This research paper examines the impact of climate change on maize production in Karnataka, India. It finds that while the area and production of maize has increased over time, yields have fluctuated due to changing rainfall patterns. Regression analysis shows rainfall has a significant but moderate influence on production (R2 = 0.11), but only a small and non-significant influence on yield (R2 = 0.056, p = 6*10-5). Most farmers in the study area are marginal with less than 1 hectare of land and highly vulnerable to climate impacts as they depend on rainfed agriculture. The paper concludes there is a need for policies and coping mechanisms that focus on supporting these marginal farmers under changing climate conditions.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Modelling and predicting wetland rice production using support vector regressionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Food security is still one of the main issues faced by Indonesia due to its large population. Rice as a
staple food in Indonesia has experienced a decline in production caused by unpredictable climate change. In
dealing with climate change, adaptation to fluctuating rice productivity must be made. This study aims to build
a prediction model of wetland rice production on climate change in South Kalimantan Province which is one
of the national rice granary province and the number one rice producer in Kalimantan Island. This study uses
monthly climatic data from Syamsudin Noor Meteorological Station and quarterly wetland rice production data
from Central Bureau of Statistics of South Kalimantan. In this research, Support Vector Regression (SVR)
method is used to model the effect of climate change on wetland rice production in South Kalimantan.
The model is then used to predict the amount of wetland rice production in South Kalimantan. The results
showed that the prediction model with the RBF kernel with the parameter of C=1.0, epsilon=0.002 and
gamma=0.2 produces good results with the RMSE value of 0.1392.
Trend analysis of Temperature and Precipitation change in Sokoto State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
In sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. In recent years, there was evidence of rising temperature and rainfall variability in almost every part of the country. This paper investigated the behavior of annual temperature and rainfall in Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria, over the period from 1970-2015. During this period, there was an upward trend in both temperature and rainfall. Further analysis detected a structural change in temperature and rainfall series at the State level and in the three agro ecological Zones of the State over the period of 1970-2015. The point of climatic shift in the area was detected to occur in 2003 for temperature, and in 1997, for rainfall. Findings from the Chow test used to confirm the shift in climate were statistically significant. This result further supports the hunch that the State witnessed significant changes in climate in recent period. Findings of this Study will have a significant implication for all sectors of the economy, most importantly, Agriculture which is the mainstay of the economy.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
Effect of Rainfall Trend on Yam Yield in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Agricultural production in Niger State like other states in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate changeability. Climate change is predicted to have adverse effects on the agricultural sector of the poorer parts of the world especially sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the effect of rainfall trend on the production of yam in Mokwa local government area of Niger state, Nigeria. For the purpose of this research, data were collected from 100 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Rainfall data covering a period of thirteen years (2003-2015) were also obtained from College of Agriculture Mokwa weather station, while the yearly yam yield for 16 years (2000-2015) was obtained from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture.
Linear regression models and standardized anomaly index were used to analysis the data gathered. The study showed that the trend of mean annual rainfall in the study area was minimal but significant with R2 value of 0.8 for mean monthly rainfall. A strong relationship between rainfall variation and yam yield exist with r2 value of 0.881. The variation in the yield among the years was moderately significant with R2 value of 0.5064. It also showed a positive response between yam yield and moderate rainfall that was well distributed. Extension agent from ministries of agriculture and ADPs should do more in harnessing relevant information on food production in all the local government areas of Niger state so as to build a robust data bank for further research.
https://www.crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/fulltext/EAES.000512.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For More Articles on Environmental Sciences
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alex de Pinto (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Modelling and predicting wetland rice production using support vector regressionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Food security is still one of the main issues faced by Indonesia due to its large population. Rice as a
staple food in Indonesia has experienced a decline in production caused by unpredictable climate change. In
dealing with climate change, adaptation to fluctuating rice productivity must be made. This study aims to build
a prediction model of wetland rice production on climate change in South Kalimantan Province which is one
of the national rice granary province and the number one rice producer in Kalimantan Island. This study uses
monthly climatic data from Syamsudin Noor Meteorological Station and quarterly wetland rice production data
from Central Bureau of Statistics of South Kalimantan. In this research, Support Vector Regression (SVR)
method is used to model the effect of climate change on wetland rice production in South Kalimantan.
The model is then used to predict the amount of wetland rice production in South Kalimantan. The results
showed that the prediction model with the RBF kernel with the parameter of C=1.0, epsilon=0.002 and
gamma=0.2 produces good results with the RMSE value of 0.1392.
