This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of climate change on wheat yield in three districts of Pakistan from 1999-2014 using remote sensing techniques. The study found wheat production fluctuated over this time period in all three districts. Some years had higher rainfall and temperatures led to lower yields, while other years with more optimal rainfall and temperatures produced higher yields. Overall, the data showed increasing rainfall trends but unstable wheat production in the districts. The study concluded that satellite remote sensing could help predict crop yields and manage food crises given changing climate conditions.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Climatic Variations and Cereal Production in India: An Empirical AnalysisIJEAB
The study is an attempt to forecast the impact of climate variations on the production of two main cereal crops, i.e., wheat and paddy, by employing a crop model using cross-section data for the year 2014-2015. The findings predict that the yield of the wheat crop is expected to go down in the farms in the plains by 10.11 per cent, while set to increase in the farms in the hills by 6.70 per cent, respectively by 2100 AD. The results, further pinpoint that the production of paddy crop is expected to decline in both farms in the plains and farms at hills by 15.04 percent and 12.83 per cent respectively for farms in the plains and farms in the hills by the turn of this century. The study recommends the expansion of area under wheat cultivation for the farms in the hills in order to compensate the loss in production of wheat farming in farms in the plains to maintain the aggregate production of wheat at the same level. There found a dire need for the development and adoption of climate responsive varieties of both crops along with the spatial diversification of crops (full or partial), to cope with the future shocks of climate variability.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agricultureAbdullaAlAsif1
Global climate change has triggered the increased incidence of extreme disasters like cyclone, flood, soil salinity, etc. in the coastal region of Bangladesh. In the recent past, an amplified number of fatalities happened and the greater impact also acted upon the attitude of coastal people. Badarpur Union under Patuakhali Sadar upazila of Patuakhali District was the selected locale of the concerned study. Data for this research work were personally collected from a randomly sampled 121 farmers from different villages of Badarpur union by using an interview schedule. Attitude of the farmers was ascertained through a five-point-Likert type scale. Coefficient of correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between farmers " attitude and their selected characteristics. The findings revealed that 51.2 percent of the farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards climate change effect while 42.1 percent had slightly favourable and 6.6 percent had highly favourable attitude. The correlation test showed that the education, farming experience, farm size, annual income, training received and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with farmers " attitude towards climate change effect on agriculture while the rest of the characteristics had no relationship in the present study. The focus findings of the present study were that, the attitude of the farmers is changing due to changes in the climatic conditions and there was a positive effect of it on agriculture.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
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Similar to Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES 2021
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agricultureAbdullaAlAsif1
Global climate change has triggered the increased incidence of extreme disasters like cyclone, flood, soil salinity, etc. in the coastal region of Bangladesh. In the recent past, an amplified number of fatalities happened and the greater impact also acted upon the attitude of coastal people. Badarpur Union under Patuakhali Sadar upazila of Patuakhali District was the selected locale of the concerned study. Data for this research work were personally collected from a randomly sampled 121 farmers from different villages of Badarpur union by using an interview schedule. Attitude of the farmers was ascertained through a five-point-Likert type scale. Coefficient of correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between farmers " attitude and their selected characteristics. The findings revealed that 51.2 percent of the farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards climate change effect while 42.1 percent had slightly favourable and 6.6 percent had highly favourable attitude. The correlation test showed that the education, farming experience, farm size, annual income, training received and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with farmers " attitude towards climate change effect on agriculture while the rest of the characteristics had no relationship in the present study. The focus findings of the present study were that, the attitude of the farmers is changing due to changes in the climatic conditions and there was a positive effect of it on agriculture.
