This document summarizes a study on farmers' perceptions of climate change in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Nigeria. The study found that farmers are aware that the climate is changing, with increases in temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, and decreases in agricultural yields. The farmers perceived the main causes of climate change to be deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. However, financial constraints, lack of climate information, and insufficient extension support limited farmers' ability to adopt measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on their agricultural activities.
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
Smallholder farmers’ perception of the impacts of climate change and variabil...Alexander Decker
- Smallholder farmers in Kenya were interviewed about their perceptions of how climate change has impacted agricultural practices over the past 30 and 10 years.
- Significantly more farmers reported perceiving changes in practices over the past 30 years compared to 10 years, especially in semi-arid regions.
- The two most commonly perceived changes across regions were increased pest/disease control and growing different crops to match changing rainfall patterns.
- Over 80% of farmers perceived changes in productivity over the past 30 years, though the percentage was lower for the past 10 years.
Crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in ilorin east local governme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Nigeria. It found that most farmers were between 41-60 years old and married, with over half having no formal education. While farmers had knowledge of various climate change effects, the study found that 68.6% of farmers had a low knowledge level of climate change. Factors like age, marital status, and farming as the primary occupation were found to positively correlate with higher knowledge levels. The study recommends providing training to farmers and increasing efforts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of climate change issues among farmers.
Strategic management of climate change challenges to crop and livestock produ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategic management of climate change challenges to crop and livestock production in Southern Nigeria. It begins by providing background on climate change and its negative impacts on agriculture, including reduced crop yields and livestock income. It then presents a literature review on adaptation strategies for agriculture, such as adopting drought/heat resistant crops and breeds.
The study aims to identify the weaknesses/threats and strengths/opportunities of climate change challenges for crop and livestock production using SWOT analysis. It describes the research design and sample, which includes 266 crop farmers, 266 livestock farmers, and 78 agricultural extension agents surveyed. The results will help recommend strategies for farmers and researchers to better manage climate change impacts on agriculture.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Analysis of farmers perceptions of the effects of climate change in kenya the...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed farmers' perceptions of climate change in Kyuso District, Kenya. The study found that 94% of farmers surveyed perceived that the climate was changing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing farmers' perceptions. The model found that characteristics like age, gender, education level, farming experience, household size, distance to markets, access to irrigation, local environment, access to climate information and extension services, off-farm income, and changes in temperature and precipitation had significant impacts on farmers' likelihood of perceiving climate change. The study concluded that since perception of climate change was high, policies should focus on helping farmers adapt to climate change impacts.
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
Smallholder farmers’ perception of the impacts of climate change and variabil...Alexander Decker
- Smallholder farmers in Kenya were interviewed about their perceptions of how climate change has impacted agricultural practices over the past 30 and 10 years.
- Significantly more farmers reported perceiving changes in practices over the past 30 years compared to 10 years, especially in semi-arid regions.
- The two most commonly perceived changes across regions were increased pest/disease control and growing different crops to match changing rainfall patterns.
- Over 80% of farmers perceived changes in productivity over the past 30 years, though the percentage was lower for the past 10 years.
Crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in ilorin east local governme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Nigeria. It found that most farmers were between 41-60 years old and married, with over half having no formal education. While farmers had knowledge of various climate change effects, the study found that 68.6% of farmers had a low knowledge level of climate change. Factors like age, marital status, and farming as the primary occupation were found to positively correlate with higher knowledge levels. The study recommends providing training to farmers and increasing efforts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of climate change issues among farmers.
Strategic management of climate change challenges to crop and livestock produ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategic management of climate change challenges to crop and livestock production in Southern Nigeria. It begins by providing background on climate change and its negative impacts on agriculture, including reduced crop yields and livestock income. It then presents a literature review on adaptation strategies for agriculture, such as adopting drought/heat resistant crops and breeds.
The study aims to identify the weaknesses/threats and strengths/opportunities of climate change challenges for crop and livestock production using SWOT analysis. It describes the research design and sample, which includes 266 crop farmers, 266 livestock farmers, and 78 agricultural extension agents surveyed. The results will help recommend strategies for farmers and researchers to better manage climate change impacts on agriculture.