Trend analysis of Temperature and Precipitation change in Sokoto State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
In sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. In recent years, there was evidence of rising temperature and rainfall variability in almost every part of the country. This paper investigated the behavior of annual temperature and rainfall in Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria, over the period from 1970-2015. During this period, there was an upward trend in both temperature and rainfall. Further analysis detected a structural change in temperature and rainfall series at the State level and in the three agro ecological Zones of the State over the period of 1970-2015. The point of climatic shift in the area was detected to occur in 2003 for temperature, and in 1997, for rainfall. Findings from the Chow test used to confirm the shift in climate were statistically significant. This result further supports the hunch that the State witnessed significant changes in climate in recent period. Findings of this Study will have a significant implication for all sectors of the economy, most importantly, Agriculture which is the mainstay of the economy.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
Effect of Rainfall Trend on Yam Yield in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Agricultural production in Niger State like other states in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate changeability. Climate change is predicted to have adverse effects on the agricultural sector of the poorer parts of the world especially sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the effect of rainfall trend on the production of yam in Mokwa local government area of Niger state, Nigeria. For the purpose of this research, data were collected from 100 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Rainfall data covering a period of thirteen years (2003-2015) were also obtained from College of Agriculture Mokwa weather station, while the yearly yam yield for 16 years (2000-2015) was obtained from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture.
Linear regression models and standardized anomaly index were used to analysis the data gathered. The study showed that the trend of mean annual rainfall in the study area was minimal but significant with R2 value of 0.8 for mean monthly rainfall. A strong relationship between rainfall variation and yam yield exist with r2 value of 0.881. The variation in the yield among the years was moderately significant with R2 value of 0.5064. It also showed a positive response between yam yield and moderate rainfall that was well distributed. Extension agent from ministries of agriculture and ADPs should do more in harnessing relevant information on food production in all the local government areas of Niger state so as to build a robust data bank for further research.
https://www.crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/fulltext/EAES.000512.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For More Articles on Environmental Sciences
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alex de Pinto (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradeshijtsrd
Since the agricultural sector accounts for the lions share in the Net State Domestic Product and employs more than two third of the working population, its growth is vital for the growth of the State economy and consequently, the socio economic upliftment of the rural masses. From this perspective, it is interesting to make a critical appraisal of the changing profile of agriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The present section gives an account of the changes in agriculture sector of Himachal Pradesh. A change in cropping patterns has been taking place in the State as elsewhere in the country. The shift in cropping pattern is normally advantageous and indicates a dynamic economy. The change depends upon the crops involved and the multifarious stimuli such as the changing economic, technological, and institutional factors. Food crops include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, and spices together accounted for 96.00 per cent of the total cropped area while non food crops shared the remaining. The area under fruit crops registered the highest increase i.e. 1.3 per cent in 1970 71 to 8.03 per cent in 2019 2020 followed by wheat, vegetables, maize, and spices. However, the area under two principal cereal crops i.e. paddy, barley, pulses and oilseeds are decreased. Pulses suffered a maximum decline, followed by barley, paddy, total non food crops and total oilseeds during the reference period. The decrease in area under pulses and oilseeds might not be immediately disadvantageous to the fanners because of the present low level output input ratio of these crops, but nevertheless, it has national repercussions. Dr. Sham Singh Bains | Mr. Devinder Kumar Atlas "Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/49407/land-utilization-and-cropping-pattern-in-himachal-pradesh/dr-sham-singh-bains
Abstract— Agriculture (the agricultural exports flagship from southern Brazil) is highly dependent on temporal rainfall distribution. However, the technology used in the field has been altering this relationship. Such technology, in addition to minimizing the effects of climate variability, has increased the annual soybean yield observed in the trend analysis, which was positive in 17 of the municipalities studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean production in one of the areas of greatest soybean production in southern Brazil by applying the quartile, percentile, Pettitt (homogeneity - break results) and Mann-Kendall (trend) tests. The results indicate a significant relationship between annual rainfall variability (1999-2000; 2009-2010) and soybean yield (kg/ha), particularly during the growing season of 2009-2010 when the yield variation between municipalities was low. It was concluded that the statistically significant correlations indicate that the soy dependence ranges from 22% to 50% in certain municipalities.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Study of irrigation sources and cultivation area for Cereals & Pulses in the ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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1. Research Paper
Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences
8(4): 875-878, July-August (2017)
ISSN: 0976-1675 https:// www.rjas.org DI: 2936-1409-2015-200
Productivity and Sustainability of Maize under Climate Change Scenario in
Karnataka
H M Swamy, G B Lokesh and B V Deepthi
Department of Agricultural Economics,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur - 584 104, Karnataka, India
e-mail: swamyak9128@gmail.com
Received: 14 September 2015; Revised accepted: 20 May 2017
A B S T R A C T
The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems with food security and threaten the
livelihood activities upon which majority of population depend in India. The study reveals that in Karnataka the
area, production and yield of maize crop has been studiedly increasing over the years with the annual growth rate
of 7.2 percent, 9.4 per cent and 2.32 per cent respectively. The relationship between rainfall and production is
significant (P value 0.002) were as the rainfall and yield is not significant (p value 6.028E-05) this shows that yield is
not only influenced by rainfall but also other climatic factors, managing factors, pest and disease and size of
holdings. In study area majority of farmers belong to marginal farmers (<1ha) accounting for about 49.14 per cent
(38 lakh) of total famers (78 lakh). As the marginal farmers were highly vulnerable to climate change. The study
suggests that as the impact of climate change is intensifying day by day it should be addressed through policy
perspective that the focus is to be on the marginal farmers as their number are more and their livelihood
dependent on rainfed situation and there is a need for developing coping mechanisms for climate change
compared to other categories of farmers.
Key words: Climate change, Maize, Raifned, Yield, Operational holding, Marginal farmers
he climate change is a scientifically explained
phenomenon taking place over the years and
affecting different regions differently, depending on their
geographical location, distance from the sea or ocean, land
use and the economic state. The climate change was
considered to be a naturally occurring phenomenon until
recently when it was suggested that human emissions could
be a party to the changing trends. Like every coin has two
sides, the issue of 'Human Induced Climate Change' also has
two versions. One school of thought suggests that the
change is but natural and the human contribution to it is
negligible. On the other hand, the second opinion states that
the changes in the climate are a result of the human
emissions over the years, especially since the industrial
revolution. Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most versatile
emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-
climatic conditions. It is the third most important cereal crop
in India after rice and wheat. It is used for various purposes
such as human food (23%), poultry feed (51%), animal feed
(12%), industrial (starch) products (12%), beverages and
seed (1% each). In India maize is grown in all three season,
it is predominantly a kharif crop with 85 per cent of the area
under cultivation. It accounts for 9 per cent of total food
grain production in the country. During 2013-14, the area,
production and productivity of maize in India was 9.4
million hectare, 23 million tons and productivity 2.5 metric
tons per hectare respectively. The annual compound growth
of area, production and productivity of maize during 2004-
05 to 2013-14 was 2.5 percent, 5.5 per cent and 2.9 per cent
respectively. In Karnataka area under maize crop is 1.3
million hectare, with a production of 4.4 million metric tons
and the yield of 3.5 tons per hectare in 2013-14. The
productivity of maize in Karnataka is highest (3.5 tons per
ha) compared to all India level (2.5 metric tons per ha). It is
a warm weather crop and is not grown in areas where the
mean daily temperature is less than 19°C or where the mean
of the summer months is less than 23°C. The critical
temperature detrimentally affecting yield is approximately
32°C. With respect to water requirement Approximately 10
to 16 kg of grain are produced for every millimeter of water
used. A yield of 3 152 kg/ha requires between 350 and 450
mm of rain per annum. At maturity, each plant requires 250
liters of water in the absence of moisture stress, this yield
variability greatly influenced by rain fall. The average
annual rainfall in Karnataka is 1248 mm (124.8cm). The
state is divided into three meteorological zones viz. North
T
875
2. Interior Karnataka, South Interior Karnataka and Coastal
Karnataka. Coastal Karnataka with an average annual
rainfall of 3456 mm (345.6cm) is one of the rainiest regions
in the country. Contrasting this, the region of South Interior
Karnataka and North Interior Karnataka receive only 1286
(128.6 cm) and 731 mm (73.1 cm) of average annual rainfall
but the state average rain fall which is less than the nation
average that is 125 cm with great spatial variations. Over
80% of the annual rainfall is received in the four rainy
months of June to September. Areas of Less Rainfall (50-
100 cm): Upper Ganga valley, eastern Rajasthan, Punjab,
Southern Plateau of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The secondary data of rainfall from the meteorological
department and area, production, yield, irrigated area, un-
irrigated area of maize crop which is taken from the
directorate of agricultural economics and statistics
Karnataka. Objective of this analysis is to explore the
relationship between yield, production with the climate
variable i.e. rainfall and to estimate the potential effects of
rainfall on the yield of maize using regression analysis and
time series data of average rain fall of Karnataka taken as
independent variable and production, yield are taken as
dependent variable. Finally the effects of this rain fall on
production; yield will be related to the number and size of
operational holding of farmers in Karnataka.
