SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Philosophical Assumptions &
Research Paradigms
Farhana Saeed Hashmi
Why Philosophy?
All research is based on Assumptions about
• How the world is perceived
• How can we best come to understand it
No body really knows how we can best understand the world
• Philosophies have been arguing about it for 1000s of years
For us, as researchers, need to consider:
• How we know about the world around us
• What is our philosophical approach to knowledge
Philosophy & Research
• What is Philosophy?
• The study of the most general and abstract features of the world
and the categories with which we think. In philosophy the
concepts with which we approach the world themselves become
the topic of inquiry
• Investigation of the nature, causes or principles of reality,
knowledge or value, based on logical reasoning rather than
empirical methods (American Heritage Dictionary).
• The study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality knowledge
and goodness, as discoverable by human reasoning
(Penguin English Dictionary)
Philosophy & Research
• What is research?
• Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to
think what no body else has thought (Blaikie, 2010)
• Researcher is going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings and
opinions
• Research is careful for diligent search about a phenomena
• Studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or experimentation
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revisions of accepted
theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new
or revised theories or laws
Understanding your research philosophies
• What you are doing when embarking on research: developing
knowledge in a practical field
• System of beliefs and assumptions about development of knowledge
• Research philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the
development of knowledge and the nature of that
knowledge
(sanders et al., 200)
Understanding your research Philosophy
• At every stage in research we make a number of assumptions
• These include assumptions about
• The realities encountered in research (Ontological Assumptions)
• Human Knowledge (Epistemological Assumptions)
• Assumptions about human values ( Axiological Assumptions)
• Assumptions about how to conduct the process (Methodological
Assumptions)
• Assumptions about presenting research (Rhetorical Assumption)
These assumptions inevitably shape how you understand your research
questions, the methods you use and how you interpret your feelings
(Crotty 1988)
Understanding your research philosophies
• A well-thought out and consistent set of assumptions will constitute a
credible research philosophy
• This will
• Underpin your methodological choice, research strategy and data collection
techniques and analysis procedures
• Allows you to design a coherent research project in which all elements of
research fit together
Thinking about Research Philosophy
• There are two things you can do to start making a more active and
informed philosophical choice:
• Begin asking yourself questions about your research fields and
assumptions
• Familiarize yourself with major research philosophies
Developing Research Philosophy
Beliefs &
Assumptions
Research
Philosophies
Research Design
Ontology
• Describe our view (claims or assumptions) on the nature of
reality
• It raise the question of the assumption researchers have
about the way the world operates.
• Specifically describes that is reality an objective reality that
really exists, or only a subjective reality, created in our
minds.
Ontology
• Two aspects of ontology are:
• Objectivism: This portrays the position that social entities
exist in reality external to social actors with their
existence.
• Subjectivism: holds that social phenomena are created
from the perceptions and consequent actions of those
social actors concerned with their existence.
Epistemology
• Concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study.
• What is knowledge and what are the sources and limits of knowledge
• Epistemology is how and what is possible to know, and the need to
reflect on the methods and standards through which reliable and
verifiable knowledge is produced
• Epistemology as knowing how you can know
• Questions of epistemology begins to consider the research method
Axiology
• Axiology is a branch of philosophy that studies judgments about
values.
• The role that your own values play, in all stages of the research
process, is of great importance for your research results to be
credible.
• Choosing one topic rather than another suggest that you think one of
the topics is more important
• Your choice of philosophical approach is a reflection of your values as
is your choice of data collection techniques.
Methodological Assumption
The procedures of conducting research, is its methodology
The stance of quantitative researcher is deductive logic. Moving from
known to known. They bring theory in their research and try to find
answers to their research problem based on hypotheses.
The procedures of quantitative research, or its methodology, are
characterized
as deductive, top down approach, and shaped by the researcher's
experience in
collecting and analyzing the data. The logic that the quantitative
researcher
follows is deductive and handed down entirely
from a theory or from the perspectives of the inquirer.
Rhetorical Assumption
• Rhetoric is the language of research.
• Quantitative researchers uses more direct, academic writing. Uses
third person pronoun in the study.
Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for
Practice
Ontological What is the nature
of reality?
Reality is subjective
& multiple as seen
by participants in
the study/ Reality is
objective and single
Researcher uses
quotes & themes in
words of
participants &
provide evidence of
different
perspectives
Epistemology What is the
relationship
between researcher
& that being
Researched
Researcher
attempts to lessen
the distance
between researcher
& that being
researched or
remain detach as in
quan.
Researcher
collaborates,
spends time in field
with participants &
become insider/
researcher
maintains its
objectivity
Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for
Practice
Axiology What is the role of
values?
Researcher
acknowledge that
research is value laden
and that biases are
present/ or ensure zero
biasness
Researcher openly
discuss values that
shape the narrative
& includes his/her
own interpretation in
conjunction with the
interpretation of the
participants.
Rhetorical What is the
language of
research?
Researcher writes in a
literary informal style
using the personal
voice & uses the
qualitative terms &
limited definitions/
More formal style using
third person pronoun in
case of QUAN.
Researcher uses an
engaging style of
narrative, may use
first person pronoun
& qualitative
language/ in quan.
Researcher uses
straight forward ,
direct academic
style writing
Methodological What is the process
of research?
Researcher uses
inductive logic,
studies topic within
its context, & uses
an emerging
design/ or
deductive logic with
top down approach
and verifies theory
Researcher
describe in detail
the context of the
study & continually
revise questions
Objectivism & Subjectivism
• Objectivism incorporates the assumption of natural sciences, arguing
that the social reality that we research is external to us and others
• Subjectivism: incorporates assumptions of the arts and humanities,
asserting that social reality is made from the perception and
consequent actions of social actors (People).
Understanding Research Philosophy
• Four major aspects of philosophy
• Positivism: The stance of the natural scientist
• Realism: Direct and critical realism
• Interpretivism: Researchers as social actors
• Pragmatism: Studies judgments about values
Positivism…..Realism
• Positivism can be defined as ” research approaches that
employ empirical methods, make extensive use of
quantitative analysis or develop logical calculi to build formal
explanatory theory
Positivism……
• Research Philosophy used by natural sciences
• The researcher is an objective analyst of the external world: the end product
of the research are law like generalizations
• Makes detached interpretations about the data that have been collected in an
objective manner.
• The researcher is independent of the subject of the research.
• The researcher does not effect the subjects of the research
• The researcher is not effected by the subjects of the research
• Focusses on
• Highly structured methodology and methods(e.g., questionnaires)
• Observations may be quantified, this promise statistical analysis
Post Positivism….Critical Realism
It is evolved from the positivist paradigm.
It is concerned with the subjectivity of reality and moves away from the
purely objective stance.
“ If it was no longer possible to study the natural world from
mechanistic point of view then it was certainly no longer possible to
study social facts in that way”.
“Post positivism rooted in the premise that any perception of reality
cannot be an objective picture but is drawn from empirical
observation and existing theory”.
Ontology in Post positivism
Objective social facts do exist independently of and external to human
beings but these facts are subject to uncertainty and probability.
Cause and effect relationships do exist but it is not always possible to
know these relationships in their entirety. Human fallibility always
create imperfections but there remains the basic belief that a reality
is out there waiting to be discovered.
Epistemology- In Post Positivism
The major difference between positivist epistemology and post
positivist is the ability of the knower to be completely divorced from
the known.
Post positivist believe that all discovery is subject to interpretation; it is
the responsibility of the researcher to demonstrate objectivity during
the discovery process.
Methodology---In Post Positivism
The approach taken by post positivist remains one of experimentation
and hypothesis testing. Variables are identified and manipulated and
relationship between these variables is then measured using
statistical technique.
Purpose—prediction/control/explanation/falsification
The purpose of research within the post positivism tradition remains
very similar to that of positivism. The most significant difference is the
notion of falsification; disproving the existence of a phenomenon and
become a valid outcome of an investigation. Generalizations about
the phenomena under investigation remains an output of the post
positivist approach to empirical investigation.
Interpretivism
• The interpretive paradigm is also called the phenomenological
approach.
• This is an approach that aims to understand people (Babbie &
Mounton, 2008).
• It concerns with the meanings people attach to norms, rules and
values that regulate their interactions
• The purpose of research is understanding and interpreting everyday
happenings, experiences and social structures as well as meanings people
attach to these phenomena ( Collis & Hussy, 2009).
Interpretivism
• Opposite to positivism
• Argues that social world is too complex and unique for traditional natural
sciences approaches
• Therefore, it can not be generalized, it depends on particular sets of
circumstances and individuals
• Its important to understand peoples believe and actions from their point of
view
• Interpretivist seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they
study to understand their motives and beliefs.
Pragmatism
• Pragmatism holds that most important determinant of the
epistemology, ontology, axiology adopted in the research question.
• For a pragmatist, research starts with a problem, and aims to
contribute practical solutions that inform future practice.
• Reality matters to pragmatist as practical efforts of ideas, and
knowledge is valued for enabling actions to be carried out
successfully.
Pragmatism
• As pragmatists are more interested in practical outcomes than
abstract distinctions.
• It strives to reconcile both objectivism and subjectivism, facts and
values, accurate and rigorous knowledge and different contextualized
experiences.
• By considering theories, concepts , idea, hypothesis and research findings not
in an abstract form, but in terms of roles they play as instruments of thoughts
and actions.

