The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
This document discusses research methodology. It defines research and describes key aspects of conducting research including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. It also discusses different types of research based on their application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Finally, it outlines important qualities of a good researcher including having an analytical mind, being able to engage people, and staying calm under pressure.
The document outlines the key criteria for good research including:
1) Clearly stating the research aim and using common concepts
2) Adequately describing the research procedures to allow for replication
3) Carefully planning the research design to obtain objective results
It also describes the key qualities of good research as being systematic, following a specified sequence of steps; logical, guided by rules of reasoning; and empirical, dealing with concrete data to allow external validation of results.
The document outlines 7 criteria for good scientific research:
1. The purpose and concepts should be clearly defined.
2. The research procedures should be described in detail so others can repeat the work.
3. The design should plan for objective results.
4. Any flaws in the design or their effects should be reported honestly.
It also lists 4 key qualities of good research: it is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.
The document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that qualitative research aims to develop an understanding of human systems through collecting in-depth data, while quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and statistical analysis. Some key differences highlighted include qualitative research seeking to understand why and how decisions are made, while quantitative research answers what, where, when questions and tests theories using variables and statistics. Both approaches are valid forms of scientific inquiry.
The document outlines the major and minor objectives of research. The major objectives are to gain new insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine the frequency of occurrences, discover truths and facts, and test hypotheses of relationships between variables. The minor objectives are to seek knowledge, find solutions to problems through systematic methods, gain research degrees and benefits, face challenges, and be of service to society.
This document discusses scientific misconduct in research such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It notes that fabrication is the invention of data and falsification is the alteration of experimental results. While rates of misconduct vary, some studies suggest 2-14% of scientists have engaged in fabrication or falsification. Motivations for misconduct include academic pressure and desire for recognition. Consequences include career damage, loss of credentials, and erosion of public trust in research. Preventing misconduct requires strong policies, oversight, and education regarding ethical research practices.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
This document discusses research methodology. It defines research and describes key aspects of conducting research including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. It also discusses different types of research based on their application, objectives, and inquiry mode. Finally, it outlines important qualities of a good researcher including having an analytical mind, being able to engage people, and staying calm under pressure.
The document outlines the key criteria for good research including:
1) Clearly stating the research aim and using common concepts
2) Adequately describing the research procedures to allow for replication
3) Carefully planning the research design to obtain objective results
It also describes the key qualities of good research as being systematic, following a specified sequence of steps; logical, guided by rules of reasoning; and empirical, dealing with concrete data to allow external validation of results.
The document outlines 7 criteria for good scientific research:
1. The purpose and concepts should be clearly defined.
2. The research procedures should be described in detail so others can repeat the work.
3. The design should plan for objective results.
4. Any flaws in the design or their effects should be reported honestly.
It also lists 4 key qualities of good research: it is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.
The document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that qualitative research aims to develop an understanding of human systems through collecting in-depth data, while quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and statistical analysis. Some key differences highlighted include qualitative research seeking to understand why and how decisions are made, while quantitative research answers what, where, when questions and tests theories using variables and statistics. Both approaches are valid forms of scientific inquiry.
The document outlines the major and minor objectives of research. The major objectives are to gain new insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, determine the frequency of occurrences, discover truths and facts, and test hypotheses of relationships between variables. The minor objectives are to seek knowledge, find solutions to problems through systematic methods, gain research degrees and benefits, face challenges, and be of service to society.
This document discusses scientific misconduct in research such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It notes that fabrication is the invention of data and falsification is the alteration of experimental results. While rates of misconduct vary, some studies suggest 2-14% of scientists have engaged in fabrication or falsification. Motivations for misconduct include academic pressure and desire for recognition. Consequences include career damage, loss of credentials, and erosion of public trust in research. Preventing misconduct requires strong policies, oversight, and education regarding ethical research practices.