Agriculture is one of those activities of man that is greatly affected by climate. Therefore, a change in climate would in no small measure impact on agriculture, location notwithstanding. This work as a result examined the impact of climate change on maize and cassava yields in Southeastern Nigeria. Expost-facto research method in the context of quasi experimental research design was adopted for the study. Data for rainfall and temperature were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET); and those for crop yields came from Federal Ministry of Agriculture of Nigeria and Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of selected states. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. Results showed that, there are evidences of climate change in Southeastern Nigeria, with notable fluctuations in the identified trends. Employing the trend analysis represented by the least square line, Abia State rainfall is increasing at 0.1026mm per annum, while Imo State is decreasing at -1.1255 mm per annum. All the states recorded positive slopes in mean temperature which shows an increase in their trends. The multiple regression model showed R2 values that ranged between 0.25 – 0.29 revealing that only 25 %- 29 % of cassava and maize yields could be explained by rainfall and temperature across the states and the result was significant at p<0.05 revealing that cassava and maize yields significantly depended on rainfall and temperature. Crop yields were also significantly different spatially. As a result of the findings the study strongly advocates, development of better and sustained environmental policies that will be beneficial to climate systems while creating sustainable food security.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Analysis of farmers perceptions of the effects of climate change in kenya the...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed farmers' perceptions of climate change in Kyuso District, Kenya. The study found that 94% of farmers surveyed perceived that the climate was changing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing farmers' perceptions. The model found that characteristics like age, gender, education level, farming experience, household size, distance to markets, access to irrigation, local environment, access to climate information and extension services, off-farm income, and changes in temperature and precipitation had significant impacts on farmers' likelihood of perceiving climate change. The study concluded that since perception of climate change was high, policies should focus on helping farmers adapt to climate change impacts.
This document discusses perceptions of climate change in Africa from an agricultural perspective. It finds that there are diverse views about the causes and indicators of climate change across and within African communities, despite general awareness of climate change. The impacts of climate variability are highly differentiated according to factors like land tenure, traditional beliefs, and gender. The document aims to understand indigenous perceptions of climate change in Africa and coping strategies. It reviews how climate change is projected to negatively impact agriculture in Africa through reduced crop yields and quality, and changed growing conditions.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
Improving Vegetable Productivity in a Variable Climate and Global Warming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research and Vanessa Meadu, Communications and Knowledge Manager, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Delivered to private sector representatives in London on 11 July 2013.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India. It discusses how climate change can negatively affect crop yields and production through increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. It provides examples of studies that project declines in the production of crops like rice, wheat and sorghum in different parts of India due to climate change. The document also discusses how climate change may reduce milk production in India. It identifies adaptation strategies like altered cropping practices and integrated farming as ways for agriculture to build resilience against climate impacts.
Climate change and farming vulnerability in the coast ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change on farming in coastal Bangladesh. It finds that farmers in the study region face many climate-related hazards like river erosion, salinity intrusion, flooding, and heavy rainfall. Most farmers have small landholdings below 0.2 hectares. The main crops are rice varieties, though some areas experience too much salinity for certain rice types. Many farmers rely on rainwater instead of river water for irrigation. The study found that around 37% of farmers migrate seasonally due to climate impacts, with 21% migrating permanently. During rainy season, over 25% of households face waterlogging and flooding issues. Farmers also suffer from diseases linked to climate change like
Climate change adaptation and livelihoods in AsiaPrabhakar SVRK
The presentation provides a review of literature on the observed and projected impacts of climate change and adaptation options. Presented at Climate Change Symposium: Latest Scientific Knowledge on Climate Change and Actions on Climate Change Impacts in Japan. 26 March 2014, 15:30 – 18:15, Pacifico Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan. MOEJ and IGES. Link to the agenda:
http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/natural-resource/PDF/20140326/programme.pdf
Extension services strategies in adaptation to climate change in oyo state, n...Alexander Decker
The document discusses extension service strategies for adapting to climate change in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that farmers experienced impacts of climate change like drought, changes in rainfall patterns, and decreased water availability. To cope, farmers adopted strategies recommended by extension agents, including changing crops grown, conservation agriculture, and early warning systems. The roles of extension agents were seen as important for building farmers' capacity to adapt, through demonstrations and sharing innovations. However, low funding, changing policies, and lack of access to information constrained adoption of adaptation strategies. The study concludes that more public education on adaptation is needed to support extension agents' work in mitigating climate impacts.
THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH DROUGH...Julius Huho
The economy of Kenya is based on agriculture which in turn depends on rainfall performance. Over 80 percent of the Kenyan population relies on rain-fed agriculture as a livelihood source. Unfortunately, changes in its amount, timing and distribution in the last two decades have influenced the reliability of rainfall for agricultural purposes. The consequence has been recurrent food insecurity in most parts of the country and chronic in the arid and semi arid areas due to frequent droughts. To survive the harsh climatic conditions, the affected communities employ various adaptive strategies. The current study examined the drought adaptive strategies employed by subsistence farmers in the semi arid areas of Kenya in relation to mitigating climate change. Data was obtained from Mukogodo and Central Divisions of Laikipia County, Kenya. Time series was used to analyze rainfall trends. Data on effects of droughts and adaptive strategies was obtained through in-depth interviews. The inhabitants were aware of climate change with 90% and 10% of the respondents attributing the changes to human activities and divine forces, respectively. Rainfall showed a declining trend in Mukogodo Division but an increasing trend in Central Division. Nevertheless, the timing of the "long rains" and the length of the growing season in Central Division showed considerable changes. The consequences were food insecurity and livelihood destruction in the area. The adaptive strategies employed aimed at cushioning farmers against immediate problems but with minimal consideration of climate change mitigation. This paper highlights on the opportunities and challenges of mitigating climate change that farmers had through their day-to-day adaptive strategies.
This document provides an overview of key drivers shaping European agriculture by 2025, focusing on their environmental impacts. It discusses how biodiversity has declined due to agricultural intensification and land use change, and is projected to continue decreasing in most EU countries by 2025 unless new measures are implemented. It also examines the significant role of agriculture in nutrient leaching and eutrophication of waters like the Baltic Sea, and how implementation of directives could help reduce nutrient inputs, though significant time lags exist between measures and environmental effects.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Changing Feeding Routines as a Strategy for Coping with Drought in Rural Kenya Julius Huho
- A drought in Nyairoko sub-location in Kenya in 2016-2017 caused severe food shortages due to failed rains and crop damage from pests.
- Households typically depended on potatoes and maize from their farms as their main food sources. The drought depleted food stores.
- To cope with the shortage, households changed their feeding routines by removing some meals, reducing portion sizes, and substituting the types of foods eaten. However, this led to poor health due to small food intake and lack of preferred foods.
11.[21 29]the implications of climate change on food security and rural livel...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of climate change on food security and rural livelihoods in northern Ghana based on interviews and observations. The key findings are:
1) Communities in northern Ghana that never previously experienced floods and droughts are now facing these natural phenomena, negatively impacting food security and livelihoods.
2) Climate change affects all dimensions of food security - availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. It impacts livelihood activities like farming and livestock rearing.
3) The impacts of climate change will vary by location but it threatens food security and livelihoods in both temperate and tropical regions. Government action is needed to mitigate these threats.
Kulbhooshan saini International Science Congress-2014kulbhooshan saini
This document discusses the impacts of climate change factors like temperature and rainfall on the production of sorghum and pearl millet crops in Alwar district, India. It analyzes crop production and climatic data from 2001-2010 and finds relationships between temperature, rainfall and crop productivity. Generally, higher temperatures reduced yields while higher rainfall enhanced production. The study aims to help assess climate change impacts and support adaptation strategies to sustain crop yields.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
This document discusses current developments in organic farming. It begins with an overview of organic farming practices, principles, and regulations. Organic farming aims to use natural materials and processes to produce food in a sustainable way that protects human and environmental health. It has grown rapidly in recent years. The document then discusses key aspects of organic farming such as soil quality improvements, labor requirements, crop rotation challenges, and yield impacts. It also defines organic farming and reviews its production requirements regarding crops, livestock, and nutrient management strategies. Finally, the document examines regulations for organic farming in different regions such as the EU and Mexico.
Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is a peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Climate change is impacting global food security in several ways. Food prices are higher and more volatile due to factors like population growth, economic development, and the conversion of agricultural land to other uses. Climate change is altering crop patterns and increasing natural disasters, reducing food production and stockpiles. To address these challenges, governments need policies to strengthen food production and resilience to climate change, stabilize food prices, and improve food access and distribution, especially for vulnerable households. International cooperation is also required to support research, capacity building, and emergency food reserves.