More Related Content

What's hot

Paradigms of research
Paradigms of researchParadigms of research
Paradigms of researchSabeena PS
 
Qualitative research design in research in education
Qualitative research design in research in educationQualitative research design in research in education
Qualitative research design in research in education
Rashna Asif
 
Quantitative research
Quantitative researchQuantitative research
Quantitative research
Tooba Kanwal
 
Research design and methodology
Research design and methodologyResearch design and methodology
Research design and methodology
Palitha Edirisingha
 
Qualitative Case Study
Qualitative Case StudyQualitative Case Study
Research paradigms
Research paradigmsResearch paradigms
Research paradigms
Sajid Ali Lashari
 
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptxPhilosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
ssuser189dbb
 
Data collection reliability
Data collection reliabilityData collection reliability
Data collection reliability
Thangamani Ramalingam
 
Quantitative Research
Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research
Quantitative Research
syerencs
 
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Dr. DANIYAL MUSHTAQ
 
Research Methodology - introduction
Research Methodology - introductionResearch Methodology - introduction
Research Methodology - introduction
jakiun johora mustafa
 
Research Methodology Ph D.ppt
Research Methodology Ph D.pptResearch Methodology Ph D.ppt
Research Methodology Ph D.pptShama
 
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collectionQualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection
Susheewa Mulmuang
 
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignResearch Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
Thiyagu K
 
Qualitative research designs
Qualitative research designsQualitative research designs
Qualitative research designs
Muthu Venkatachalam
 
Research Paradigms lec2
Research Paradigms lec2Research Paradigms lec2
Research Paradigms lec2
maliterature
 
Qualitative Research Methods
Qualitative Research MethodsQualitative Research Methods
Qualitative Research MethodsJukka Peltokoski
 
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis  Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis
Dr. Senthilvel Vasudevan
 
Correlation Research Design
Correlation Research DesignCorrelation Research Design
Correlation Research Design
Su Qee
 

What's hot (20)

Paradigms of research
Paradigms of researchParadigms of research
Paradigms of research
 
Qualitative research design in research in education
Qualitative research design in research in educationQualitative research design in research in education
Qualitative research design in research in education
 
