A research paradigm is “the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientist. about how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1970)
A research paradigm is “the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientist. about how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1970)
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Why Philosophy?
All research is based on Assumptions about
• How the world is perceived
• How can we best come to understand it
No body really knows how we can best understand the world
• Philosophies have been arguing about it for 1000s of years
For us, as researchers, need to consider:
• How we know about the world around us
• What is our philosophical approach to knowledge
3. Philosophy & Research
• What is Philosophy?
• The study of the most general and abstract features of the world
and the categories with which we think. In philosophy the
concepts with which we approach the world themselves become
the topic of inquiry
• Investigation of the nature, causes or principles of reality,
knowledge or value, based on logical reasoning rather than
empirical methods (American Heritage Dictionary).
• The study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality knowledge
and goodness, as discoverable by human reasoning
(Penguin English Dictionary)
4. Philosophy & Research
• What is research?
• Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to
think what no body else has thought (Blaikie, 2010)
• Researcher is going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings and
opinions
• Research is careful for diligent search about a phenomena
• Studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or experimentation
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revisions of accepted
theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new
or revised theories or laws
5. Understanding your research philosophies
• What you are doing when embarking on research: developing
knowledge in a practical field
• System of beliefs and assumptions about development of knowledge
• Research philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the
development of knowledge and the nature of that
knowledge
(sanders et al., 200)
6. Understanding your research Philosophy
• At every stage in research we make a number of assumptions
• These include assumptions about
• The realities encountered in research (Ontological Assumptions)
• Human Knowledge (Epistemological Assumptions)
• Assumptions about human values ( Axiological Assumptions)
• Assumptions about how to conduct the process (Methodological
Assumptions)
• Assumptions about presenting research (Rhetorical Assumption)
These assumptions inevitably shape how you understand your research
questions, the methods you use and how you interpret your feelings
(Crotty 1988)
7. Understanding your research philosophies
• A well-thought out and consistent set of assumptions will constitute a
credible research philosophy
• This will
• Underpin your methodological choice, research strategy and data collection
techniques and analysis procedures
• Allows you to design a coherent research project in which all elements of
research fit together
8. Thinking about Research Philosophy
• There are two things you can do to start making a more active and
informed philosophical choice:
• Begin asking yourself questions about your research fields and
assumptions
• Familiarize yourself with major research philosophies
10. Ontology
• Describe our view (claims or assumptions) on the nature of
reality
• It raise the question of the assumption researchers have
about the way the world operates.
• Specifically describes that is reality an objective reality that
really exists, or only a subjective reality, created in our
minds.
11. Ontology
• Two aspects of ontology are:
• Objectivism: This portrays the position that social entities
exist in reality external to social actors with their
existence.
• Subjectivism: holds that social phenomena are created
from the perceptions and consequent actions of those
social actors concerned with their existence.
12. Epistemology
• Concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study.
• What is knowledge and what are the sources and limits of knowledge
• Epistemology is how and what is possible to know, and the need to
reflect on the methods and standards through which reliable and
verifiable knowledge is produced
• Epistemology as knowing how you can know
• Questions of epistemology begins to consider the research method
13. Axiology
• Axiology is a branch of philosophy that studies judgments about
values.
• The role that your own values play, in all stages of the research
process, is of great importance for your research results to be
credible.
• Choosing one topic rather than another suggest that you think one of
the topics is more important
• Your choice of philosophical approach is a reflection of your values as
is your choice of data collection techniques.
14. Methodological Assumption
The procedures of conducting research, is its methodology
The stance of quantitative researcher is deductive logic. Moving from
known to known. They bring theory in their research and try to find
answers to their research problem based on hypotheses.
15. The procedures of quantitative research, or its methodology, are
characterized
as deductive, top down approach, and shaped by the researcher's
experience in
collecting and analyzing the data. The logic that the quantitative
researcher
follows is deductive and handed down entirely
from a theory or from the perspectives of the inquirer.
16. Rhetorical Assumption
• Rhetoric is the language of research.
• Quantitative researchers uses more direct, academic writing. Uses
third person pronoun in the study.
17. Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for
Practice
Ontological What is the nature
of reality?
Reality is subjective
& multiple as seen
by participants in
the study/ Reality is
objective and single
Researcher uses
quotes & themes in
words of
participants &
provide evidence of
different
perspectives
Epistemology What is the
relationship
between researcher
& that being
Researched
Researcher
attempts to lessen
the distance
between researcher
& that being
researched or
remain detach as in
quan.
Researcher
collaborates,
spends time in field
with participants &
become insider/
researcher
maintains its
objectivity
18. Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for
Practice
Axiology What is the role of
values?
Researcher
acknowledge that
research is value laden
and that biases are
present/ or ensure zero
biasness
Researcher openly
discuss values that
shape the narrative
& includes his/her
own interpretation in
conjunction with the
interpretation of the
participants.