This document outlines the research methodology process. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic way to solve a research problem through various steps, including literature reviews, developing hypotheses, determining sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and preparing a report. The document also covers different types of research such as descriptive vs. analytical and quantitative vs. qualitative research. It provides examples of key aspects of the research methodology process.
Research ethics involves applying ethical principles to scientific research involving human subjects. The objectives of research ethics are to protect human participants, ensure research benefits society, and ensure research is conducted ethically. Key principles include minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and allowing participants to withdraw. Research ethics promotes trust, accountability, and social values in research. However, research poses risks of physical, psychological, social, and economic harm to participants. It may also divert resources from other health needs.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Research and scientific method - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For a clear perception of the term research, one should know the meaning of scientific method. The two terms, research and scientific method, are closely related.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
This document outlines the key elements that should be included in a research proposal. A research proposal convinces others that the proposed research project is worthwhile and that the researcher is competent to complete it. All research proposals must describe what will be accomplished, why the research is important, and how it will be done. The main elements that should be included are: the title, background, statement of the problem, objectives, literature review, hypotheses or research questions, scope and limitations, and methodology. The methodology section is especially important as it describes the design, population and sampling, instruments, data collection process, and ethical considerations. A strong research proposal establishes the need for the study and demonstrates the researcher's knowledge in the topic area.
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It defines a literature review, discusses the types and purposes of literature reviews. It outlines the key steps in conducting a literature review including defining the research problem, searching relevant literature, planning the review, taking notes, and summarizing findings. Sources of literature are primary sources like reports and theses, secondary sources like books and journals, and tertiary sources like indexes and abstracts. The document provides examples of formatting literature in bibliographies and taking structured notes on index cards to organize the review.
This document discusses the process of formulating hypotheses. It begins by defining hypothesis formulation as creating possible tentative explanations for a given set of information or research. It then outlines the two contexts in which hypotheses are formulated - the context of discovery, where hypotheses emerge from prior research, and the context of justification, where researchers communicate their hypotheses. The document proceeds to list the six steps in formulating a hypothesis: 1) understanding the problem area, 2) considering the goal, 3) identifying variables, 4) identifying relationships between variables, 5) critically thinking about the hypothesis, and 6) expressing the idea as a hypothesis. Finally, it notes that properly formulating hypotheses can be difficult.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
Research Introduction , Meaning, Objectives, Motives and TypesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts. It explains that research methodology is a systematic plan for conducting research and involves gathering and analyzing data to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The objectives of research methodology include gaining familiarity with phenomena, accurately describing characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses about causal relationships. Research aims to solve problems and discover hidden truths. People undertake research for degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, service, and respectability. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research report. It discusses the various sections included in a research report such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and appendices. It also compares the differences between a technical research report aimed at experts and a popular research report aimed at a general audience. Key differences include technical reports emphasizing methods and data while popular reports focus on practical findings and recommendations.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, and longitudinal research. It also outlines the research process and covers topics such as research questions, hypotheses, data collection methods, analysis, and reporting. Research is defined as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions. It is considered a more valid basis of knowledge than alternatives like authority, tradition, or personal experiences.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terms like research, methodology, methods, and research design. It discusses the different types of research such as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. The steps involved in research process and design formulation are outlined, including defining the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, data collection and analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
This document outlines the research methodology process. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic way to solve a research problem through various steps, including literature reviews, developing hypotheses, determining sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and preparing a report. The document also covers different types of research such as descriptive vs. analytical and quantitative vs. qualitative research. It provides examples of key aspects of the research methodology process.