Similar to Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES 2021 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Spatial-temporal variation of biomass production by shrubs in the succulent k...Innspub Net
Forage production in arid and semi-arid rangelands is not uniform but varies with seasons and in various landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal variation in forage production in RNP. Plants sampling was carried out in 225 plots distributed in each of the five vegetation types. In each vegetation strata, sampling points was based on proximity to an occupied stock post, a rain gauge, a foothill and flat plains. A total of were measured in the 5 study sites. Line Intercept Method in combination with harvest method were used in ground measurement of biomass production. To assess biomass production using remote sensing technique, par values were obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imageries which consisted of 8 days composite images at spatial resolution of 1km² pixel size. There was positive correlation between line intercepts and biomass production Biomass production was higher in succulent Karoo biome than in desert biome. There was a strong relationship between biomass production with rainfall and with fpar values. Since leaf and stem succulents’ plants were found to contribute the highest amount of forage production in RNP, they should be given conservation priority.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES 2021
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
71 | Erum and Ahmad
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing
technique
Summra Erum, Sheikh Saeed Ahmad*
Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women’s University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Article published on May 30, 2021
Key words: Wheat, Total column ozone, CO2, Regression
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing
climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to
the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land
use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of
climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from
1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the
increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions,
which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote
sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
*Corresponding Author: Sheikh Saeed Ahmad sheikh.saeed@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 18, No. 5, p. 71-79, 2021
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
72 | Erum and Ahmad
Introduction
Pakistan is an agricultural country and produces
different crops including, wheat, rice, cotton, sugar
cane, various types of vegetables and fruits. Therefore,
Pakistani economy depends on agricultural products,
and a growing agricultural trend contributes to 24% of
gross domestic product (GDP). This growing trend is
not only important for food production, but also for the
agricultural industry. Due to increase of population,
the demand for food puts pressure on farmers to
increase their yield. Therefore in Pakistan, two main
approaches are being taken to increase agricultural
production. One is to increase acreage by converting
areas of other classes into agricultural areas and second
is to increase yield per hectare (Qasim et al., 2011).
However, according to some studies, growing
population, poverty level and limited arable land and
made Pakistan extremely vulnerable to food insecurity.
Interestingly, climatic conditions hugely impact
agriculture, which is a major economic strength. The
changing in metrological variables makes it
susceptible to the definite productivity of the
agricultural sector, making it economically and
physically vulnerable. Production is usually
influenced by different climatic conditions, including
rainwater routing, heating, and improving sowing,
along with collection days, water accessibility, and
soil suitability. Local climate change may not have
major general side effects, but local side effects are
usually very intense. Therefore, climate change is
seen as one of the main factors influencing
agricultural yield in Pakistan. Climate change is
mainly triggered by anthropogenic interferences that
lead to global warming. While higher carbon dioxide
concentrations can have a beneficial effect on the
harvest, increasing temperatures, and lower rainfall
have a negative impact on the biological complex.
Changes in climatic conditions have jeopardized
agricultural productivity, reduced agricultural
productivity and reduced income growth (ADB,
2009). In the Earth’s atmosphere, the trace gases
which are most important, experience hasty changes
in their concentration which are mainly caused by
human activities. The most important variations
include the surge in atmospheric tropospheric ozone
(O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Starting from the pre-
industrial era, two major anthropogenic greenhouse
gasses that have been responsible for changes in
global temperature are CO2 and O3. Nevertheless,
both these gases have multiple effects on crop
productivity. Based on empirical data, photosynthesis
rates are stimulated and perhaps the water
consumption of plants is reduced if CO2
concentration is increased, which ultimately affects
the plant growth and final yield positively. On the
other hand, tropospheric O3 very phytotoxic if used as
a strong oxidizing agent as it results in a negative
effect on plant growth and causes yield loss by
preventing many physiological processes and
photosynthesis by causing oxidative stress in the
plant cells after using stomata for penetrating the
leaves. There is a clear lack of research regarding how
CO2 and O3 interact with each other which has
resulted in a huge knowledge gap in this area, even
though, extensive research has been done on the
independent effect of tropospheric O3 atmospheric
CO2 on plant performance. Since it has been proven
by scientific evidence that the crop quality is also
affected by either CO2 or O3, in the coming times it
will be of vital concern for food security, because this
aspect is equally important as the impact caused by
CO2 or O3 on crop yield. Many physiochemical
processes can be affected by an increase in either CO2
and/or O3 which, as a result, may ultimately affect the
quality of the harvested products by affecting the
chemical and physical composition of the crops. In
order to analyze the risks on agricultural production
that are caused by climate variability, plant models
can be utilized as a tool for regional yield potential in
a variety of environmental situations, for managing
risk variables and for increasing productivity or yield
(Meinke et al., 1998).
Many researches have conducted in-detail research to
study the overall long-term impact on crop
production caused by climatic changes (Cantelaube
and Terres, 2005; Challinor and Wheeler, 2008).