The document is a curriculum vitae for L. Zakir Ahmed. It summarizes his objective of seeking a position that provides learning and challenges. It outlines his educational qualifications including an accounting degree. It also lists his technical skills in Microsoft Office, accounting software, and operating systems. His work experience includes positions in accounting, auditing, and management. Key skills listed include accounting, secretarial work, and internal auditing.
This document discusses perceptions of climate change in Africa from an agricultural perspective. It finds that there are diverse views about the causes and indicators of climate change across and within African communities, despite general awareness of climate change. The impacts of climate variability are highly differentiated according to factors like land tenure, traditional beliefs, and gender. The document aims to understand indigenous perceptions of climate change in Africa and coping strategies. It reviews how climate change is projected to negatively impact agriculture in Africa through reduced crop yields and quality, and changed growing conditions.
Changes in climate affects the land and farming immensely. Due to this,the crop growth is affected and results in inadequacy of seasonal crop outcome which does not meet the demands of the living beings. Hence, Climatic change has become a chief issue to be looked forth in order to prevent further threatenings to the livelihood. I have made a gist of the existing issue on climate changes and the insecurities of food resources in India.
Improving Vegetable Productivity in a Variable Climate and Global Warming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research and Vanessa Meadu, Communications and Knowledge Manager, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Delivered to private sector representatives in London on 11 July 2013.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India. It discusses how climate change can negatively affect crop yields and production through increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. It provides examples of studies that project declines in the production of crops like rice, wheat and sorghum in different parts of India due to climate change. The document also discusses how climate change may reduce milk production in India. It identifies adaptation strategies like altered cropping practices and integrated farming as ways for agriculture to build resilience against climate impacts.
Climate change and farming vulnerability in the coast ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change on farming in coastal Bangladesh. It finds that farmers in the study region face many climate-related hazards like river erosion, salinity intrusion, flooding, and heavy rainfall. Most farmers have small landholdings below 0.2 hectares. The main crops are rice varieties, though some areas experience too much salinity for certain rice types. Many farmers rely on rainwater instead of river water for irrigation. The study found that around 37% of farmers migrate seasonally due to climate impacts, with 21% migrating permanently. During rainy season, over 25% of households face waterlogging and flooding issues. Farmers also suffer from diseases linked to climate change like
Climate change adaptation and livelihoods in AsiaPrabhakar SVRK
The presentation provides a review of literature on the observed and projected impacts of climate change and adaptation options. Presented at Climate Change Symposium: Latest Scientific Knowledge on Climate Change and Actions on Climate Change Impacts in Japan. 26 March 2014, 15:30 – 18:15, Pacifico Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan. MOEJ and IGES. Link to the agenda:
http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/natural-resource/PDF/20140326/programme.pdf
Extension services strategies in adaptation to climate change in oyo state, n...Alexander Decker
The document discusses extension service strategies for adapting to climate change in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that farmers experienced impacts of climate change like drought, changes in rainfall patterns, and decreased water availability. To cope, farmers adopted strategies recommended by extension agents, including changing crops grown, conservation agriculture, and early warning systems. The roles of extension agents were seen as important for building farmers' capacity to adapt, through demonstrations and sharing innovations. However, low funding, changing policies, and lack of access to information constrained adoption of adaptation strategies. The study concludes that more public education on adaptation is needed to support extension agents' work in mitigating climate impacts.
THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH DROUGH...Julius Huho
The economy of Kenya is based on agriculture which in turn depends on rainfall performance. Over 80 percent of the Kenyan population relies on rain-fed agriculture as a livelihood source. Unfortunately, changes in its amount, timing and distribution in the last two decades have influenced the reliability of rainfall for agricultural purposes. The consequence has been recurrent food insecurity in most parts of the country and chronic in the arid and semi arid areas due to frequent droughts. To survive the harsh climatic conditions, the affected communities employ various adaptive strategies. The current study examined the drought adaptive strategies employed by subsistence farmers in the semi arid areas of Kenya in relation to mitigating climate change. Data was obtained from Mukogodo and Central Divisions of Laikipia County, Kenya. Time series was used to analyze rainfall trends. Data on effects of droughts and adaptive strategies was obtained through in-depth interviews. The inhabitants were aware of climate change with 90% and 10% of the respondents attributing the changes to human activities and divine forces, respectively. Rainfall showed a declining trend in Mukogodo Division but an increasing trend in Central Division. Nevertheless, the timing of the "long rains" and the length of the growing season in Central Division showed considerable changes. The consequences were food insecurity and livelihood destruction in the area. The adaptive strategies employed aimed at cushioning farmers against immediate problems but with minimal consideration of climate change mitigation. This paper highlights on the opportunities and challenges of mitigating climate change that farmers had through their day-to-day adaptive strategies.