Quantitative research
Quantitative researchQuantitative research
Quantitative research
 
Research design and methodology
Research design and methodologyResearch design and methodology
Research design and methodology
 
Qualitative Case Study
Qualitative Case StudyQualitative Case Study
Qualitative Case Study
 
Research paradigms
Research paradigmsResearch paradigms
Research paradigms
 
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptxPhilosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptx
 
Data collection reliability
Data collection reliabilityData collection reliability
Data collection reliability
 
Quantitative Research
Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research
Quantitative Research
 
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 
Theory and Research
Theory and ResearchTheory and Research
Theory and Research
 
Research Methodology - introduction
Research Methodology - introductionResearch Methodology - introduction
Research Methodology - introduction
 
Research Methodology Ph D.ppt
Research Methodology Ph D.pptResearch Methodology Ph D.ppt
Research Methodology Ph D.ppt
 
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collectionQualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection
 
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignResearch Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Design
 
Qualitative research designs
Qualitative research designsQualitative research designs
Qualitative research designs
 
Research Paradigms lec2
Research Paradigms lec2Research Paradigms lec2
Research Paradigms lec2
 
Qualitative Research Methods
Qualitative Research MethodsQualitative Research Methods
Qualitative Research Methods
 
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis  Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis
 
Correlation Research Design
Correlation Research DesignCorrelation Research Design
Correlation Research Design
 

Similar to Assumptions & Paradigms.pptx

1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
EtalemBurako
 
Research philosophy
Research philosophyResearch philosophy
Research philosophy
Dr. Jasim Khan Tariq
 
L2 paradigms july2020
L2   paradigms  july2020L2   paradigms  july2020
L2 paradigms july2020
Helena Thomas
 
PARADIGM DEBATES IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
PARADIGM DEBATES  IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptxPARADIGM DEBATES  IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
PARADIGM DEBATES IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
MilkiyasAsso
 
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptxLecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
MrDampha
 
qualitative research.pptx
qualitative research.pptxqualitative research.pptx
qualitative research.pptx
Mahbubur3
 
How science is developed
How science is developedHow science is developed
How science is developed
Jorge Widaya
 
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptxQualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
ssakher
 
Research Design Planning
Research Design PlanningResearch Design Planning
Research Design Planning
ND Arisanti
 
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdfparadigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
ssuser31c469
 
Research methodology
Research methodologyResearch methodology
Research methodology
Amba Datt Pant
 
Philosophy and ethics
Philosophy and ethics Philosophy and ethics
Philosophy and ethics
jagannath Dange
 
Research Paradigms ppt.ppt
Research Paradigms ppt.pptResearch Paradigms ppt.ppt
Research Paradigms ppt.ppt
Haroon199900
 
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research ConceptsResearch Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
FazalHayat12
 
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revisedRMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
Anil Kanjee
 
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdfLecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
SaubanAhmed1
 
introduction to research-2023.ppt
introduction to research-2023.pptintroduction to research-2023.ppt
introduction to research-2023.ppt
DoctorOkelloBen
 
What is a theory
What is a theoryWhat is a theory
What is a theory
Regent University
 

Similar to Assumptions & Paradigms.pptx (20)

1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
 
Understanding research philosophies
Understanding research philosophiesUnderstanding research philosophies
Understanding research philosophies
 
Research ethics philosphy
Research ethics philosphyResearch ethics philosphy
Research ethics philosphy
 
Research philosophy
Research philosophyResearch philosophy
Research philosophy
 
L2 paradigms july2020
L2   paradigms  july2020L2   paradigms  july2020
L2 paradigms july2020
 
PARADIGM DEBATES IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
PARADIGM DEBATES  IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptxPARADIGM DEBATES  IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
PARADIGM DEBATES IN EDUCATION RESEARCH BY MILKIYAS ASSO pptx
 
