28.0 irri climate smart rice june 2017

1. Climate change and rice: Challenges
and mitigation through plant
breeding
Shalabh Dixit
Scientist- Plant Breeder,
International Rice Research Institute
Email: s.dixit@irri.org

2. • 57 years
• >1200 staff
• 36 Nationalities
• >600 R&D partners Worldwide
Mailing address
DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila
1301 Philippines
About IRRI

3. Improve livelihoods among those who rely on
rice-based food systems
Reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition
Improve the health of rice farmers and
consumers
Ensure environmental sustainability
Promote the empowerment of women and
support opportunities for youth in agriculture
1
2
3
4
What Do We Do?
5

4. Innovation leadership for the global rice sector
providing scientific innovation and thought leadership to solve complex
problems through deep research
Catalyze impact at scale for people and planet
Create and support catalytic networks for wide-spread adoption
of innovations and technologies
Transform rice-based agri-food systems
Support policy interventions and institutional capacity building
programs to underpin an equitable rice sector
How do we do it?
1
2
3

5. Harvested from
166 million
Hectares (10% of
world crop land)
Feeds
4 billion People
(56% of world population)
Yearly receives
880 km3
Irrigation water (35% of world
total)
Grown by
144 million
Farm families
(25% of world
farmers)
Home to
400 million
Rural poor (40%
of world poor)
Annual value of
$206 billion
(13% of world crop
value)
Yearly uses
25 million tons
Fertilizers (15% of world total)
RICE

6. Climate change and agriculture

7. Climate change predicted impact on crop
yields
Source: Ray et al. 2012
http://www.nationalgeographic.c
om/climate-change/how-to-live-
with-it/crops.html

8. Why effect on rice may have the largest
impact?
Poverty
Each dot represents 250,000 people
living on less than $1.25 a day, 2005
Rice Consumption
Annual consumption per capita
<25kg 25-50 50-75 75-100 >100kg

9. Overview
 What are we up against?
• Abiotic stresses: Temperature,
Drought, Flood, Salinity
• Biotic stresses: Known and new
diseases and pests
 Plant Breeding impact
 New breeding targets and methods
• Emission in rice fields and DSR
 The way forward
• New breeding approaches

10. Predicted climate change scenarios

11. Temperature (heat) impact on rice
Optimum temperature ranges are needed at
different growth stages
Fluctuation leads to decline in yield and
grain quality
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Maximumtemperature(ºC)
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
y = 2.3 + 0.014x (r
2
= 0.14)
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Minimumtemperature(ºC)
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
y = -65.1 + 0.044x (r
2
= 0.68)
insignificant trend 1.19ºC increase in 27 years
(IRRI Climate Unit)(IRRI Climate Unit)
P > 0.05 P < 0.01
22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 129.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0
Grainyield(tonsha-1
)
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
y = -393.8 + 36.6x - 0.83x2
(r2
= 0.77)
Minimum temperature (ºC)Maximum temperature (ºC)
••
••
Peng et al.2004

12. Drought and flood impact on rice

13. Drought effect on rice

14. Flooding effect on rice
Bihar - 2013
Nigeria - 2012

15. Flooding or
water logging
after direct
seeding
Transient
flash floods
(1-2 wks)
Long-term
Stagnant floods
(20-50 cm, or more)
Annually over 15 m ha affected in
Asia
Irrigated & rainfed
Flooding types

16. Sea level trends: The future
different
scenarios
2000 2050 2100
year
80
60
40
20
0
sea level rise (cm)
IPCC 2001
Δ20
Δ45
Scenarios
in study on
Mekong Delta
Salinity and
flooding A. Ismail, IRRI

17. Salinity and flooding
(Nicholls and Cazenave,
2010. Science: 1517-20)
Tropical cyclones: 1985- 2005
Source: Wikipedia/Tropical cyclones.
Based on data from the Joint Typhoon
Warning Center and others

18. Salinity effect on rice

19. Biotic stresses affecting rice: PathogensBiotic stresses affecting rice: Diseases
Known major diseases
New upcoming diseases

20. Biotic stresses affecting rice: Insects

21. Addressing Stresses associated with CC
Drought (~23 m ha):
− Early, crop establishment/vegetative stage
− Late - reproductive stage
Flooding (~22 m ha):
− During germination
− Complete submergence during vegetative stage
− Partial: stagnant, medium deep and deepwater
Soil problems
− Salt stress (salinity, alkalinity/sodicity, ~16 m ha)
− Nutrient deficiency (P and Zn)
− Mineral toxicity (Fe, Al)
Temperature extremes (heat, cold)
Biotic: diseases, insects and weeds