This document provides an overview of key drivers shaping European agriculture by 2025, focusing on their environmental impacts. It discusses how biodiversity has declined due to agricultural intensification and land use change, and is projected to continue decreasing in most EU countries by 2025 unless new measures are implemented. It also examines the significant role of agriculture in nutrient leaching and eutrophication of waters like the Baltic Sea, and how implementation of directives could help reduce nutrient inputs, though significant time lags exist between measures and environmental effects.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Changing Feeding Routines as a Strategy for Coping with Drought in Rural Kenya Julius Huho
- A drought in Nyairoko sub-location in Kenya in 2016-2017 caused severe food shortages due to failed rains and crop damage from pests.
- Households typically depended on potatoes and maize from their farms as their main food sources. The drought depleted food stores.
- To cope with the shortage, households changed their feeding routines by removing some meals, reducing portion sizes, and substituting the types of foods eaten. However, this led to poor health due to small food intake and lack of preferred foods.
11.[21 29]the implications of climate change on food security and rural livel...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of climate change on food security and rural livelihoods in northern Ghana based on interviews and observations. The key findings are:
1) Communities in northern Ghana that never previously experienced floods and droughts are now facing these natural phenomena, negatively impacting food security and livelihoods.
2) Climate change affects all dimensions of food security - availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. It impacts livelihood activities like farming and livestock rearing.
3) The impacts of climate change will vary by location but it threatens food security and livelihoods in both temperate and tropical regions. Government action is needed to mitigate these threats.
Kulbhooshan saini International Science Congress-2014kulbhooshan saini
This document discusses the impacts of climate change factors like temperature and rainfall on the production of sorghum and pearl millet crops in Alwar district, India. It analyzes crop production and climatic data from 2001-2010 and finds relationships between temperature, rainfall and crop productivity. Generally, higher temperatures reduced yields while higher rainfall enhanced production. The study aims to help assess climate change impacts and support adaptation strategies to sustain crop yields.
This document examines agroforestry as an adaptation method for African smallholder farmers facing increased weather extremes due to climate change. It discusses how agroforestry can strengthen food system resilience by providing additional crops and income sources while improving soil and water management. However, adoption of agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa has been low due to various barriers. Overcoming these barriers is important for smallholder farmers to adapt their food production through low-cost agroforestry methods.
This document discusses current developments in organic farming. It begins with an overview of organic farming practices, principles, and regulations. Organic farming aims to use natural materials and processes to produce food in a sustainable way that protects human and environmental health. It has grown rapidly in recent years. The document then discusses key aspects of organic farming such as soil quality improvements, labor requirements, crop rotation challenges, and yield impacts. It also defines organic farming and reviews its production requirements regarding crops, livestock, and nutrient management strategies. Finally, the document examines regulations for organic farming in different regions such as the EU and Mexico.
Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is a peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
Climate change is impacting global food security in several ways. Food prices are higher and more volatile due to factors like population growth, economic development, and the conversion of agricultural land to other uses. Climate change is altering crop patterns and increasing natural disasters, reducing food production and stockpiles. To address these challenges, governments need policies to strengthen food production and resilience to climate change, stabilize food prices, and improve food access and distribution, especially for vulnerable households. International cooperation is also required to support research, capacity building, and emergency food reserves.
The document is a curriculum vitae for L. Zakir Ahmed. It summarizes his objective of seeking a position that provides learning and challenges. It outlines his educational qualifications including an accounting degree. It also lists his technical skills in Microsoft Office, accounting software, and operating systems. His work experience includes positions in accounting, auditing, and management. Key skills listed include accounting, secretarial work, and internal auditing.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Almaz Demessie on the impact of climate change on gender. Some key points:
- Climate change will disproportionately impact women, who make up the majority of the world's poor and have less access to resources. Changes in things like agriculture and natural disasters due to climate change will affect women differently than men.
