earning, it also provides employment to a large number of people of an area of Mau city. The manufacturing of textile through power loom has a special place in the heart of the people of India, because these are beautiful and stylish. The power loom industry mainly depends upon weavers, but for a last few years weavers have been facing problems. Their socio-economic condition is going down, due to low manufacturing output. The main objectives of the paper are to explore the existing socio-economic conditions of the power loom weavers, and to reveal the reasons behind the low products in the Mau city. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey. The total number of interviewed weavers is 277.The results reveals that socio-economic condition of weavers is very pathetic, because manufacturing production is very low. The major reason of low manufacturing and low socio economic condition is economic necessity, poverty, large family size with low level of literacy, low electricity supply, and poor government support, and on over whelming recent labour force in weaving activity. So there is an urgent need of government intervention, improvement in educational level, and increase the duration of electricity supply to improve the condition of power loom weaver. Apart of this there is a need to break this culture, norms and tradition which compels women to enter in this work force in pathetic condition
Investigation of Coach Organizational Commitment Levelsinventionjournals
Aim: This study has been done with the aim of determining coaches organızatıonal commıtment levelsand attended by n=60 coaches who work in the city of Corum Provincial Directorate of Youth Service and Sports. Material and Method: In this study, Organizational Commitment Scale with three dimensions (Affective Commitment, Continuity Commitment and Normative Commitment) developed by Allen Meyer (1990) has been performed. Kruskal Vallisand Mann-Whitney U Test have been used in the statistical analysis of the data. Findings: In the study findings, it is clear that the levels of organizational commitment levels don’t become different in any sub-dimensions according to gender, ages and education conditions differs(p>0.05). When the perceptions connected with the organizational commitment levels are compared according to the marital status, it is discovered that affective commitment sub-scale in married persons is higher (p<0.01).>0.05). It is detected thatthe rate of continuity commitment of people who gave positive answer to the question of “Are there any persons who are interested in sports in your family?” Is higher statistically than those who gave negative answer to that question (p<0.01). Result: It is found that married coaches’affective commitment levels are higher than single ones. This condition shows that the sense of responsibility for married coaches increases their affective commitments to their organizations. Additionally, continuity commitment of the coaches in whose family there are persons interested in sports is higher. It might be evaluated that the continuity commitment of the coaches in whose family there are persons interested in sportsis higher because of their sportive culture they took from their family members.
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
This year’s report is the fifth in the ‘Because I am a Girl’ series. From the very first, in 2007, when we began monitoring the State of the World’s Girls, we have been asked: “What about boys?"
The purpose of this paper is to examine the complex social and cultural practice of dowry in India. Dowry is a payment of cash or valuable gifts from the bride’s family to the bridegroom upon marriage. Dowry is one of social evils which India needs to fight and eradicate totally. The paper argues that this menace of Dowry has become a social menace in modern India leading to the oppression on women, physical violence on the bride, causing a financial and emotional stress on the parents of the bride, marital conflict and so on. At the present, the practice of giving dowry is widespread and deep-rooted in the Indian society. Paying dowry at the time of marriage is almost considered to be universal rule and dowry demands are rising.
