I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 4Victoria Clarke
The forth and final part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and particularly the reflexive approach outlined by Braun & Clarke.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 4Victoria Clarke
The forth and final part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and particularly the reflexive approach outlined by Braun & Clarke.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
Trustworthiness
A workshop for academic librarians on using qualitative methods for user assessment and research in the library. Part 3 focuses on coding qualitative text in light of your research questions or goals, as well as highlights one option for qualitative research software.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
Trustworthiness
A workshop for academic librarians on using qualitative methods for user assessment and research in the library. Part 3 focuses on coding qualitative text in light of your research questions or goals, as well as highlights one option for qualitative research software.
This PowerPoint is about qualitative research design and what are different approaches one can adopt This slides also talks about the importance of health care research and what different approaches one can adopt
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Research methodology (Philosophies and paradigms) in ArabicAmgad Badewi
Explaining research philosophies and paradigms. Explaining the ontology, epistemology and of different research paradigms. In addition, explaining how to innovate in research using pragmatic research. Finally, explaining Grounded Theory at the end of it.
In this presentation, we briefly introduced Chinese history and culture, including the facts and figures of China, and some recent changes and trends. It could be quite helpful especially for the non-Chinese who would like to understand China more and/or foreigners who would come to live and work in China.
This presentation "Accelerated Learning" introduced the concept of organizational learning and action learning. And provided a project case to show how to integrate action learning, web-based learning and classroom learning in corporate training and development program.
What is the main responsibilities and objectives of Learning, Training and Development in your organization? Have you ever done evaluation on the investment on it? Let's hear from the other corporates and see how they manage their learning, training and development activities!
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
2. Discovery has been the aim of science
since the dawn of the renaissance.
But how those discoveries are made has varied
with the nature of the materials being studied
and the times.
Strauss & Corbin, 1998
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
2
3. Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of Braunschweig
Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Dr. Phil., University of Regensburg
Intercultural Psychology and Strategic Management
Executive Education, INSEAD
HR Management in Asia
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
3
4. Outline
1 Selecting the right qualitative research method 5
2 From the data to theory: different coding steps in GT 8
3 Memos and Diagrams in GT 16
4 Criteria for good GT research 23
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
4
5. Qualitative Research Process:
From Ideas (Questions) to Results (Theory)
The Foundations and Pillars of Qualitative Thinking
Research Topics, Problems and Questions (Hypotheses)
Qualitative Research Design
Single Case Document Qualitative Qualitative
Analyses Analyses Action Research Field Research Experiments Evaluation
Process of Qualitative Research
Data Preparation Analyzing
Collection Process Process
Writing Qualitative Research Report
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
5
6. Checklist for selecting a qualitative research method
1. What do I know about the issue of my study or how detailed is my knowledge already?
2. How developed is the theoretical or empirical knowledge in the literature about the issue?
3. Am I more interested in generally exploring the field and the issue of my study?
4. What is the theoretical background of my study and which methods fit this background?
5. What is it that I want to get close to in my study? Personal experiences of (a group) of certain
people or social processes in the making? Or am I more interested in reconstructing the
underlying structures of my issue?
6. Do I started with a very focused research question right away or do I start from a rather unfocused
approach in order to develop the more focused questions underway in the process of my project?
7. What is the aggregate I want to study? Personal experiences, interactions or situations or bigger
entities like organizations or discourse?
8. Is it more the single case (e.g. of a personal illness experience or of a certain institution) I am
interested in or the comparison of various cases?
9. What are resources (time, money, who/manpower, skills…) available to run my study?
10. What are the characteristics of the field I want to study and of the people in it? What can you
request of them and what not?
