This document discusses the impacts of climate change factors like temperature and rainfall on the production of sorghum and pearl millet crops in Alwar district, India. It analyzes crop production and climatic data from 2001-2010 and finds relationships between temperature, rainfall and crop productivity. Generally, higher temperatures reduced yields while higher rainfall enhanced production. The study aims to help assess climate change impacts and support adaptation strategies to sustain crop yields.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
The presentation narrates the possible prediction of climate change over the geographic location of Tamil Nadu state and its most predominant impact on agriculture. Furthermore, it also deals with the crop yield prediction and possible mitigation of adverse impacts.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
The presentation narrates the possible prediction of climate change over the geographic location of Tamil Nadu state and its most predominant impact on agriculture. Furthermore, it also deals with the crop yield prediction and possible mitigation of adverse impacts.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research and Vanessa Meadu, Communications and Knowledge Manager, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Delivered to private sector representatives in London on 11 July 2013.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
Economic perspectives on the impact of climate change on agricultureharrison manyumwa
The world's climate is changing, and the growing evidence is that the major drivers are anthropogenic, i.e. caused by humans. While humans are contributing to the changing climates the impacts of climate change on other humans range from minor to severe depending on the region one is located. As such, climate change has been viewed as a problem with a negative exernality. The diverse distributionl impacts have resulted in "winners" and "losers". But what is the way forward. I argue that "winners" should support and help the "losers" regain a normal life, by helping them to be resilient. Enjoy.
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research and Vanessa Meadu, Communications and Knowledge Manager, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Delivered to private sector representatives in London on 11 July 2013.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
Economic perspectives on the impact of climate change on agricultureharrison manyumwa
The world's climate is changing, and the growing evidence is that the major drivers are anthropogenic, i.e. caused by humans. While humans are contributing to the changing climates the impacts of climate change on other humans range from minor to severe depending on the region one is located. As such, climate change has been viewed as a problem with a negative exernality. The diverse distributionl impacts have resulted in "winners" and "losers". But what is the way forward. I argue that "winners" should support and help the "losers" regain a normal life, by helping them to be resilient. Enjoy.
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Abstract— Agriculture (the agricultural exports flagship from southern Brazil) is highly dependent on temporal rainfall distribution. However, the technology used in the field has been altering this relationship. Such technology, in addition to minimizing the effects of climate variability, has increased the annual soybean yield observed in the trend analysis, which was positive in 17 of the municipalities studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean production in one of the areas of greatest soybean production in southern Brazil by applying the quartile, percentile, Pettitt (homogeneity - break results) and Mann-Kendall (trend) tests. The results indicate a significant relationship between annual rainfall variability (1999-2000; 2009-2010) and soybean yield (kg/ha), particularly during the growing season of 2009-2010 when the yield variation between municipalities was low. It was concluded that the statistically significant correlations indicate that the soy dependence ranges from 22% to 50% in certain municipalities.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Climate change is expected to impact to crop yield
both positive and negative ways, though the
magnitude may differ at various location.
An assessment of the possible net impacts while
sustaining positive impact of climate change on crop
production through adaptation methodology.
Temperature is an important climatic factor, which can
have profound affect on the yield of crops mainly
through phonological development processes.
3. Differential response to temperature change by
various crops has been shown under different
production environment. Variation in rainfall also
affects the crop productivity.
The various studies conducted in the country have
shown that the surface air temperatures in India are
going up at the rate of 0.4°C per hundred years,
particularly during the post-monsoon and winter
season.
India is a large country with 15 agro-climatic zones,
with diverse seasons, crops and farming systems. For
a majority of people in India, to this day, agriculture is
the main source of livelihood.
4. Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to CC as it is inherently
sensitive to climate variability and CC will leave its impacts on
Indian agriculture in various direct and indirect ways.
The surface air temperatures will increase by 2 to 4°C by 2070-
2100. As mentioned earlier, the rabi crop will be impacted
seriously and every 1°C increase in temperature reduces wheat
production by 4-5 million tons, as per a study by IARI.
This loss can be reduced to 1-2 million tons only if farmers
change to timely planting. Increased climatic extremes like
droughts and floods are likely to increase production variability.
Productivity of most cereals would decrease due to increase in
temperature and decrease in water availability, especially in
Indo-Gangetic plains. The loss in crop production is projected at
10-40% by 2100, depending upon the modeling technique
applied.
5. Climate change is causing grave impact on global
agriculture, threatening food security and livelihoods of
farmers. Agricultural sustainability is being impacted in
two interrelated ways: first, by diminishing the long-
term ability of agro eco-systems to provide food for the
world's population; and second, by inducing shifts in
agricultural regions that may encroach upon natural
Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns could
alter the growing season and cropping patterns.
In the light of these facts present research was
undertaken to known the Environmental impact on
production of Sorghum and Pearl millet of Alwar
district. An attempt has been made to assess the
interactive impact of two important component of
climate change i.e. temperature and rainfall on the
productivity of the major food crops (Sorghum & Pearl
Millet) taking Alwar as study area.