Research ethics involves applying ethical principles to scientific research involving human subjects. The objectives of research ethics are to protect human participants, ensure research benefits society, and ensure research is conducted ethically. Key principles include minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and allowing participants to withdraw. Research ethics promotes trust, accountability, and social values in research. However, research poses risks of physical, psychological, social, and economic harm to participants. It may also divert resources from other health needs.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Research and scientific method - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For a clear perception of the term research, one should know the meaning of scientific method. The two terms, research and scientific method, are closely related.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
This document outlines the key elements that should be included in a research proposal. A research proposal convinces others that the proposed research project is worthwhile and that the researcher is competent to complete it. All research proposals must describe what will be accomplished, why the research is important, and how it will be done. The main elements that should be included are: the title, background, statement of the problem, objectives, literature review, hypotheses or research questions, scope and limitations, and methodology. The methodology section is especially important as it describes the design, population and sampling, instruments, data collection process, and ethical considerations. A strong research proposal establishes the need for the study and demonstrates the researcher's knowledge in the topic area.
This document provides an overview of the literature review process. It defines a literature review, discusses the types and purposes of literature reviews. It outlines the key steps in conducting a literature review including defining the research problem, searching relevant literature, planning the review, taking notes, and summarizing findings. Sources of literature are primary sources like reports and theses, secondary sources like books and journals, and tertiary sources like indexes and abstracts. The document provides examples of formatting literature in bibliographies and taking structured notes on index cards to organize the review.
This document discusses the process of formulating hypotheses. It begins by defining hypothesis formulation as creating possible tentative explanations for a given set of information or research. It then outlines the two contexts in which hypotheses are formulated - the context of discovery, where hypotheses emerge from prior research, and the context of justification, where researchers communicate their hypotheses. The document proceeds to list the six steps in formulating a hypothesis: 1) understanding the problem area, 2) considering the goal, 3) identifying variables, 4) identifying relationships between variables, 5) critically thinking about the hypothesis, and 6) expressing the idea as a hypothesis. Finally, it notes that properly formulating hypotheses can be difficult.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
Research Introduction , Meaning, Objectives, Motives and TypesRajaKrishnan M
This document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts. It explains that research methodology is a systematic plan for conducting research and involves gathering and analyzing data to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The objectives of research methodology include gaining familiarity with phenomena, accurately describing characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses about causal relationships. Research aims to solve problems and discover hidden truths. People undertake research for degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, service, and respectability. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research report. It discusses the various sections included in a research report such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and appendices. It also compares the differences between a technical research report aimed at experts and a popular research report aimed at a general audience. Key differences include technical reports emphasizing methods and data while popular reports focus on practical findings and recommendations.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, and longitudinal research. It also outlines the research process and covers topics such as research questions, hypotheses, data collection methods, analysis, and reporting. Research is defined as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions. It is considered a more valid basis of knowledge than alternatives like authority, tradition, or personal experiences.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines key terms like research, methodology, methods, and research design. It discusses the different types of research such as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. The steps involved in research process and design formulation are outlined, including defining the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, data collection and analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.Shivangi Shreya
This document provides an overview of key aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as finding answers to unanswered questions or a scientific search for information on a topic.
- Types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
- Research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research.
- Key parts of the research process including developing a research methodology, designing the study, formulating research questions and hypotheses, developing a research protocol, and interpreting results.
- Principles of research design for different types of studies.
The document outlines considerations for all stages of the research process from selecting a topic to analyzing
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process used to increase understanding through answering questions. The document outlines key aspects of research including: defining and describing research; differences between research and other activities; the process of research from question to interpretation; reliability and validity; and types of research designs. It emphasizes that research requires a scientific approach and should aim to improve understanding and inform practice.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology, outlining different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, fundamental, applied, conceptual, and empirical research. It also discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches and the objectives, definitions, and criteria for proper research. The types of research are defined and key aspects of conducting valid research like clearly defining objectives and being able to replicate studies are emphasized.
Lecture Rsearch methodsbmls21 and 19spt.pptsamwel18
This document provides an overview of research methods topics covered in an AML 4311 lecture, including defining research, classifying different types of research, and outlining the research process. Research is systematically defined as seeking new and reliable knowledge. Basic research aims to establish fundamental facts, while applied research aims to solve practical problems. Research can also be classified as disciplinary, subject-matter, or problem-solving based on its goals. The research process involves formulating a question, developing objectives and a design, conducting the research, analyzing results, and interpreting findings. Creativity and various methods play important roles in the research process.