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptxLecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptx
 
qualitative research.pptx
qualitative research.pptxqualitative research.pptx
qualitative research.pptx
 
How science is developed
How science is developedHow science is developed
How science is developed
 
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptxQualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
Qualitative researcghhghghghguyyguuyh.pptx
 
Research Design Planning
Research Design PlanningResearch Design Planning
Research Design Planning
 
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdfparadigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
paradigms-190305093939 (1).pdf
 
Research methodology
Research methodologyResearch methodology
Research methodology
 
Philosophy and ethics
Philosophy and ethics Philosophy and ethics
Philosophy and ethics
 
Research Paradigms ppt.ppt
Research Paradigms ppt.pptResearch Paradigms ppt.ppt
Research Paradigms ppt.ppt
 
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research ConceptsResearch Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research Concepts
 
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revisedRMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
RMD 100Q Chapter1 cohen ak revised
 
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdfLecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
 
introduction to research-2023.ppt
introduction to research-2023.pptintroduction to research-2023.ppt
introduction to research-2023.ppt
 
What is a theory
What is a theoryWhat is a theory
What is a theory
 

Recently uploaded

The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
Jisc
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Sandy Millin
 
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdfAdditional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
joachimlavalley1
 
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th SemesterGuidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Atul Kumar Singh
 
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfThe Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
kaushalkr1407
 
Model Attribute Check Company Auto Property
Model Attribute  Check Company Auto PropertyModel Attribute  Check Company Auto Property
Model Attribute Check Company Auto Property
Celine George
 
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
Celine George
 
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdfHome assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
siemaillard
 
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
CarlosHernanMontoyab2
 
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official PublicationThe Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
Delapenabediema
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Levi Shapiro
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXPhrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
MIRIAMSALINAS13
 
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxHonest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
timhan337
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Thiyagu K
 
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Jisc
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
TechSoup
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
Special education needs
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Peter Windle
 

Recently uploaded (20)

The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
 
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdfAdditional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
Additional Benefits for Employee Website.pdf
 
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th SemesterGuidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
 
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfThe Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
 
Model Attribute Check Company Auto Property
Model Attribute  Check Company Auto PropertyModel Attribute  Check Company Auto Property
Model Attribute Check Company Auto Property
 
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17
 
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdfHome assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
 
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
 
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
 
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official PublicationThe Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
 
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXPhrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Phrasal Verbs.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
 
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxHonest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptx
 
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdfUnit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
Unit 2- Research Aptitude (UGC NET Paper I).pdf
 
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
 
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfWelcome to TechSoup   New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
 
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdfspecial B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
 