Literature suggests that, the predicted increase or
decreases in wheat production in term of climate
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
73 | Erum and Ahmad
change are as follows: In southern Sweden, it is
estimated that, by 2050 the wheat production in
winter is expected to increase by 10–20% (Eckersten
et al., 2001). On the other hand, by 2050, it is
estimated that England's wheat production capability
may increase by about 15-23% (Richter and Semenov,
2005). However, the situation is not promising in
South Australia, where even under all climatic change
scenarios, it is expected that the wheat production
might shrink by 13.5% to 32% (Luo et al., 2005).
The aim of present study was to estimate the crop
yield using remote sensed data and to quantify the
impact on crop yield caused by climate change in
different climate change scenarios.
Materials and methods
Study Area
For the purpose of this study, three districts of Punjab
province were selected i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat.
Punjab lies between latitudes 27.42° and 34.02°N and
longitudes between 69.18° and 75.23°E with the total
covering area 205, 344 km². For agricultural
purposes, the area of Punjab can be categorized into
two regions: Barani and Irrigated. According to the
irrigation department Punjab, out of 11.83 million
hectares under cultivation in Punjab, 73.66% (8.7
million hectares) of area is irrigated and 26.20% (3.1
million hectares) area depends on rain water for
irrigation and agricultural activities.
Methods
To achieve the goals of the study, accurate image
acquisition was carried out for the selected districts of
Punjab. Satellite images for 1999 and 2014 with zero
cloud cover were acquired from USGS Glovis and
downloaded from Earth Explorer for all the districts.
The present study looked at the climate change from
1999 to 2014 and the effects on agricultural
productivity, in particular the wheat harvest in the
Attock, Gujrat and Multan districts.Grid data on CO2
mole fractions was retrieved from report written by
Nakamura et al., 2015 and Satellite-based
instrumental Total Column Ozone (TCO) data sets
was archived from report of Greg et al., 2018.
Results and discussion
Wheat production for all selected districts from 1999-
2014 was acquired from Federal Bureau of Statistics.
Fig. 01 indicated that there is shifting production in
the area. In year 2000-2001, lowest production, and
in year 2006-2007, highest production in tons was
observed. Yield is also changing one and no persistent
yield was found during the study time period. Fig. 02
indicated that there is unstable production in the
area. 2000-01 and 2010-11 were the least productive
years. 2008-09, 2010-11 and 2012-13 are the highest
production years. Overall no significant increase in
wheat cultivated was observed.as compared to 1999
yield decreased in 2014-15. In 2000 yield decreased
drastically but gradually increase after 2001. Multan
wheat production showed overall increasing trend
from 1999 to 2014. In Fig. 03 the lowest production
was observed in year 2007 and 2011 and highest
production in tons was obtained in the year 2008 and
2014. There is least variation observed in the wheat
growing area between time periods of 1999-2014.
Many factors are accountable for low production. The
lowest yield was obtained in all districts in 2010 due
to devastating floods. It severely inhibited agriculture
in Punjab, and thus this year less space was used for
growing wheat. Therefore, minimal production was
obtained and productivity was also low. A huge area
of wheat cultivation was observed in 2007, and
production amounted to 2 2321 million tons, which is
the highest result in the country's history, an increase
of 11.7 percent compared to last year. However,
Akhtar et al. (2010) suggested that 23.3 million tons
of wheat crops were generated in Pakistan, which was
record production in Pakistan's history and caused a
fall in wheat prices across the country in 2007.
To control wheat prices from falling before harvest,
the government allowed 0.5 million exports tons of
wheat in April 2007. The area of crops grown for
wheat has grown in recent years for a number of
reasons, such as a change in cultivation method and
greater crop intensity. Even thanks to the smaller
area, the yield has enhanced in recent years due to the
use of the best wheat seed varieties for cultivation, the
use of fertilizers, the appropriate irrigation system
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
74 | Erum and Ahmad
and plant protection products used beside pests and
weeds. Many climate parameters have a direct and
indirect impact on Pakistan's agriculture, especially
when it comes to high monetary yields. Climatic
irregularity is not only a problem for Pakistan, but its
effects are all over the world. The three climate
parameters are plotted in Fig. 04-09 to display their
varying patterns.
Fig. 01. Wheat production in Attock from 1999-2014.
Fig. 02. Wheat production in Gujrat from 1999-2014.
Fig. 03. Wheat production in Multan from 1999-2014.