22. Research and development needs to cope
with CC
High-yielding varieties adapted to current and
emerging biotic and abiotic factors, high grain
quality
Good agronomic practices and better use of
resources − land and water
More efficient production systems
- Mechanization (land preparation, harvest, milling,
processing, packaging)
- Inputs: timely and at affordable prices
- Effective delivery systems – seed and information
Supporting policies and strategies

23. Numerous drought tolerant varieties
released during 2009-16.
Yield advantage of up to 1.5tha-1 under
moderate to severe drought, no penalty
when conditions are good
New lines with drought + Sub tolerance
being released in Nepal
Sahbhagi dhan in India
Tarharra 1 in Nepal Sahod Ulan 1 in Philippines
Stress tolerant varieties: Drought

24. Stress tolerant varieties: Flooding
Samba-Sub1
Samba
Samba-Sub1
IR64-Sub1
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR64
IR42
IR64
IR64-Sub1
Samba-Sub1
IR49830 (Sub1)
Samba
IR64
IR64-Sub1
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR42
IR64-Sub1
IR64
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR42
Samba
IR42
Samba
• Varieties can be converted in 2 years using MABC
• Yield advantage of 1 to 3.5 t/ha
• Sub+ SF tolerant lines coming up

25. Pooja
Swarna-Sub1 released in 2009, grown by over 4
million farmers on >2.5 m ha
Orissa, Nov. 2011
Swarna-Sub1
Swarna-Sub1
Field flooded with turbid
water for 10 d
Field submerged for 10
d, UP, India
Swarna

26. Salt tolerant varieties have considerable impacts in
farmers’ fields
CSR-89IR-8
BRRI dhan28
BRRI dhan47
Before After
High yields
in saline
coastal &
alkaline
inlands
Help reclaim salt affected areas

27. Bangladesh
1. BRRI dhan 47 (2007)
2. BRRI dhan 53 (2010)
3. BRRI dhan 54 (2010)
4. BINA dhan-8 (2011)
5. BRRI dhan-55 (AS966) (2011)
6. BINA Dhan 10 (2012)
7. BRRI dhan61 in 2013
India
1. CR dhan 405 “Luna Sankhi” (2013)
2. CR Dhan 406 “Luna Barial” (2013)
3. CSR43 (CSR-89IR-8) Sodic soils tolerant
(2014)
Salt tolerant varieties
CSR-89IR-8
Khandagiri
CR dhan 405
New Salinity+ Submergence tolerant lines coming up

28. Methane emission from rice fields
Epule et al. 2011

29. Direct seeded rice
Benefits:
1. Water saving
2. Requires less labor
3. Cost effecting
4. Mechanization potential
5. Reduced drudgery
Challenges:
1. Suitable rice varieties
2. Crop establishment
3. Weeds
4. Effective management practices
5. Other issues: yield decline, soil
sickness
A.Kumar, IRRI
Source: Shah (2013)

30. Variety-Germplasm Advancement Gateway
NARES
Trait Family Key Economic Traits
Trait
Value
Bench Mark Variety
Assessment
Yield (Paddy) Yield
2-Must
Have Trait
Mziva
Abiotic Stress Tolerance Drought tolerance
2-Must
Have Trait
Mziva
Biotic Resistance (Fungal) Blast
2-Must
Have Trait
PI2 & PI9
Biotic Resistance (Bacterial) BLB
2-Must
Have Trait
Xa 5, Xa21
Yield (Economic)-Head Rice Head rice recovery
2-Must
Have Trait
Makassane
Quality (Aroma) Aroma and flavour
1-Nice to
Have
Chupa
Consumer Traits Amylose content
2-Must
Have Trait
Chupa
Maturity Intermediate range
2-Must
Have Trait
Mziva
Trait Value
1
2
3
Trait Value Descriptors
1) M'ziva is a released variety in Central Mozambique for rainfed
ecosystem. 2) Aroma and flavour should be a must. 3) The HRR should be
at least at the same level as Makassane (~75%). The traits are ranked by
priority from the top.
1-“Nice to Have” are traits that are sometimes appreciated a limited segment of the
market but in general the traits very little econmic impact across the broader market.
Nice to have traits have the least economical value.
3-"Game Changer" or “Value Added” Traits are significant step-change traits that cause a
radical shift in the market. Once the basic package is satisfied, these traits drive market
acceptance. They are worth the most provided the basic trait need is satisfied.
= Mziva
= Mziva
2-Must Have Trait or “Basic” Traits are required by the market. An variety could not
compete in the market place without these traits. The are a trait that need to be
incorporated into the variety.
Discussion Notes
<= Chupa
Standard Evaluation Scale =< 3
= Makassane
CGIAR Variety Replacement Strategy
Market Leading Variety (Replacement): CHUPA (aroma and good
flavour)
Trait Benchmarking Details
= Mziva
= Chupa; Nene is ultimate goal
IRRI Breeding Product Profiles (20% Breeding Program Focus)
Country or Region: Central and North Mozambique
Market Slot: Rainfed Lowland Rice (semi to long grain)
Standard Evaluation Scale =< 3
PLC 1 PLC 2 PLC 3 PLC 4 PLC 5 PLC 6
1
= Stage Gate Decisions By Cross Functional Team
2 3 4 5
PLC = Product Life Cycle Code
G.Kotch, IRRI