The Effects of Teaching the Iliad with Films on the Academic Success of Stude...inventionjournals
This study aims to find out the effects of teaching the Iliad with films on the academic success of Turkish Grade 10 students. The case study pattern is used in accordance with a qualitative research method. Percentage, frequency and arithmetic mean methods are used in the analysis of data with SPSS v. 14.0. T-test is used for the analysis of significance. The experimental group watched the movie selected and shortened in relation to the Iliad during Turkish Literature course, while the control group followed traditional teaching methods (plain lecturing). It was found that the academic success rates of the experimental and control groups differ and this difference favours the group who watched the movie
Karvy wealth - Advice for the Wise Report, November 2016sneha thakur
Advice for the Wise is a Karvy Private Wealth report of November 2016. This report is provided by Karvy wealth, this report will help you understand key investment components and thus will help you to take good decision in investment choices. For more information about this presentation log on to our website http://karvywealth.com
Socio-Economic Condition of Power Loom Weavers: A Case Study of Mau Cityinventionjournals
Indian power loom industry is an export oriented cottage industry. In 1930 there were about 3000 power loom in the country and by the end of 2008-2009 .The number was raised to about 22.05 lakh. The power loom is spread all over India. Mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Apart earning, it also provides employment to a large number of people of an area of Mau city. The manufacturing of textile through power loom has a special place in the heart of the people of India, because these are beautiful and stylish. The power loom industry mainly depends upon weavers, but for a last few years weavers have been facing problems. Their socio-economic condition is going down, due to low manufacturing output. The main objectives of the paper are to explore the existing socio-economic conditions of the power loom weavers, and to reveal the reasons behind the low products in the Mau city. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey. The total number of interviewed weavers is 277.The results reveals that socio-economic condition of weavers is very pathetic, because manufacturing production is very low. The major reason of low manufacturing and low socio economic condition is economic necessity, poverty, large family size with low level of literacy, low electricity supply, and poor government support, and on over whelming recent labour force in weaving activity. So there is an urgent need of government intervention, improvement in educational level, and increase the duration of electricity supply to improve the condition of power loom weaver. Apart of this there is a need to break this culture, norms and tradition which compels women to enter in this work force in pathetic condition
Investigation of Coach Organizational Commitment Levelsinventionjournals
Aim: This study has been done with the aim of determining coaches organızatıonal commıtment levelsand attended by n=60 coaches who work in the city of Corum Provincial Directorate of Youth Service and Sports. Material and Method: In this study, Organizational Commitment Scale with three dimensions (Affective Commitment, Continuity Commitment and Normative Commitment) developed by Allen Meyer (1990) has been performed. Kruskal Vallisand Mann-Whitney U Test have been used in the statistical analysis of the data. Findings: In the study findings, it is clear that the levels of organizational commitment levels don’t become different in any sub-dimensions according to gender, ages and education conditions differs(p>0.05). When the perceptions connected with the organizational commitment levels are compared according to the marital status, it is discovered that affective commitment sub-scale in married persons is higher (p<0.01).>0.05). It is detected thatthe rate of continuity commitment of people who gave positive answer to the question of “Are there any persons who are interested in sports in your family?” Is higher statistically than those who gave negative answer to that question (p<0.01). Result: It is found that married coaches’affective commitment levels are higher than single ones. This condition shows that the sense of responsibility for married coaches increases their affective commitments to their organizations. Additionally, continuity commitment of the coaches in whose family there are persons interested in sports is higher. It might be evaluated that the continuity commitment of the coaches in whose family there are persons interested in sportsis higher because of their sportive culture they took from their family members.
Note on Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitationinventionjournals
In this note, it is shown that the Sidharth's Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation is close to the Einstein Tetrad Field and far of Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory. Mathematically in the sector Gravitation-Electromagnetism, Sidharth approach through non commutativity, where there is a minimum space time length, allows to link the vector magnetic potential with quantum mechanics and unify electromagnetism and gravitation under self dual configuration of electromagnetic fields.
Representations Summoned up Around The Therapeutic Routes for The Treatment o...inventionjournals
The existence of health centres in the rural part of Côte d’Ivoire has not totally changed people's behaviour with regard to their frequenting. As a matter of fact, traditional medicine, which is the oldest one stands as the one that is really suitable for the health problems people encounter, specifically those of Ouaraniéné in the Poro region for the treatment of certain chronic diseases. Despite the risks incurred by these populations as for their choice of health attitudes and especially sometimes the impacts of the products offered by traditional medicine on their health, these populations Ouaraniéné continue to be treated by the latter. This study aims to analyze the social logics which govern the populations from this locality’s choice in their quest for care. Among other logics are the preservation of the fodonon culture, the conflicting perceptions between the stakeholders of both medicine as well as the perception of the etiology of chronic diseases sometimes attributed to evil spirits
Test-Anxiety and Self-Esteem as a Predictor of Secondary School Students’ Aca...inventionjournals
This study investigated test-anxiety and self-esteem as a predictor of secondary school students’ academic self-efficacy in Ekiti State. It also examined the relationship betweenthe twopsycho-social factors (self-esteem and test-anxiety) and students’ academic self - efficacy. The study employed the descriptive research design of the survey type. The population consisted of all students from the public secondary schools in Ekiti central senatorial district of Ekiti State. The sample for this study was 200 students which were selected from four secondary schools using Multistage Sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire tagged “Psychosocial Factors and Students’ Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PFSASEQ)” was used to collect relevant data for the study. The face and content validity of the instrument was determined by experts of Test and Measurements and researcher’s supervisor. It was said to have facial relevance and concerned with the subject matter, the instrument claim to measure. The hypotheses postulated were subjected to inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. All the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.The findings of the study revealed that there was significant relationship between test-anxiety, self – esteem and students’ academic self – efficacy. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that students self-esteem can be enhanced and test-anxiety reduced by creating an enabling environment for mentoring where they can practice assertiveness skills which will in turn boost their confidence to perform all academic tasks successfully .