11. What is the claim of generalization of my study?
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
7. Research perspectives in qualitative research:
matching theories and methods
Research perspectives in qualitative research
Subject‘s points Making of social Cultural framing of
of view realities Social realities
Theoretical § Symbolic interactionism § Ethnomethodology § Psychoanalysis
positions § Interpretive § Social constructionism § Genetic structuralism
interactionism
Methods of § Semi-structured § Focus groups § Recording interactions
Data collection interviews § Ethnography § Photography
§ Narrative interviews § Participant observation § Film
§ Recording interactions
§ Collecting documents
Methods of § Theoretical coding § Conversation analysis § Objective hermeneutics
interpretation § Content analysis § Discourse analysis § Deep hermeneutics
§ Narrative analysis
§ Hermeneutic methods
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
8. The Origins of Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967)
• A conceptual levels theory and general
research methodology
• The emergence of grounded theory was
during the collaboration of Glaser and
Strauss at the University of California at
Berkeley from 1965 to 1967.
• Barney Glaser
– Sorbonne University Paris,
French Literature
– Columbia University New York,
Lazersfield & Merton, Statistical Analysis
• Anselm Strauss
– Chicago University,
Symbolic Interactionist Sociology
Graphic source:http://qualmethods.wikispaces.com/Grounded+Theory
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
8
9. The Creation of THEORY from DATA
Grounded theory mean theory that was derived from data, systematically gathered and
analyzed through the research process.
In this method, data collection, analysis and eventual theory stand in close relationship to one
another.
The interpretation of data cannot therefore be regarded independently of their collection or
the sampling of data.
A researcher does not begin a project with a preconceived theory in mind, rather
he / she begins with an area of study and allows the theory to emerge from the data.
Interpretation is the anchoring point for making decisions about which data or cases to
integrate next in the analysis and how or with which methods they should be collected.
In the process of interpretation different ‘procedures’ for dealing with text can be
differentiated: ‘open coding’, ‘axial coding’ and ‘selective coding’.
§ Methodology: A way of thinking about and studying social reality
§ Methods: A set of procedures and techniques for gathering and analyzing data
§ Coding: The analytic process through which data are fractured, conceptualized,
and integrated to form theory.
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
9
10. Characteristics of a grounded theorist
The ability to step back and critically
analyze situations
The ability to recognize the tendency
toward bias
The ability to think abstractly
The ability to be flexible and open to
helpful criticism
Sensitivity to the words and actions
of respondents
A sense of absorption and devotion
to the work process
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
10
11. Coding procedures -
Analysis through microscopic examination of data
Build rather than test theory
Provide researcher with analytic
tools for handling masses of raw
data.
Help analyst to consider alternative
meanings of phenomena.
Be systematic and creative
simultaneously.
Identify, develop and relate the
concepts that are building blocks
of theory.
Graphic source: http://qrtips.com/faq/FAQ--code%20terms.htm
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
11
12. Open coding - What does the Data want to Say
The analytic process through which concepts are identified
and their properties and dimensions are discovered in data.
• Open coding aims at expressing data and phenomena in the form of
concepts.
• For this purpose, data are first disentangled (segmented). Expressions are
classified by their units of meaning in order to attach annotation
and above all ‘concepts’ (codes) to them.
• Basic questions in doing open coding:
– What? Which phenomenon is mentioned?
– Who? Which persons and roles?
– How? Which aspects are mentioned?
– When? How long? Where? Time, course, location.
– How much? How strong? Aspects of intensity.
– Why? Which reasons are given or can be constructed?
– What for? With what intention, to which purpose?
– By which? Means, tactics and strategies for reaching the goal.
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
12
13. Axial coding - Structuring and Categorizing the Data
The process of relating categories to their subcategories, termed ‘axial’ because coding occurs around
the axis of a category, linking categories at the level of properties and dimensions.
• After did the open coding, the next step is to refine and differentiate the categories
(resulting from open coding).
• From the multitude of categories, those are selected that seem to be most
promising for a further elaboration. The axial categories are enriched by their fit
with as many passages as possible.
• Finally, the relations between these and other categories are elaborated.
• The developed relations and categories that are treated as essential are verified
over and over against the text and date.
• The researcher moves continuously back and fort between inductive thinking
(developing) and deductive thinking (testing).
Conditions Causes Consequences Co-Variances Contexts Cutting Points
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
13
14. Theoretical (Selective) Coding:
Developing Theories based on the Data
The process of integrating and refining the theory.