31. Variety Replacement Strategy and Traits?
PROJECT TRAIT
INVESTMENT
ANALYSIS
Looking Across Product
Profiles Reveals Traits of
Value…..Especially there
is limited or no trait
variation.
This provides the
opportunity to invest
across the RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT CHAIN
Trait Family Key Economic Traits Trait Value
Bench Mark Variety
Assessment
IRRI Breeding Program Assessment
Yield (Paddy) Yield
2-Must Have
Trait
Mziva
Program is actively working
with trait
Abiotic Stress
Tolerance
Drought tolerance
2-Must Have
Trait
Mziva
Program is actively working
with trait
Biotic Resistance
(Fungal)
Blast
2-Must Have
Trait
PI2 & PI9
Program is actively working
with trait
Biotic Resistance
(Bacterial)
BLB
2-Must Have
Trait
Xa 5, Xa21
Program is actively working
with trait
Yield (Economic)-Head
Rice
Head rice recovery
2-Must Have
Trait
Makassane
Program is actively working
with trait
Quality (Aroma) Aroma and flavour
3- Game
Changer
Chupa Trait Limited or NOT Available
Consumer Traits Amylose content
2-Must Have
Trait
Chupa
Program is actively working
with trait
Maturity Intermediate range
2-Must Have
Trait
Mziva
Program is actively working
with trait
Trait Value Gene Frequency in Program
1
Program is actively working
with trait
2 Program has trait available
3 Trait Limited or NOT available
Trait Value Descriptors
1) M'ziva is a released variety in Central Mozambique
for rainfed ecosystem. 2) Aroma and flavour should be
a must. 3) The HRR should be at least at the same level
as Makassane (~75%). The traits are ranked by priority
from the top.
1-“Nice to Have” are traits that are sometimes appreciated a
limited segment of the market but in general the traits very little
econmic impact across the broader market. Nice to have traits
have the least economical value.
3-"Game Changer" or “Value Added” Traits are significant step-
change traits that cause a radical shift in the market. Once the
basic package is satisfied, these traits drive market acceptance.
They are worth the most provided the basic trait need is satisfied.
= Mziva
= Mziva
2-Must Have Trait or “Basic” Traits are required by the market.
An variety could not compete in the market place without these
traits. The are a trait that need to be incorporated into the
variety.
Discussion Notes
<= Chupa
Standard Evaluation Scale =< 3
= Makassane
Rice Variety Replacement Strategy
Market Leading Variety (Replacement): CHUPA (aroma and good flavour)
Trait Benchmarking Details
= Mziva
= Chupa; Nene is ultimate goal
IRRI Breeding Product Profiles (20% Breeding Program Focus)
Country or Region: Central and North Mozambique
Market Slot: Rainfed Lowland Rice (semi to long grain)
Standard Evaluation Scale =< 3
G. Kotch, IRRI

32. The Integrated Trait Research Investment Vision
APPLIED
RESEARCH
Linking
function with
performance
BASIC
RESEARCH
Linking
process with
function+
Crop
Management
Marker
Discovery
Evaluations
G x E x M
CLIENT
Needs
Variety Replacement Strategy
Product Deliveries
Genome
Wide
Selection
Breeding
Zone
+
Product
Management
CLIENT
Satisfaction
G. Kotch, IRRI

33. Thank you

34. Molecular Breeding for Transforming
Product Development
What: This is a course which:
 covers the stages and components of a molecular breeding program with
specific focus on product development
 upon completion of the course, participants will be able to design and
execute their own breeding programs.
When: October 2-14, 2017
Where: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
For more information, please send an email to Ms. Achu Arboleda at
m.s.arboleda@irri.org