Regional Disparity in India with reference to Liberalizationinventionjournals
The effect of liberalization on the Indian economy is very much debated about. It was introduced in 1990 to the country’s economy with the objectives of bringing economic growth and to bring micro stabilization and structural adjustment in the economy. Liberalization and privatization has limited the state’s control in the economy and gave the private player much of the power. Also that the regional disparity in economic growth in India has substantially increased over time. This paper tests the convergence and divergence of regional disparity in economic growth after liberalization. This paper also validates the InvertedU relationship between economic growth and interregional inequality given by Kuznets. The convergence test suggest of increasing divergence after liberalization. And the Kuznets’s Inverted-U hypothesis is not applicable in India after liberalization
El Turismo Comunitario Y Lagestión De Recursos Turísticos En La Parroquia Pis...inventionjournals
This research aims to study the impact of community tourism in local development of the Pistishí parish located in Alausí canton, its main actors are the direct subjects responsible for the implementation of activities and make profits within a structure of associativity. a situational analysis of the site was performed by collecting primary and secondary information, the current supply and domestic and international demand was analyzed, so that they could identify strengths and weaknesses; then administrative and operational aspects of tourism activities that are developed through the center of community tourism Tolte analyzed - Pistishí, revealing the organizational structure, management and project management, the same that has improved social conditions, economic and environmental impacts of the inhabitants. We recommend creating strategic alliances with governmental, non-governmental and private entities to position the tourism products and open new markets
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Effects of Polygamy on Education in Kenyan Society
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 11||November. 2016 || PP.60-63
www.ijhssi.org 60 | Page
Effects of Polygamy on Education in Kenyan Society
Adan maalim Hussein
ABSTRACT: The paper examines a general understanding of Polygamy and its positive and negative effects
on family among the Somali Communities. Polygamy is one of special of interest and a distinguished feature in
Muslim communities. It remains a controversial issue not only in Kenya but also in many Muslim countries
around the world. There is an argument whether polygamy is appropriate or inappropriate to our family as well
as society. Some societies, especially in rural areas, it is believed that Polygamy is helpful to career women who
might have to work late and then go home and take care of their children or husband. On the other hand,
Polygamy is forbidden in modern society, as polygamy has negative effect on the family and society especially it
makes a conflict among wives. In some cases, polygamy is permissible in order to give chance to the aged
woman who has not been married. In that case, polygamy is viewed the way to help to those group. Based on the
discussions, the paper attempts to discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effect on family in Kenya as well as
other Muslim countries. Furthermore, the application of Family law is still debatable among scholars. Some
scholars view that it gives a positive effect, while others do not. Based on the discussion, the paper attempts to
discuss the issues of Polygamy and its effects on family. The paper is based on both primary and secondary
information.
Keywords: Polygamy, Islamic family law, Orphans, Widows, Communities, Feminists
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last decades, polygamy has been considered as an important issue in public, political, and
academic arenas (sheikh Abdirahman et al 2004). It is estimated that somewhere between 80,000 and 100,000
people still practice polygamy today. Especially, in Sub-Saharan Africa is the major global region where the
practice remains widespread, accounting for about 20-50 percent of all marriages (Caldwell & Caldwell, 1990).