This document provides an overview of research, including its meaning, purpose, and types. Research is defined as a systematic, methodical, and ethical process of inquiry and investigation aimed at increasing knowledge and solving problems. The main types of research discussed are descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative, conceptual vs. empirical, and research approaches. Research methodology is also introduced as a science of studying how research is done systematically by considering logic and methods used. Key aspects of the research process like formulating problems, literature review, hypotheses development, research design, sampling, and data analysis are outlined.
Research is defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of individuals or groups, and testing hypotheses about causal relationships between variables. The types of research include descriptive research involving surveys, analytical research analyzing available data, applied research solving practical problems, fundamental research formulating theories, quantitative research based on measurement, and qualitative research involving phenomena related to quality. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, determining sampling, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document provides an overview of an applied research methodology course being taught at IOE Pluchowk campus in Nepal. It includes:
1. An introduction to the course objectives which are to increase awareness of research methods and familiarize students with qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
2. An outline of course topics which will cover research design, methods, data collection and analysis, and writing research proposals and reports.
3. Details on textbooks, references, hours, evaluation, and student requirements which involve interactions, written reports and presentations.
This document discusses research methodology and defines key terms and types of research. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining new insights, accurately portraying characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. Types of research discussed include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions while analytical evaluates facts. The document also differentiates between research methods, which are techniques used, and methodology, which is the systematic approach.
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdfEtalemBurako
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It outlines the aims, philosophical paradigms, definitions, goals, dimensions, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Key points covered include:
- The aim is to enhance capacity for conceptualizing, designing, and conducting qualitative health research.
- Qualitative research follows a different philosophical paradigm than quantitative, based on the premise that not everything can be counted.
- Philosophical paradigms like ontology, epistemology, and axiology guide qualitative research design and methods.
- Qualitative research seeks to describe and analyze human behaviors, opinions, and contexts from the participants' perspectives.
Educational research by dr. sudhir sahuSudhir INDIA
Research is usually associated with scholarly work done to earn advanced degrees. It also refers to the findings of scientists conducting experiments in laboratories. However, these common notions provide an incomplete portrayal of research that can constrain its scope.
Research is derived from the French word 'recherche' meaning to travel through or survey. It implies building upon past efforts to learn more about a topic rather than reinventing the wheel. Research aims to advance knowledge beyond what is currently known about a subject. It can be defined as a careful, systematic study undertaken to discover facts or establish principles.
Research methods have evolved from relying on authorities to more scientific approaches using inductive and deductive logic. The scientific method incorporates both to systematically solve meaningful
Research method ch04 research topic and designnaranbatn
This document discusses research problem and design. It defines a research problem as the heart of a research project and must be researchable and lead to discovery. A research problem can be divided into sub-problems for clarity. Descriptive and experimental designs are described. Descriptive design involves observation and description while experimental design tests relationships through manipulation of variables. Both have advantages and disadvantages for research. The document also discusses topics like surveys, case studies, and qualitative vs. quantitative research.
The document discusses different types of research. It defines research and explains the importance of research. There are two main types of research: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research focuses on words and meanings through open-ended questions, while quantitative research uses statistics and tests relationships between variables. The research process involves identifying a topic, planning methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and sharing conclusions. Research must be conducted ethically and respect intellectual property and individuals. Both types of research have advantages and disadvantages.
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
This document discusses various aspects of research and research methodology. It defines research as a careful investigation to advance knowledge. The main objectives of research are to discover answers and find hidden truths. Research can be motivated by various factors like the desire for career benefits or intellectual enjoyment. The document outlines different types of research such as descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative. It also discusses key research approaches like the inductive approach which moves from specific to general and the deductive approach which goes from general to specific. The qualitative approach relies on subjective assessments while quantitative is data-based. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of key concepts in research.