• The third step, continuous the axial coding at the higher level of abstraction.
• The aim of this step is to elaborate the core category around which the other
developed categories can be grouped and by which they are integrated.
• In this way, the story of the case is elaborated and formulated.
• The analysis and the development of the theory aim at discovering patterns in the
data as well as conditions under which these apply.
• Finally, the theory is formulated in greater detail and again checked against the
data.
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
14
15. The process of theory development: description,
conceptual ordering, and theorizing
• Before beginning the process of developing theory, a researcher must
have some understanding of what constitutes theory.
• The first step toward understanding is to be able to differentiate among
description, conceptual ordering, and theorizing.
• A second step is realizing that these forms of data analysis actually build
on one another, with the theory incorporating aspects of both.
§ Description: The use of words to convey a mental of image of an event, a piece of scenery, a scene, an
experience, an emotion, or a sensation; the account related from the perspective of the person doing the
depicting.
☞ depicting, telling a story, sometimes a very graphic and detailed one, without stepping back to interpret events or explain why certain
events occurred and not others.
§ Conceptual ordering: Organizing (and sometime rating) of data according to a selective and specified set of
properties and their dimensions.
☞ classifying events and objects along various explicitly stated dimensions, without necessarily relating the classifications to each other
to form an overarching explanatory scheme.
§ Theory: A set of well-developed concepts related through statements of relationship, which together
constitute an integrated framework that can be used to explain or predict phenomena.
☞ the act of constructing from data an explanatory scheme that systematically integrates various concepts through statements of
relationships. It enables users to explain and predict events, thereby providing guides to action.
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
15
17. Stages of a Grounded Theory Study
Stages are generally sequential, but once research process begins they are often conducted
simultaneously, as the particular research requires.
1. Preparation 4. Memoing
• Minimizing pre-conception • theorizing write-up of ideas and
codes and their relationship
• Integrating the Literatures
2. Data Collection
• Interviews, Observation or any 7. Writing
other types of data
• Theoretical Sampling 5. Theoretical Outline
• Visual outline of the major concepts
of the emerged theory
3. Analysis
• Constant Comparative Analysis
• Sensitizing Concepts: Open, Axial 6. Sorting
and Theoretical Coding • Conceptual sorting of memos
Source: Odis E. Simmons
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
17
18. Definitions of Terms - Memos and Diagrams
Memos: Written records of analysis that may vary in type and form
n Code notes: Memos containing the actual products of the three types
of coding: open, axial, and selective
n Theoretical notes: Sensitizing and summarizing memos that contain
an analyst’s thoughts and ideas about theoretical sampling and other
issues
n Operational notes: Memos containing procedural directions and
reminders
Diagrams: Visual devices that depict the relationships among concepts
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
18
19. Why Memos and Diagrams?
Taking field note instead?
• Insufficient space to develop ideas
• Old coding written in the margins might be
misleading or confusing when concepts revised
• Difficult to retrieve information in margin
• Unnecessary to write on the margin when many
helpful computer programs available
Features of Memos and diagrams
• Analyst develops his or her own style: computer
program, color-coded cards, binders, folders,
notebooks
• Orderly, progressive, systematic, easily retrievable
• Provide a storehouse of analytic ideas
• Force the analyst to work with concepts rather than
raw data
• Act as reflections of analytic thought
• Memos can be written from other memos.
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
19
20. Technical Features of Memos and Diagrams
Memos & Diagrams The analyst
• References should include code • Not be afraid to modify the content
number of the interview, observation, of memos and diagrams as
or document; date; page number progressing
• Contain headings denoting the • Keep a list of emergency codes for
concepts or categories, the title or reference
heading describe the type of memos • Be flexible and relaxed when doing
• Quotes or phrases of raw data can be Ms & Ds
included as handy reminder, and • Be conceptual rather then
further as illustrations descriptive when writing memos
• Be specific and kept distinct • Notice when category appears
saturated or several memos begin
to sound alike
• Keep multiple copies of memos
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
20
21. Memos and Diagrams in Open Coding
• At first, scan a document and identify some concepts.