Polygamy in particular constitutes one of the distinctive features of the marriage in many countries and while its
frequency may be declining, it is still widely practiced (Kincaid, 2003). Although Polygamy has been practiced
all over the world for many centuries, there is an argument whether polygamy is appropriate or inappropriate to
our society. Polygamy remains a controversial issue in Kenya as well as in many Muslim countries around the
world. Some believe that Polygamy is very helpful to career women who might have to work late, and then go
home, and take care of their children or husband. Conversely, majority believes that Polygamy is inappropriate
as it has a huge negative effect to the family. The common effect of Polygamy is making a conflict among
wives. In Polygamous, conflict among wives usually arises in management of family. It is difficult for family
management especially to arrange and sharing the task. On the other hand, it is difficult for husband to be fair to
his wives. In
Polygamous family, children also might lose their respect to their parents. Therefore, Polygamy is a
controversial issue in many societies. Polygamy is legally forbidden in the Western Christian society. It is
argued that Polygamy helps to continue a very high fertility level (Caldwell et al., 1992). It has thus contributed
likely to increase population growth in many countries. As the form of behavior, Christian missionaries have
considered Polygamy as morally wrong. Even some well-educated Christianized African elites in Sub-Saharan
Africa feel polygamy shameful behavior. (Karanja 1994). However, Polygamy is a controversial issue among
the scholars. Some of the view can be presented here. It is said that Polygamy can be considered as it allows
widows and orphans to be taken care of in a society in which women usually do not have independent means of
financial support. Besides, there are some cases where polygamy is permissible in order to give chance to the
aged woman who has not been married. For such, Polygamy is viewed the way to help to those group. It is
important to note that Polygamy is legally recognized in Islamic Family Law. Islamic family law formulates
husband wife relation such as marriage, divorce and family life. It is also related to the moral and social aspects
of marriage and divorce (Moors 2003). Thus, family law directly affects on the daily life of people. Likewise,
Polygamy the application of Family law is debatable among scholars. Some scholars view that it gives a positive
effect, while others do not. However, it is argued that in the Arab World, the religious scholars dominated
family relations. The religious scholars were allowed to deal with the domain of family law, but it was
understood that they would refrain from obstructing in constitutional and administrative matters (Masud, 2001).
According to the western non-Muslim observers, Islamic law appears to be a stagnant, archaic, violent and
oppressive, which are difficult to imagine in modern times (Aminah, 2006). However, in many Arab countries,
still it forms the basis of the legal system though in many cases it has been changed and codified.
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II. OBJECTIVES
The general objective of the study is to examine the general understanding of polygamy and its effect
on family as well as in society. Some specific objectives of this study are as follows: (1) To discuss the concept
of polygamy from Islamic perspective
(2) To examine perception and understanding of Polygamy among Somali Communities. The study is
based on two main types of data. Firstly, secondary information was gathered to discuss the concept of
Polygamy from Islamic perspective. Secondly, primary information has been also gathered from interview in
order to examine the general understanding and effect of Polygamy on family as well as society. The
information was collected from the selected study areas namely, Takaba secondary school and Takaba Primary
school.
Polygamy from Islamic Perspective
Polygamy is also a controversial issue in Islam. (White & White, 2005). The misconception about
Islam is the notion that it unconditionally allows a man to marry four wifes. Some scholars believed that keeping
four wives is a man’s essential physiological need only. However, According to the Quranic verse Polygamy
may occur to protect the rights of orphans. (Verse III. Surat An-Nisa). Therefore, it is obvious that the
permission to marry more than one wife has been given for the establishment of social justice. In the Holy
Qur’an the permission of marrying more than one wife is considered as a matter of emergency, permitted
Muslims to marry more than one woman, which is discussed in the opening verses of Surah Nisaa, as follows: If
you fear that you would not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry two, three or four of the women who
are lawful for you. However, if you fear that you would not be able to deal justly then one only.
Three implications of the verse mentioned above are very clear that Muslims are allowed to have more
than one wife only in case of some essential need. It is, therefore, obvious from this that the permission of
marrying more than one wife has nothing to do with a man’s lust for more than one wife. A person can have
more than one wife if a moral or social need arises. In that case, a man’s lust is certainly not important. It is
important to note that whatever the need to be, the number of wives cannot exceed four in any situation. At the
same time, if a person is unable to do justice to his wives, he must restrict himself to one.
Furthermore, the Qur’an provides a suitable reference how one wife is enough for a man when the
Almighty created Adam; he made Eve for him as his only wife. From this example, it is obvious that the
Almighty had intended a man should have not have more than one wife as He had created one wife for Adam
instead of many. This shows us that as far as a man’s physiological needs are concerned, they are completely
satisfied even if he has a single wife. In addition, in normal circumstances the ideal family is one formed by a
single couple.