Research involves testing hypotheses and examining results to relate to the hypothesis and the world. The research methodology is the systematic process used to solve a research problem. Research objectives should be relevant, feasible, logical, observable, unequivocal and measurable. Research provides benefits such as building knowledge, understanding issues, and aiding business success. Motivations for research include gaining qualifications, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. Different types of research include descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
This document outlines the learning outcomes and content of a course on advanced research methodology. The key learning outcomes include understanding the role of research in producing scientific knowledge, developing research skills such as formulating problems, hypotheses and research questions, and writing and presenting research reports.
The course will cover topics such as defining research and the research process, formulating research problems and hypotheses, research design and sampling, developing research proposals, data collection and analysis, and scientific report writing. Assessment will include individual research proposals, team presentations, and a final exam.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
3. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
4. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
5. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
6. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
7. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
8. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
9. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
10. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
11. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
12. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
13. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
14. Lecture 1 and 2
Introduction and Foundation of Research
• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility for research. Concept
of theory, empiricism, deductive and inductive theory.
Characteristics of scientific method –Understanding the
language of research.
2
16. Theory vs. Hypothesis
Hypothesis
– A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the
research
– A concrete, specific statement about the relationships
between phenomena
– Based on deductive reasoning
Theory
– A belief or assumption about how things relate to each
other
– A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship
between variables with a purpose of explaining and
predicting phenomena
– Based on inductive reasoning
16
17. Empiricism
• Acquiring information and facts through the
observation of our world
Pragmatic observations
– Developing theory through experience and
observation
17
19. Inferential approach
• To form a data base from which to infer characteristics or
relationships of population
• Usually means survey research where a sample of
population is studied to determine its characteristics
Experimental research
• Some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on
other variables
• Much greater control over the research environment
Simulation approach
• Involves construction of an artificial environment within
which relevant information and data can be generated 19
22. Basic vs Applied Research
• Basic – to determine or establish fundamental facts and
relationships within a discipline or field of study.
Ex: Develop theories …
• Applied – undertaken specifically for the purpose of
obtaining information to help resolve a particular
problem
• Finding a solution for an immediate problem / for
pressing practical problem
The distinction between them is in the application
• Basic has little application to real world policy and
management but could be done to guide applied
research
22
23. Objective based
•Descriptive Research – the attempt to determine,
describe, or identify something
•The intent is often synthesis, which pulls knowledge
or information together
• Description of state of affairs as it exists at present
• Has no control over variables
• Can only report what has happened or what is
happening
Analytical research
– the attempt to establish why something occurs or
how it came to be
•All disciplines generally engage in both
• Has to use facts / information already available
• Analyse these to make critical evaluation of material
23
24. Conceptual research
• Related to abstract ideas / theory
• To develop new concepts / reinterpret existing ones
• That is verified by empirical research
Empirical research
• Data-based research
• Relies on experience / observation alone
• Verified by observation / experiment
• Works to get enough facts to prove / disprove hypothesis
• Evidence gathered by this is most powerful support
possible for a given hypothesis 24
Objective based
25. Quantitative research
• Based on measurement of quantity or amount
• Expressed in terms of quantity
Qualitative research
• Concerned with qualitative phenomenon
• Motivation research – an important type
• Example: how people feel or what they think about a
particular subject or institution
• To discover underlying motives
• Seek guidance
25
26. Other types of research
• Cross-sectional research/1 time - Research is confined
to a single time-period
• Longitudinal research - Carried over several-time
periods
• Field-setting/laboratory/simulation - Depends upon
the environment
• Clinical research - case-study method
• Diagnostic research - In depth approaches to reach
basic casual relations
• Historical research - Utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains, etc 26
27. Research Methods and Methodology
Research methods
• All those methods/techniques that are used for
conduction of research
• Refer to the methods the researchers use in performing
research operations
• Method used by the researcher
Research methodology
• A systematic way to solve the research problem
• Science of understanding how research is done
• Study varies steps adopted by a researcher
• Researchers should know the relevant method
27
28. Methodology Defined & Described
Methodology and Method are often (incorrectly) used
interchangeable
• Methodology – the study of the general approach to
inquiry in a given field
• Method – the specific techniques, tools or procedures
applied to achieve a given objective
–Research methods in economics include regression
analysis, mathematical analysis, operations research,
surveys, data gathering, etc.