Possible impact of climatic change on crop production
Indian agriculture is facing challenges due to several
factors such as increased competition for land, water and
labour from non-agricultural sectors and increasing climatic
variability. The latter associated with global warming will
result in considerable seasonal/annual fluctuations in food
production. All agricultural commodities even today are
sensitive to such variability. Droughts, floods, tropical
cyclones, heavy precipitation events, hot extremes and heat
waves are known to negatively impact agricultural
production, and farmers’ livelihood. It has been projected by
the recent report of the IPCC and a few other global studies
that unless we adapt, there is a probability of 10–40% loss in
crop production in India by 2080–2100 due to global
warming (Naresh et al. 2011) in rainfed areas, rainfall plays
an important role in the crop cycle. The yield totally
depends upon the amount and intensity of rainfall, in
Karnataka there has been erratic distribution of rain fall
resulted in farming sector in Karnataka has been going
through a painful phase since the last few years and about
2,909 farmers committed suicide across the State during the
last one decade (2003-04 to July 31, 2012).this is primarily
occurred due to agrarian distress caused by crop loss on
account of drought, floods and diseases; debts; high farming
cost, reported by Institute for Social and Economic Change
(ISEC), Bangalore. The growth rate of the agriculture sector
has been erratic during the last five years. According to
Economic Survey, the sector recorded growth of 12.4 per
cent of Gross State Domestic Product in 2007-08, 2.3 per
cent in 2008-09, 3.6 per cent in 2009-10, and 13.3 per cent
in 2011-11 and – (minus) 2.9 per cent in 2011-12. The State
faced five consecutive droughts during the (2001-2012).
With declaration of 140 taluks as drought-hit in the current
sowing season, the State is facing the worst drought in the
last 40 years.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Karnataka area under maize crop has been studiedly
increasing over the years, from the (Table 1) shows that in
the year 2000-01 the area under maize crop was 669
thousand hectare's where as in 2013-14. It was 1300
thousand hectare's with a annual growth rate of 7.2 per cent
but the production of maize crop was changing erratically
with the changing rainfall distribution even though annual
growth rate of production is 9.4 per cent but if we see
production from the (Table 1) in the year 2009-10 it was
4444 thousand tone's and in the year 2011-12 it was 3247
thousand tone's but if we see in 2013-14 again it is raised to
4400 thousand tone's.
Table 1 Area, production, yield of maize in Karnataka
Year Area ('000 hectare) Production ('000 tones) Yield (kg/ha)
2000-01 668.9 1451.7 3193
2001-02 580.1 1343 2502
2002-03 649.5 1209.9 2068
2003-04 618.1 2512 1957
2004-05 850 2728 2955
2005-06 936 2719 2915
2006-07 961 3254 2829
2007-08 1113 3029 2924
2008-09 1069 3013 2833
2009-10 1240 4444 2430
2010-11 1288 4085 3450
2011-12 1331 3247 3018
2012-13 1315.5 3823.5 3259
2013-14 1300 4400 3500
% CAGR 7.2 9.4 2.32
Directorate of economics and statistics in Karnataka
Swamy et al. 2017 Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8(4)
876
3. The average rainfall of Karnataka is less than the
average rainfall of India (Asha Latha et al. 2012) from the
(Table 2) indicates that R2
value for maize production in
Karnataka is 0.11 i.e. (11%) it depicts 11 per cent change in
the grain production is influenced only by the rain fall
remaining 89 percent will be influenced by other factors
other than the rain fall such as temperature, pest and
diseases, management practices etc. and P value is
significant indicating that rainfall having a considerable
influence on production and yield is having a R2
value of
0.056 i.e. (5%) indicating one percent change in the rainfall
having only 5 percent influence on the yield of maize with P
value 6*105
showing non-significance, rainfall is having less
influence on maize yield there may be other factors which
are having greater influence on yield of maize as mentioned
above.