Indeed to say that polygamy in Islam is conditional upon certain circumstances. The issue of polygamy
in Islam is understood in the light of community obligations towards orphans and widows. It is certainly not a
license for men to satisfy their lust. The permission is, in fact, a proof of the universal applicability of Islam.
Using this attitude, which would have been impossible to overcome had Islam totally forbidden polygamy, can
solve a number of problems. In Islam, Polygamy is permissible if a man is necessarily able to do justice among
the wives.
Measuring People’s Perception on the Issue of Polygamy
It is stated that the paper is also based on primary data collection and information. A total of 50
respondents were interviewed among Somali Communities. Table 1 presents the total number of respondents
were chosen from the study area. It indicates that three respondents have been selected from various women.
Single married women, 20 respondents have been chosen 12 women from polygamy 10 from devoice women
and 8 from old women. In addition, the in -depth interview have been presented.
Study Area and Total Respondents
Faculty/ Division Number of respondents
Monogamy women 20
Polygamy married women 12
Devoice women 10
Old women 8
Total 50
The paper attempts to examine the overall effect of polygamy on family and society. Too many,
polygamy is seen as an inappropriate relationship because they believe that polygamy oppresses women and
children, but there are also those who believe that polygamy is appropriate and beneficial to society. Polygamy
is always associated with problems and bad effects like jealousy, strife, murder and disparities. Though
Polygamy has a negative effect to family as well as society, it has been practiced in kenya as well as in other
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parts of the world for many centuries. Thus, it is said that when a family decides to add a new wife to their
family, the decision should be carefully considered and must be approved before the husband and new wife can
get married (Altman & Ginat, 1996). There are many who believe that polygamy is beneficial because it allows
men to have many children and helps society (White & White, 2005). On the other hand, many view polygamy
as an inappropriate relationship (Moore-Emmett, 2004).
Some believe that polygamy is appropriate because it encourages procreation and helps eliminate
prostitution (White & White, 2005). On the other hand, there are those who think that polygamy is inappropriate
because it oppresses both women and children (Moore-Emmett, 2004). Based on the above-mentioned
argument, there is a mini research has been conducted at Takaba Secondary school and Takaba Primary schools.
Respondent’s understanding regarding polygamy were measured based on few questions. The results are
presented in table 2. When respondents were asked about the issue of Polygamy, majority (60%) considered it as
an important issue in Kenya. It can be said that Polygamy is not a new issue in Kenya. Regarding the statement
whether Polygamy is acceptable or not, majority of respondents (80%) reported that they like to support it
whereas only few respondents (20% are not agreed with the same statement. However, there is an argument in
the literature whether polygamy are acceptable or not. The major justification for polygamy was that it
encouraged procreation (White & White, 2005). Some studies showed that more children could be created if a
man had many wives. It was believed that a man who had many children would be rewarded in the afterlife and
this became an incentive for men to marry many women and have as many children as possible (Altman &
Ginat, 1996).
Table 2: Measuring Perception and Understanding of Polygamy
Variables Agree Disagree
Polygamy is an important issue in Kenya. 60%(30) 40%(20)
Most of people are familiar with polygamy by reading
books, journals and newspaper
40%(20) 60%(30)
Most of people think that polygamy is acceptable 80%(40) 20%(10)
Polygamy is appropriate for our family as well as society 30%(15) 70%(35)
Polygamy has negative effect on family as well as social
life.
70%(35) 30%(15)
Religious believe has an influence on polygamy? 70%(35) 30%(15)
Men’s financials ability encourages them to be involved in
polygamy.
60%(30) 40%(20)
Wife’s bed behavior has an influence in increasing
polygamy.
80%(40) 20%(10)
Polygamy has negative effect on children 70% (35) 30% (15)
Another justification for polygamy is the notion that men are by nature polygamous and that women
are by nature monogamous (White & White, 2005). It is believed that men have strong and unlimited sexual
needs, which would be easily met with more than one wife (Altman & Ginat, 1996). It was also assumed that
polygamy would give all women the opportunity to get married and have children, which would eliminate
unmarried women who were usually victims of sexual and economic exploitation (White & White, 2005).