Assumptions & Paradigms.pptx

  • 1. Philosophical Assumptions & Research Paradigms Farhana Saeed Hashmi
  • 2. Why Philosophy? All research is based on Assumptions about • How the world is perceived • How can we best come to understand it No body really knows how we can best understand the world • Philosophies have been arguing about it for 1000s of years For us, as researchers, need to consider: • How we know about the world around us • What is our philosophical approach to knowledge
  • 3. Philosophy & Research • What is Philosophy? • The study of the most general and abstract features of the world and the categories with which we think. In philosophy the concepts with which we approach the world themselves become the topic of inquiry • Investigation of the nature, causes or principles of reality, knowledge or value, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods (American Heritage Dictionary). • The study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality knowledge and goodness, as discoverable by human reasoning (Penguin English Dictionary)
  • 4. Philosophy & Research • What is research? • Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what no body else has thought (Blaikie, 2010) • Researcher is going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings and opinions • Research is careful for diligent search about a phenomena • Studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revisions of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws
  • 5. Understanding your research philosophies • What you are doing when embarking on research: developing knowledge in a practical field • System of beliefs and assumptions about development of knowledge • Research philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge (sanders et al., 200)
  • 6. Understanding your research Philosophy • At every stage in research we make a number of assumptions • These include assumptions about • The realities encountered in research (Ontological Assumptions) • Human Knowledge (Epistemological Assumptions) • Assumptions about human values ( Axiological Assumptions) • Assumptions about how to conduct the process (Methodological Assumptions) • Assumptions about presenting research (Rhetorical Assumption) These assumptions inevitably shape how you understand your research questions, the methods you use and how you interpret your feelings (Crotty 1988)
  • 7. Understanding your research philosophies • A well-thought out and consistent set of assumptions will constitute a credible research philosophy • This will • Underpin your methodological choice, research strategy and data collection techniques and analysis procedures • Allows you to design a coherent research project in which all elements of research fit together
  • 8. Thinking about Research Philosophy • There are two things you can do to start making a more active and informed philosophical choice: • Begin asking yourself questions about your research fields and assumptions • Familiarize yourself with major research philosophies
  • 9. Developing Research Philosophy Beliefs & Assumptions Research Philosophies Research Design
  • 10. Ontology • Describe our view (claims or assumptions) on the nature of reality • It raise the question of the assumption researchers have about the way the world operates. • Specifically describes that is reality an objective reality that really exists, or only a subjective reality, created in our minds.
  • 11. Ontology • Two aspects of ontology are: • Objectivism: This portrays the position that social entities exist in reality external to social actors with their existence. • Subjectivism: holds that social phenomena are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors concerned with their existence.
  • 12. Epistemology • Concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study. • What is knowledge and what are the sources and limits of knowledge • Epistemology is how and what is possible to know, and the need to reflect on the methods and standards through which reliable and verifiable knowledge is produced • Epistemology as knowing how you can know • Questions of epistemology begins to consider the research method
  • 13. Axiology • Axiology is a branch of philosophy that studies judgments about values. • The role that your own values play, in all stages of the research process, is of great importance for your research results to be credible. • Choosing one topic rather than another suggest that you think one of the topics is more important • Your choice of philosophical approach is a reflection of your values as is your choice of data collection techniques.
  • 14. Methodological Assumption The procedures of conducting research, is its methodology The stance of quantitative researcher is deductive logic. Moving from known to known. They bring theory in their research and try to find answers to their research problem based on hypotheses.
  • 15. The procedures of quantitative research, or its methodology, are characterized as deductive, top down approach, and shaped by the researcher's experience in collecting and analyzing the data. The logic that the quantitative researcher follows is deductive and handed down entirely from a theory or from the perspectives of the inquirer.
  • 16. Rhetorical Assumption • Rhetoric is the language of research. • Quantitative researchers uses more direct, academic writing. Uses third person pronoun in the study.
  • 17. Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for Practice Ontological What is the nature of reality? Reality is subjective & multiple as seen by participants in the study/ Reality is objective and single Researcher uses quotes & themes in words of participants & provide evidence of different perspectives Epistemology What is the relationship between researcher & that being Researched Researcher attempts to lessen the distance between researcher & that being researched or remain detach as in quan. Researcher collaborates, spends time in field with participants & become insider/ researcher maintains its objectivity