Table 2 Relationship between area, production and yield of maize crop in Karnataka
Year Karnataka average rain fall (cm) Production ('000 tones) Yield (kg/ha)
2000-01 141.3 1451.7 3193
2001-02 120.7 1343 2502
2002-03 86.7 1209.9 2068
2003-04 86 2512 1957
2004-05 110.1 2728 2955
2005-06 138.8 2719 2915
2006-07 108.6 3254 2829
2007-08 80 3029 2924
2008-09 75 3013 2833
2009-10 97.5 4444 2430
2010-11 100.45 4085 3450
2011-12 100.58 3247 3018
2012-13 80 3823.5 3259
R Square 0.111 0.056
P-value 0.002* 6.02816E-05 (NS) **
Karnataka state natural disaster management centre, Raithamitra.com
From the (Table 3) it indicates that the average size of
operational holding of marginal, semi medium, medium and
large farmers showing the marginal changes in operational
holding i.e. 4.3 per cent increase in the operational size
among the marginal farmers, were as in case of semi
medium, medium and large farmers showing decreasing
trend in the average size of operational holding by 1.47 per
cent, 2.57 per cent and 0.35 per cent respectively. By
considering above factors the results revealed that marginal
decreasing trend in the average size of operational holding
of semi medium, medium and large farmers was mainly due
to decrease in the number of holdings and area operated. In
case of marginal farmers number of holdings increased by
597 from the year 2001-2011, but the average size of
operational holding remains same and also due to climate
change there will be a considerable effect on the livelihood
of the marginal farmers when compared to other classes of
farmers.
Table 3 Average size of operational holding in Karnataka
Size class
2000-01 2010-11
Number of
holding
(in 000')
Area
operated (in
000' hectare)
Average size
of operational
holding (ha)
Number of
holding (in
000')
Area
operated (in
000' hectare)
Average size
of operational
holding (ha)
Marginal (<1ha) 3252 1492 0.46 3849 1851 0.48
Small (1-2ha) 2742 2742 1 2138 3020 1.41
Semi medium (2-4ha) 1260 3428 2.72 1267 3393 2.68
Medium (4-10a) 569 3317 5.83 511 2904 5.68
Large (>=10ha) 89 1328 14.92 67 994 14.84
Agriculture census 2001 and Agriculture census 2010
The results of the investigation as depicted in (Table 4)
reveals that the area under irrigated maize is increasing at
the annual growth rate of 10.63 per cent were as the area
under rainfed maize is decreasing at the annual growth of
rate of 7.81 per cent this is because of erratic distribution of
rainfall, other climatic factors and maize crop is
predominantly water intensive crop as each plant requires
250 liters of water for the growth and development
(Raithamitra.com 2011), hence most of the farmers are
growing the maize as a irrigated crop in the recent years.
The climatic change will have the greater impact on the
rainfed maize than irrigated maize. From the table III we
know that the numbers of marginal farmers are more
compared to other farmers therefore the livelihood of the
marginal farmers is more affected by climatic change than
other categories of farmers.
Productivity and Sustainability of Maize under Climate Change Scenario
877
4. Table 4 Changing trends in irrigated and un-irrigated maize crop in Karnataka
Year Irrigated area in thousand hectares Rain fed area in thousand hectare
2001-02 235 415.56
2002-03 255 427.26
2003-04 216 459.57
2004-05 321 491.88
2005-06 379 556.5
2006-07 367 593.16
2007-08 447 665.64
2008-09 431 636.42
2009-10 485 755.32
2010-11 500 775.59
CAGR (%) 10.63 7.81
Directorate of economics and statistics in Karnataka
The climatic factor such as occurrence of rainfall alone
have not significant impact on the production and yield of
rainfed maize but it also depends on many other climatic
factors like drought, flood, temperature, management factors
and pest and diseases etc. As the marginal rainfed farmers
were highly vulnerable to climate change and shifting to
other professions. The study suggests that as the impact of
climate change is intensifying day by day it should be
addressed through policy perspective that the focus is to be
on the marginal farmers as their number are more and their
livelihood dependent on rainfed situation and there is a need
of developing mechanism of cropping pattern to the climatic
change and coping mechanisms for climate change
compared to large farmers.
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Karnataka, Natural disaster management centre, Raithamitra.com.
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878