- Examples from Ethiopia show trends of decreasing rainfall in many areas, which threatens rain-fed agriculture that many small-scale farmers and the poor rely on. As women disproportionately experience poverty, they will be especially vulnerable.
- Gender roles mean that climate change will impact men and women differently. Women's roles in activities like maintaining agricultural knowledge are
This document discusses the impact of climate change on gender in Ethiopia. It provides background on the author, Almaz Demessie, and her qualifications as an agrometeorologist. The document then discusses how climate change affects men and women differently due to traditional gender roles and responsibilities. Women are often more vulnerable because they form the majority of the poor and depend more on local natural resources. The document provides examples of how climate change is impacting different regions of Ethiopia through changes in rainfall patterns. It also defines gender and explains how gender analysis is important to understanding the human causes and impacts of climate change. The effects of climate change, like natural disasters, often impact women more severely.
Climate change adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers the case of babil...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on climate change adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers in the Babilie District of Ethiopia. It provides background on climate change impacts on agriculture in Ethiopia and challenges smallholder farmers face. The study used surveys of 160 households and focus groups to understand factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies. A multinomial logistic regression analysis found that sex, age, education, family size, livestock ownership, income, credit access, distance to market, extension services, agro-ecological zone, climate information, and extension contact significantly impacted adaptation strategy choices. The document recommends future policies focus on awareness raising, social networks, credit access, and research on new crop varieties.
Climate change awareness and coping strategies of cocoa farmers in rural ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed cocoa farmers' awareness of and perceptions about climate change in Ghana. The following key points were made:
1. The study found that cocoa farmers across Ghana's cocoa growing regions are highly aware of climate change and its impacts on their farming activities from planting to harvesting.
2. Farmers perceived several causes of climate change including acts of God, deforestation, heavy machinery, urbanization, and human sinfulness. The most commonly perceived cause was that climate change signifies the end of times according to God's plan.
3. Farmers have adopted various coping strategies in response to climate impacts, such as soil fertility management, shade management, and farm size adjustments. However
Present and future prospects of climate change and agricultural productivity ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has warmed by 1.3°C over 1960-2006 and rainfall has declined in some areas, with more frequent droughts. Agricultural productivity is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall. Climate change is projected to reduce yields and GDP in Ethiopia through effects like more frequent droughts. The country's economy and population rely heavily on agriculture, making Ethiopia very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: The Case of Ank...Premier Publishers
Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people’s livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers’ technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.
Coping strategy of rainfall variability due to changing climate in dry sub hu...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies for coping with rainfall variability due to climate change in the dry sub-humid region of Borno State, Nigeria. It notes that the region has experienced increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall in recent decades. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Supplemental irrigation using rainwater harvesting during critical crop growth stages is identified as an effective adaptation strategy to improve yields and food security. Breeding drought-resistant crops and improving agricultural practices are also recommended to help agriculture adapt to the challenging conditions. Overall, the document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the region's agriculture and livelihoods and proposes interventions to increase resilience.
Effects of Climate Change Variability on Physical, Natural, and Financial Liv...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the effects of climate change variability on the livelihood assets of rural farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. A survey of 120 farmers found that climate change is affecting their physical, natural, and financial assets. The major signs of climate change reported were increased temperature, unpredictable rainfall, drought, flooding, and crop damage. The main livelihood activities were crop farming, poultry, fishing, trading, and livestock rearing. The study recommends educating rural people about climate change and its impacts so they can better understand and address the risks.
Climate change will have significant impacts on global agriculture and food security according to this document. The effects of climate change on agriculture will influence food security and development pathways between the global North and South. Several assessment methods are used to analyze the biophysical and socioeconomic impacts of climate change on agriculture, including agroclimatic indices, statistical models, process-based models, and economic tools. However, there are also many uncertainties associated with climate change projections and agricultural modeling. A combination of approaches is often needed to fully understand how climate change may affect agriculture at regional and local levels.
Poster94: Targeting bean research in the face of drought and climate changeCIAT
Drought is the most important constraint to livelihoods and agriculture in Kenya, causing substantial crop yield losses. It is exacerbated by soil fertility decline and affects food security, with average households experiencing 5 months without adequate food. Climate change will further worsen drought conditions through shifts in suitable cultivation areas. A study assessed farmers' vulnerability to drought through surveys and focus groups to determine appropriate technologies. It found that diversifying income sources and mixed cropping can increase household resilience to drought and food insecurity.