Fig. 04. Changing climatic variables for Attock in 1999.
Fig. 05. Changing climatic variables for Attock in 2014.
For the wheat growing period, it lasts from December
to early May, and these variables are very vital.
Lowest rainfall in April and May and the highest
temperature were recorded in May and June. In the
case of humidity, it is recorded twice as humidity at 8
am and humidity at 17:00 in the evening. The peak
rainfall occurs in August as the monsoon season. In
contrast, April and December are months without
registered rainfall.
May and October with least rainfall and the highest
temperature was recorded in the month of May and June
for both the years. The highest rainfall is recorded during
monsoon season in the month of August whereas; no
rainfall in April and December was recorded.
Fig. 06 and 07 are displaying the changing climatic
patterns of district Gujrat in 1999 and 2014. The
graphs display no rainfall in November, December
and January while highest rainfall recorded in
August. The maximum temperature was recorded in
June and considered hottest month. However, in
September highest humidity level is observed. For
district Multan in 1999, three climatic variables are
plotted in a graph and the variation in these variables
is presented in the Fig. 08. Heaviest rainfall was
recorded in the month of July and April whereas,
May, June, November, December were the months
with no rainfall at all.
Fig. 06. Changing climatic variables for Gujrat in 1999.
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
75 | Erum and Ahmad
Fig. 07. Changing climatic variables for Gujrat in 2014.
Fig. 08. Changing climatic variables for Multan in 1999.
In the year 2014, Fig. 09 is showing the changing
climate for the District Multan. The result indicates
that in July highest rainfall was recorded whereas; no
rainfall was observed in January, June, November
and December. Lowest temperature was noted in the
winters as to date, average changes in climate
variables with previous weather data have been used
to develop climate change scenarios for impact
assessment. For example, temperature changes can
have a major impact on dry matter production,
because high and low temperatures reduce the dry
matter production rate and, in extreme cases, can halt
production. Variability considerations are important
based on estimates of the effects of climate change on
world agriculture and food supply.
If the climate becomes incontinent, the distribution
of plant occurrences is likely to increase and a short
classification of low yield years is likely, with
increased severity consequences for global foods.
The changing climate applies to wheat crops, and
the intensity of the damage varies at different stages,
because a variation in temperature or a rise in
temperature disturbs all stages of growth.
Precipitation is also a significant factor that changes
the yield overall since rain in the initial periods is
valuable for crop growth, but at the harvest phase
higher rainfall is accountable for a decrease in
overall production.
Fig. 09. Changing climatic variables for Multan in 2014.
The graphs in Fig. 10-12 are presenting the variation in
rainfall pattern and temperature for all districts. The
year 1999 is showing the less rainfall as compared to
2014 for all the districts. Furthermore, the results are
showing a fluctuating but increasing trend of rainfall in
the recent years as compared in the past especially for
2010, 2011 and 2014 (flood years).
Fig. 10. Changing Rainfall pattern for Attock.
Fig. 11. Changing Rainfall pattern for Gujrat.
Fig. 12. Changing Rainfall pattern for Multan.
The right quantity of precipitation is the one that
affects yields during the wheat growing season
(Ashfaq et al., 2011). It is assumed that precipitation
has a positive effect on wheat production. But the
right amount and duration of rainfall matters. Early
rainfall helps promote crops.
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76 | Erum and Ahmad
Research lead by Khan et al. (2004) establish that if
timely rainfall increase 1% and availability of water
occur due to precipitation, this would increase wheat
production by 0.68 percent.
Negative effects of temperature increase stop grain
production. Saseendran et al. (2000) suggested a rise
in temperature reduces yields by six percent, and
harvest maturity can fall to eight percent. A 1°C rise in
temperature can cause a 7.5% drop in wheat yield
during the growing season. Pakistan contributes little
to climate change, not only having one of the lowest per
capita greenhouse gas emissions in the world, but only
0.5% of total global emissions. At the same time, the
country is one of the most serious victims of climate
change, steadily falling into a category that is
particularly sensitive to many indicators of the effects
of climate change -including the Maple Croft Index and
the Index Columbia University Vulnerability. The
country's real vulnerability to climate change is not a
scientific secret, but a logical certainty given its
geographic location, altitude and demographics. Air
pollution due to population growth is a rapidly growing
problem in developing countries, including Pakistan.