Code Notes • Early notes include categories, the concepts that point to
the categories, some properties and dimensions
• Ask some other properties and their dimensions
Theoretical Notes
• Theoretical sampling
• What operations to carry out next?
Asking question, making comparison,
Operational Notes or doing more observation or
interview?
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
21
22. Memos and Diagrams in Selective Coding
The final step in analysis ---- integration of concept & development and refinement
Code Fewer; take the form of an integrative memo describing
Notes what the research is all about.
Filling in of categories and refinement of the theory
Theoretical • Think about this or that
and Operational • Go here or there to theoretically sample
Notes • Check out this or that
• Do this or that
Show the density and complexity of the theory
Diagrams Help the analyst finalize relationships and discover breaks in
logic
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
22
24. Judging the merits of Theory-Building Research
What one is making judgment about
✓ FIT
This is another way of expressing validity (Face Validity)
✓ Does the concept adequately explain the data which the
theory purports to express?
✓ WORKABILITY
✓ Do the concepts begin to account for how the main
concerns for those being studied are being continually
resolved?
✓ RELEVANCE
✓ How relevant is the research to those being studied?
✓ MODIFIABILITY
✓ How capable is the theory of incorporating new concepts
from the data which is generated after the completion of the
study?
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
24
25. Evaluating the Research Process
• Criterions1 : How was the original sample selected? On what grounds?
• Criterions2 : What major categories emerged?
• Criterions3 : What were some of the events, incidents, or actions (indicators) that
point to these major categories?
• Criterions4 :On the basis of what categories did theoretical sampling proceed?
That is, how did theoretical formulations guide some of the data collection? After
the theoretical sampling was done, how representative of the data did the
categories prove to be?
• Criterions5: What were some of the hypotheses pertaining to conceptual relations
(i.e., among categories), and on what ground were they formulated or validated?
• Criterions6: Were there instances in which hypotheses did not explain what was
happening in the data? How were these discrepancies accounted for? Were the
hypotheses modified?
• Criterions7: How and why was the core category selected? Was this collection
sudden or gradual, and was it difficult or easy? On what grounds were the final
analytic decisions made?
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
25
26. Evaluating the Empirical Grounding of a Study
q Criterion 1: Are Concept q Criterion 5: Are the conditions
Generated? under which variation can be
found built into the study and
q Criterion 2: Are the concept explained?
systematically related?
q Criterion 6: Has process been
q Criterion 3: are there many taken into account?
conceptual linkages, and are the
categories well developed? Do q Criterion 7: Do the theoretical
categories have conceptual findings seem significant, and to
density? what extent?
q Criterion 4: is variation built into q Criterion 8: Does the theory stand
the theory? the test of time and become part of
the discussions and ideas
exchanged among relevant social
and professional groups?
An
Introduc+on
to
Grounded
Theory
26
27. Excellence through Culture, Talent and Change
Contact
Address
Hong Kong: Shanghai:
31/F, Tower One, Times Square 1F, No. 1388 Shan Xi North Road, Putuo District,
1 Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, HONG KONG Shanghai, 200060, P.R. China
香港銅鑼灣勿地臣街 1 號時代廣場一座31樓 中国上海市普陀区陕西北路1388号一楼
Phone +852 2824 8521 Phone +86 21 6149 8264
Fax +852 2107 3699 Fax +86 21 6149 8001
Contact Person:
Hangzhou: Jakarta: Summer Shi
Suite 810, Guangyin Plaza, 42 East Fengqi Rd., Menara BCA 50th Floor, Jl. MH. Thamrin No. 1 Phone +86 571 8763 1203
Hangzhou 310010 P.R. CHINA Jakarta 10310, INDONESIA Fax +86 571 8763 1210
中国浙江省杭州市凤起东路42号广茵大厦810 Phone + 62 21 2358 4616 Email: s.shi@tjitra.com
Fax + 62 21 2358 4401
Phone + 86 571 8763 1203
Fax + 86 571 8763 1210
27