  • 18. Assumption Question Characteristics Implication for Practice Axiology What is the role of values? Researcher acknowledge that research is value laden and that biases are present/ or ensure zero biasness Researcher openly discuss values that shape the narrative & includes his/her own interpretation in conjunction with the interpretation of the participants. Rhetorical What is the language of research? Researcher writes in a literary informal style using the personal voice & uses the qualitative terms & limited definitions/ More formal style using third person pronoun in case of QUAN. Researcher uses an engaging style of narrative, may use first person pronoun & qualitative language/ in quan. Researcher uses straight forward , direct academic style writing
  • 19. Methodological What is the process of research? Researcher uses inductive logic, studies topic within its context, & uses an emerging design/ or deductive logic with top down approach and verifies theory Researcher describe in detail the context of the study & continually revise questions
  • 20. Objectivism & Subjectivism • Objectivism incorporates the assumption of natural sciences, arguing that the social reality that we research is external to us and others • Subjectivism: incorporates assumptions of the arts and humanities, asserting that social reality is made from the perception and consequent actions of social actors (People).
  • 21. Understanding Research Philosophy • Four major aspects of philosophy • Positivism: The stance of the natural scientist • Realism: Direct and critical realism • Interpretivism: Researchers as social actors • Pragmatism: Studies judgments about values
  • 22. Positivism…..Realism • Positivism can be defined as ” research approaches that employ empirical methods, make extensive use of quantitative analysis or develop logical calculi to build formal explanatory theory
  • 23. Positivism…… • Research Philosophy used by natural sciences • The researcher is an objective analyst of the external world: the end product of the research are law like generalizations • Makes detached interpretations about the data that have been collected in an objective manner. • The researcher is independent of the subject of the research. • The researcher does not effect the subjects of the research • The researcher is not effected by the subjects of the research • Focusses on • Highly structured methodology and methods(e.g., questionnaires) • Observations may be quantified, this promise statistical analysis
  • 24. Post Positivism….Critical Realism It is evolved from the positivist paradigm. It is concerned with the subjectivity of reality and moves away from the purely objective stance. “ If it was no longer possible to study the natural world from mechanistic point of view then it was certainly no longer possible to study social facts in that way”.
  • 25. “Post positivism rooted in the premise that any perception of reality cannot be an objective picture but is drawn from empirical observation and existing theory”.
  • 26. Ontology in Post positivism Objective social facts do exist independently of and external to human beings but these facts are subject to uncertainty and probability. Cause and effect relationships do exist but it is not always possible to know these relationships in their entirety. Human fallibility always create imperfections but there remains the basic belief that a reality is out there waiting to be discovered.
  • 27. Epistemology- In Post Positivism The major difference between positivist epistemology and post positivist is the ability of the knower to be completely divorced from the known. Post positivist believe that all discovery is subject to interpretation; it is the responsibility of the researcher to demonstrate objectivity during the discovery process.
  • 28. Methodology---In Post Positivism The approach taken by post positivist remains one of experimentation and hypothesis testing. Variables are identified and manipulated and relationship between these variables is then measured using statistical technique.
  • 29. Purpose—prediction/control/explanation/falsification The purpose of research within the post positivism tradition remains very similar to that of positivism. The most significant difference is the notion of falsification; disproving the existence of a phenomenon and become a valid outcome of an investigation. Generalizations about the phenomena under investigation remains an output of the post positivist approach to empirical investigation.
  • 30. Interpretivism • The interpretive paradigm is also called the phenomenological approach. • This is an approach that aims to understand people (Babbie & Mounton, 2008). • It concerns with the meanings people attach to norms, rules and values that regulate their interactions • The purpose of research is understanding and interpreting everyday happenings, experiences and social structures as well as meanings people attach to these phenomena ( Collis & Hussy, 2009).
  • 31. Interpretivism • Opposite to positivism • Argues that social world is too complex and unique for traditional natural sciences approaches • Therefore, it can not be generalized, it depends on particular sets of circumstances and individuals • Its important to understand peoples believe and actions from their point of view • Interpretivist seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study to understand their motives and beliefs.
  • 32. Pragmatism • Pragmatism holds that most important determinant of the epistemology, ontology, axiology adopted in the research question. • For a pragmatist, research starts with a problem, and aims to contribute practical solutions that inform future practice. • Reality matters to pragmatist as practical efforts of ideas, and knowledge is valued for enabling actions to be carried out successfully.
  • 33. Pragmatism • As pragmatists are more interested in practical outcomes than abstract distinctions. • It strives to reconcile both objectivism and subjectivism, facts and values, accurate and rigorous knowledge and different contextualized experiences. • By considering theories, concepts , idea, hypothesis and research findings not in an abstract form, but in terms of roles they play as instruments of thoughts and actions.