28
29. Criteria of good research
• Purpose should be clearly defined
• Common concepts to be used
• Explain procedure clearly - for continuity
• Results should be as objective as possible
• Report with frankness
- Acknowledge, procedural flaws
- Limitations of the study
Appropriate statistical test of significance
• Reliable outcome measures
• Justify conclusions with data
• Limitation of data
• Experienced researcher
• Systematic
• Logical
29
30. What is the Scientific Method?
The Scientific Method is a process used to find answers
to questions about the world around us.
30
31. Is there only one Scientific
Method?
• No! There are several versions of this scientific process
ranging in the number of steps.
• However, all versions begin with a question to be
answered based on observations of the world around us
and provide an organized method for conducting and
analyzing an experiment.
31
32. Which version will we use?
A 7-step version with the following steps:
1. Formulate a question.
2. Research the question.
3. Form a hypothesis.
4. Conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis.
5. Analyze data.
6. Draw Conclusions.
7. Communicate results.
32
33. Do real scientists use this process?
• It’s important to note that even though many scientists
do use the idea of the Scientific Method for their daily
work, they do not necessarily use each of the
individual steps.
• Also, a similar version of the Scientific Method has
been adopted by businesses all over the country. It
teaches employees and management to diagnose a
problem, think about ways of solving that problem,
then testing those ideas to try and solve the problem.
It’s the same process but with a twist!
33
35. Step 1: Formulate a question
• What do you want to know or explain?
• Use observations you have made to write a
question that addresses the problem or topic you
want to investigate.
35
36. Step 2: Research the
question
• This is an important step, especially when you do an
independent investigation such as a science project.
• Researching your question lets you know if others have done
this same experiment before and if so, what their data
suggests. If they had a widely accepted conclusion, you may
want to try a different angle with your experiment or test a
different variable.
• You should also research the scientific concepts associated
with the experiment. For example, if you are testing to see
which paper towel brand is the most absorbent, you should
research absorbency, paper material, and quality control
testing. This will help answer the “WHY?” 36
37. Step 3: Form a hypothesis
• What do you think will happen?
• A hypothesis is your prediction for the outcome
of the experiment.
• It is based on your observations and should be
testable!
37
38. Step 4: Conduct an experiment
to test your hypothesis
• Design a procedure that tests your hypothesis to
see if your prediction is correct.
• Record all of your data and observations and put
them into a table that is neat and organized.
38
39. Step 5: Analyze data
• Is your data reliable? Does it make sense?
• Put your data into a chart or graph and look for
any trends.
39
40. Step 6: Draw conclusions
• Do your data and observations support your
hypothesis?
• If you cannot make a definite conclusion, you
may need to try the experiment again.
• This means you may either need to rewrite your
procedure if it was not specific enough; you may
need to change your hypothesis. 40
41. Step 7: Communicate results
• Report the results of your experiment to let others
know what you have learned.
• This will be represented as either a lab report, oral
presentation, or Science Fair display board.
• Scientists may want to repeat your procedure to see
if they get the same results as you. They may also
tweak your experiment a little and have a slightly
different focus.
• Also, your report may lead to a new question which
may lead to another investigation. This of course
brings us right back to the first step again! 41
42. Steps in the Scientific Research
Process
• Selecting a topic or population to study
• Reviewing the literature
• Focusing the question
• Matching topic to population
• Designing the study
• Collecting evidence/data
• Analyzing findings
• Interpreting findings
• Informing others of your findings 42