Other factors contributing to the increase in air
pollution include unregulated industry and emissions
from vehicles, brick kilns and industry, and air
pollution causes several commercial activities, hotels,
restaurants, households, and solid waste management.
As a result, concentrations of toxic gases such as CO,
NOx, and SOx, as well as smoke and dust in the air
have increased in recent years (Wahid, 2006). The
impact of air pollution on human health has been given
much attention in larger cities and suburban areas, but
its impact on agricultural production and quality has
been less well considered. In many developing
countries, especially in parts of Asia, environmental air
pollution greatly affects the yield and productivity of
forest products. Average wheat yields in Pakistan
stagnated between 2000 and 2007, and the population
grew significantly, widening the gap between basic food
demand and supply (Wahid, 2006).
A comparison of yearly maps of total column ozone
(TCO) from GLS observations for the years 1999-2014
is presented in Fig. 16-18. In general, tropospheric
Ozone columns have increased in all districts. For
Attock, Gujrat and Multan district TCO ranges from
286-311, 286-307, 275-298 respectively. Lowest TCO
were observed in 2002. Overall 0.2% increase in TCO
was observed in all the districts under study.
Fig. 13. Change Temperature for Attock.
Fig. 14. Change Temperature for Gujrat.
Fig. 15. Change Temperature for Multan.
Fig. 16. Total Column Ozone for Attock, Gujrat and
Multan 1999-2004.
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
77 | Erum and Ahmad
Fig. 17. Total Column Ozone for Attock, Gujrat and
Multan 2005-2009.
Fig. 18. Total Column Ozone for Attock, Gujrat and
Multan 2010-2014.
CO2 values were also mapped for study period of
1999-2014 for all the study sites and presented in figs
19-21. Overall 0.3% increase has been found in CO2
concentration. The values observed for Attock, Gujrat
and Multan were 369.4-400, 368.7-401.8, and 369.2-
401.5 respectively.
Fig. 19. CO2 values for Attock, Gujrat and Multan
1999-2003.
Fig. 20. CO2 values for Attock, Gujrat and Multan
2004-2008.
Fig. 21. CO2 values for Attock, Gujrat and Multan
2009-2014.
Over the past few years, anthropogenic activity has
increased the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2)
and tropospheric ozone (O3) in the atmosphere. CO2
improves plant growth, and O3 surface levels are
phytotoxic contaminants. Higher carbon dioxide (EC)
showed growth parameters in wheat plants, while
elevated O3 (EO) exposure showed an inverse trend
than in EC. With increased CO2 + O3 (ECO) exposure,
fully raised CO2completely protects wheat varieties
from the negative effects of O3. In 1980, Pakistan's
carbon emissions were documented at 32,067
kilowatts (kt) (World Development Index), and
emissions increased by 8%, 10% per year. Total CO2
emissions in Pakistan have reached 158,000
kilograms (kt) since 2014. The main reason for the
large increase in CO2 emissions is the combination of
Pakistan's main energy supply.
In Pakistan, environmental O3 concentrations have been
found to reduce the production of various wheat, rice
and soybean cultivars on the Lahore margin (Wahid et
al., 1995 and Wahid, 2006). Harvest losses here were
estimated at about 40% for wheat and 57% for soybeans
and rice. Given the deterioration of air quality and the
potential effects of these toxins on crop yields, research
is urgently needed to assess the effects of air pollution on
crop production and the nutritional value of plants in
Pakistan as the agricultural sector is sensitive to the
effects of pollution and is critical to the maintenance of a
rapidly growing human population (Wahid et al., 2006).
Conclusion
This study shows the capacity of GIS and RS to record
spatial time data. The error in estimating satellite
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
78 | Erum and Ahmad
yield is due to the variability in wheat phenolic cycle
at the time of satellite data collection and field
measurements. This study identifies the usefulness of
satellite remote sensing methods to obtain
agricultural information for large areas in a cost-
effective manner that assists relevant agencies. As an
agricultural country, we should be able to secure
domestic consumption by increasing wheat
production levels, and surpluses of production can be
exported abroad to earn on currency exchange. To
deal with every emerging threat of climate change, the
agricultural sector in Pakistan needs some
adjustment strategies. Sustainable agricultural
development is one of the desirable ways to alleviate
climate problems and air pollution, which will further
strengthen agricultural infrastructure to ensure a
healthy and rich life.
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