Polygamy would also help eliminate prostitution and child abandonment (White & White, 2005). Others thought
that polygamy allowed women to have a more liberal life. A woman in a plural marriage does not have to worry
as much about her family because she has other women there to help her.
Some believe that polygamy is very helpful to career women who might have to work late, and then go
home, and take care of their children or husband. In a plural marriage, the other wives are there to take care of
the children and the husband, which takes some stress of the career woman because she now has less to worry
about.
Again, respondents were asked to say their opinion whether Polygamy is appropriate or not. Thought
majority of respondents (70%) do believe that polygamy is inappropriate to family as well as society, some
respondents (30%) believe in Polygamy. It is not surprising to know that some people considered polygamy as
the appropriate to family as well as to society. In the literature, it is observed that there are people who believe
that polygamy should be considered appropriate; there are many people who believe that polygamy should be
deemed inappropriate.
When respondents were asked to give their opinion whether Polygamy is appropriate for our family as
well as society, the results show that about 70% respondents feel that Polygamy is inappropriate towards our
family and society. As the main reason they do believe that when men marry more than one wife, they cannot
share their love to their wives fairly. Thus, this might be an unequal treatment and injustice to family as well as
society. Respondents were also asked about the effect of Polygamy on family as well as society. Majority of
(70%) respondents agreed that Polygamy has negative effective as it brings domestic violence in family. They
also reported that children in polygamous families are forced to constantly work and take care of their younger
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siblings. Therefore, children from polygamous families are not allowed to go to school and, because of this, they
may not be able to help their family economically. This situation also negatively effect to children in the family.
As the possible reason, three questions are formulated such wife’s bed behavior and Men’s financials
ability encourages them to be involved in polygamy. Men’s financials ability encourages them to be involved in
polygamy and it was found that moderate level of respondents (60%, 40% and 80 %) do agreed that the above
mentioned factors might be the reason for Polygamy but majority disagreed in their opinion. Among the
questions, most of respondents (70 %) disagreed that Religious preference might be the reason for Polygamy.
As we know that Religious preference is a well-known practice in Somali as well as well other Muslim
countries. However, in this paper, surprisingly there is not such influence on Polygamy based on respondent’s
opinion.
The paper also conducted depth interview to examine the effect of polygamy among the family
members. Some students are chosen as the respondents who came from Polygamous family namely Mohamed
Sharif Fatuma Musa. He shared his experience saying “Like my siblings, I do not get enough attention from my
father. Most of times, we are afraid to talk with my father when is in home as we find him stressful. We do not
have any a holiday trip as our siblings and friends do. In fact, I do not have any sweet moment with my father to
share.
This is common in polygamous families where father is busy, even sometime he is forced to
constantly work in order to provide the financial for family members. Therefore, children from polygamous
families have little opportunity to go for holiday with parents and other family members. Even sometimes
children’s are not allowed to go to school, as father is unable to provide support due to financial constraints. .
This situation also negatively effect to children in the family Similar negative opinion was observed when
Salami Bte Ali was asked to give her opinion. She said: “My husband Mr. Ahmed is a taxi driver. I am second
wife having with six children. First wife of my husband also have seven children. As a taxi driver, it is difficult
for him to bear the expense of our large family. Even children do not get enough food in our family.
From the above two statements, it can be said that the effect of polygamy on family has both economic
and emotional aspects The research has found that many men in both lower and middle economic groups,
husbands are unable to contribute to the economic maintenance of their family members.
III. CONCLUSION
Polygamy with Islam is not unfair or biased but there is some misunderstanding. According to Islam,
taking a second wife, even with the free consent of the first wife, is a violation of the law. Islam never
encourages marrying more than one such as way. Concern with the application of laws is still debatable among
scholars. Even the effect of Polygamy is also debatable as some scholar’s view that it gives a positive effect,
while some others are in contrast. Based on the perception of Somali communities, it was observed that
Polygamy is a well-known practice in Kenya as majority of respondents familiar with the issue. It was also
observed that Polygamy has negative effect on family especially for children. Children in Polygamous family do
not get enough attention and economic support from family. However, majority believes that polygamy is an
inappropriate relationship. However, the implication of Islamic is still controversial issue in Kenya.
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