Rhetorical What is the
language of
research?
Researcher writes in a
literary informal style
using the personal
voice & uses the
qualitative terms &
limited definitions/
More formal style using
third person pronoun in
case of QUAN.
Researcher uses an
engaging style of
narrative, may use
first person pronoun
& qualitative
language/ in quan.
Researcher uses
straight forward ,
direct academic
style writing
19. Methodological What is the process
of research?
Researcher uses
inductive logic,
studies topic within
its context, & uses
an emerging
design/ or
deductive logic with
top down approach
and verifies theory
Researcher
describe in detail
the context of the
study & continually
revise questions
20. Objectivism & Subjectivism
• Objectivism incorporates the assumption of natural sciences, arguing
that the social reality that we research is external to us and others
• Subjectivism: incorporates assumptions of the arts and humanities,
asserting that social reality is made from the perception and
consequent actions of social actors (People).
21. Understanding Research Philosophy
• Four major aspects of philosophy
• Positivism: The stance of the natural scientist
• Realism: Direct and critical realism
• Interpretivism: Researchers as social actors
• Pragmatism: Studies judgments about values
22. Positivism…..Realism
• Positivism can be defined as ” research approaches that
employ empirical methods, make extensive use of
quantitative analysis or develop logical calculi to build formal
explanatory theory
23. Positivism……
• Research Philosophy used by natural sciences
• The researcher is an objective analyst of the external world: the end product
of the research are law like generalizations
• Makes detached interpretations about the data that have been collected in an
objective manner.
• The researcher is independent of the subject of the research.
• The researcher does not effect the subjects of the research
• The researcher is not effected by the subjects of the research
• Focusses on
• Highly structured methodology and methods(e.g., questionnaires)
• Observations may be quantified, this promise statistical analysis
24. Post Positivism….Critical Realism
It is evolved from the positivist paradigm.
It is concerned with the subjectivity of reality and moves away from the
purely objective stance.
“ If it was no longer possible to study the natural world from
mechanistic point of view then it was certainly no longer possible to
study social facts in that way”.
25. “Post positivism rooted in the premise that any perception of reality
cannot be an objective picture but is drawn from empirical
observation and existing theory”.
26. Ontology in Post positivism
Objective social facts do exist independently of and external to human
beings but these facts are subject to uncertainty and probability.
Cause and effect relationships do exist but it is not always possible to
know these relationships in their entirety. Human fallibility always
create imperfections but there remains the basic belief that a reality
is out there waiting to be discovered.
27. Epistemology- In Post Positivism
The major difference between positivist epistemology and post
positivist is the ability of the knower to be completely divorced from
the known.
Post positivist believe that all discovery is subject to interpretation; it is
the responsibility of the researcher to demonstrate objectivity during
the discovery process.
28. Methodology---In Post Positivism
The approach taken by post positivist remains one of experimentation
and hypothesis testing. Variables are identified and manipulated and
relationship between these variables is then measured using
statistical technique.
29. Purpose—prediction/control/explanation/falsification
The purpose of research within the post positivism tradition remains
very similar to that of positivism. The most significant difference is the
notion of falsification; disproving the existence of a phenomenon and
become a valid outcome of an investigation. Generalizations about
the phenomena under investigation remains an output of the post
positivist approach to empirical investigation.
30. Interpretivism
• The interpretive paradigm is also called the phenomenological
approach.
• This is an approach that aims to understand people (Babbie &
Mounton, 2008).
• It concerns with the meanings people attach to norms, rules and
values that regulate their interactions
• The purpose of research is understanding and interpreting everyday
happenings, experiences and social structures as well as meanings people
attach to these phenomena ( Collis & Hussy, 2009).
31. Interpretivism
• Opposite to positivism
• Argues that social world is too complex and unique for traditional natural
sciences approaches
• Therefore, it can not be generalized, it depends on particular sets of
circumstances and individuals
• Its important to understand peoples believe and actions from their point of
view
• Interpretivist seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they
study to understand their motives and beliefs.
32. Pragmatism
• Pragmatism holds that most important determinant of the
epistemology, ontology, axiology adopted in the research question.
• For a pragmatist, research starts with a problem, and aims to
contribute practical solutions that inform future practice.
• Reality matters to pragmatist as practical efforts of ideas, and
knowledge is valued for enabling actions to be carried out
successfully.
33. Pragmatism
• As pragmatists are more interested in practical outcomes than
abstract distinctions.
• It strives to reconcile both objectivism and subjectivism, facts and
values, accurate and rigorous knowledge and different contextualized
experiences.
• By considering theories, concepts , idea, hypothesis and research findings not
in an abstract form, but in terms of roles they play as instruments of thoughts
and actions.