6. The selected study site is
the Alwar District, which
geographically lies between
27°04’ N and 28°07’ N
latitudes and 76°07’ E and
77°13 E longitudes. It
covers an area of 8.380 sq.
K.M.
The district occupies about
2.45% of the total area of
the state.
The district is the 17th
largest by area in state.
7. To carry out this study preliminary survey of was
made of study site for shake of convenience and
systematic study.
The climatic data's i.e. Rainfall & Temperature
(2001-2010) were collected from Agricultural
Research station (ARS) Navgoan, Alwar.
Crops production data (2001-2010) were collected
from Agricultural Department, Alwar.
To examine the relationship between the crop
(Sorghum and Pearl Millet) and climatic data
different statical methods are used to give perfect
view of understanding work.
8. Sorghum (Jowar)
Botanical Name- Sorghum vulgare
Ecology of Plant-
- Habit and Habitat – Annual Herb
- Inflorescence- Dense panicle with
spikelet
- Part Used – Leaves and seed
Cropping Condition
- Grown as Kharif
- Black Cotton soil and Loam is suitable
- Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm
- Mature within 140-160 days.
Medicinal uses-
- Epilepsy
- Piles
- Ulcer
- Blood disorder
- Pathri
9. Pearl Millet (Bajra)
Botanical Name- Pennesetum typhoids
Ecology of plants-
- Habit and Habitat – Annual herb
- Inflorescence – Dense panicle with
spikelet
- Part used – Leaves and Seed
Cropping Condition-
- Grown as kharif
- Light soil and Semi arid condition is
suitable
- Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm.
- Sown in mid July and mature in October
Medicinal Uses-
- Asthma
- Migraines
- Heart Disease
17. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Min. Temperature(In ˚C) 17.2 16.8 19.3 18.1 17.6 18.5 18.2 17.6 18.2 19.2
Max. Temperature (In ˚C) 31.5 30.4 31.8 32.7 32.7 33.7 32.5 31.7 33.1 32.9
Productivity (In K.G./Hact.) 1853 737 1728 1574 1248 1797 1744 1610 1127 1314
Min. Temperature(In ˚C) Max. Temperature (In ˚C) Productivity (In K.G./Hact.)
18. Climate is one of the main determinants of agricultural
production throughout the world there is significant
concern about the effects of climate change and its
variability on agricultural production.
The higher expected temperature might lower the yields.
However, at the same time, higher rainfall could
enhance growing period of crops.
The world’s leading experts have recently concluded that
increases in global mean surface temperature during the
past century are unlikely to have been caused entirely
by natural effects, and that change in both average
temperature and the geographic, seasonal, and vertical
patterns of temperature indicate the influence of human
actions on global climate.
19. Our study correlates the results with the various studies
(Royal Society London, 2005).Climate will have the
greatest impact on boreal forests. But temperature first will
be affected to a lesser extent and tropical forests will be
least affected under climate change condition (Catrinus J.
Jepma and Mohan Munasinghe, 1998).
Temperature increase may shorten the length of the
growing period for these crops and, in the absence of
compensatory management responses, reduce yields
(Porter and Gawith 1999; Tubiello et al., 2000).
Jadhav et al., (2009) observed from the seven years data
(2002 to 2008) that the crop sown in MW 26 (25th June to
01 July) recorded highest grain yield followed by the crop
sown in MW 24 (11 to 17th June).
20. Hussain et al., (1999) studied rainfall data for about
105 years covering the period from 1901 to 2005 was
analyzed for this purpose it is observed that there has
been a decreasing trend in rainfall during the months
of June and August.
Decline in yield is observed to the tune of 15 to 25% in
all major crops of the area including rice which is
being the most predominant crop of Assam.
When the temperature was increased in the range of 1
to 3˚C. When temperature was decreased up to 3˚C,
the increasing trends in the biomass and grain yield
were observed to the tune of 20 to 80% and 19 to
79%, respectively.
21. Cline, W. (2007) Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country.
Center for Global Development. Washington DC, USA. 250 pp.
Hussain R., K. K. Nath and R.L. Deka (2009) Climate variability and yield
fluctuations of some major crops of jorhat (Assam). Workshop Proceedings:
Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3, 402.
Jadhav M.G., V. G. Maniyar and G.R. More (2009).Influnce of change in
weather on phenology and yield of kharif sorghum at parbhani in
maharastra.Workshop Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3, 401.
Porter, J. R. and Gawith, M. 1999. Temperatures and the growth and
development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy 10, 23-36.
Saseendran, R.M., Smith, I.M. and Matson, P.A. 2000. Ecological and
evolutionary responses to climate change. Science 284: 1943-1947.
Sinha, A.K. and Swaminathan, M.S. 1991. Long-term climate variability and
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