Poster94: Targeting bean research in the face of drought and climate changeCIAT
Drought is a major constraint to livelihoods and agriculture in Kenya, exacerbated by soil fertility decline and other factors. Access to drought-tolerant crops and soil improvement is needed to address food insecurity. A study assessed farmers' vulnerability to drought through surveys and focus groups to inform policies that target interventions. The analysis found that diversifying income sources and intercropping can reduce food insecurity, though lack of credit limits these options for many households.
Trend analysis of Temperature and Precipitation change in Sokoto State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
In sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. In recent years, there was evidence of rising temperature and rainfall variability in almost every part of the country. This paper investigated the behavior of annual temperature and rainfall in Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria, over the period from 1970-2015. During this period, there was an upward trend in both temperature and rainfall. Further analysis detected a structural change in temperature and rainfall series at the State level and in the three agro ecological Zones of the State over the period of 1970-2015. The point of climatic shift in the area was detected to occur in 2003 for temperature, and in 1997, for rainfall. Findings from the Chow test used to confirm the shift in climate were statistically significant. This result further supports the hunch that the State witnessed significant changes in climate in recent period. Findings of this Study will have a significant implication for all sectors of the economy, most importantly, Agriculture which is the mainstay of the economy.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Climate Change and Its Impact on Agricultural Production: An Empirical Review...Premier Publishers
Agriculture, which is the mainstay of the economies of many developing countries, is highly depends on climatic conditions. This paper aimed at reviewing the climate change and its impacts on agricultural production with the specific objectives of reviewing the farmer’s adaptation strategies and barriers to the climate change and the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in sub Saharan Africa countries. Empirical evidence shows that most of the smallholder famers in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced the adaptation strategy of switching from planting high water-requirement to low water-requirement crops, planting diversified crops, changed planting dates to correspond to the change in the precipitation pattern and mixed cropping. The farmers’ ability to adapt to climate change has faced by access to information, extension services and access to credit. The effect of long-term mean climate change has significance impacts on global food production and affects all dimensions of food security in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure which may require ongoing adaptation. Finally, effective institutions on climate change at the global level help to facilitate the policy implementations and to combat the impact of climate change.
This document discusses the effects of climate change on global and Nepalese agriculture and food security. It provides background on climate zones in Nepal and evidence that climate change is negatively impacting agricultural productivity through increased temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. The document outlines Nepal's efforts to develop climate-resilient crop varieties and adopt other adaptation strategies to address food insecurity exacerbated by climate change. However, it notes that Nepal's contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is minimal, and the country is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria Premier Publishers
- The study examined the effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria from 1980-2010.
- The results showed average annual rainfall and temperature were 1288.311mm and 31.7173°C respectively over this period. Average annual maize output was 4.84 metric tons.
- Maize area cultivated and productivity increased with rising temperature and rainfall over time. However, maize output and area cultivated decelerated later in the period, likely due to increasing temperature and rainfall. Productivity accelerated.
Similar to Farmers’ perception of climate change in ikwuano local government area of abia state, nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
A study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among middl...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed knowledge of pneumonia prevention among 60 middle-aged adults in rural Moodbidri, India. Most subjects (55%) had poor knowledge and 41.67% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 40.66%.
2) Knowledge was lowest in areas of diagnosis, prevention and management (35.61%) and highest in introduction to pneumonia (45.42%).
3) There was a significant association between knowledge and gender but not other demographic factors like age, education level or occupation. The study concluded knowledge of prevention was low and health education is needed.
A study regarding analyzing recessionary impact on fundamental determinants o...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of fundamental factors on stock prices in India during normal and recessionary periods. It finds that during normal periods from 2000-2007, earnings per share had a positive and significant impact on stock prices, while coverage ratio had a negative impact. During the recession from 2007-2009, price-earnings ratio positively and significantly impacted stock prices, while growth had a negative effect. Overall, the study aims to compare the influence of fundamental factors like book value, dividends, earnings, etc. on stock prices during different economic conditions in India.
A study on would be urban-migrants’ needs and necessities in rural bangladesh...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the needs and necessities of potential rural migrants in Bangladesh and how providing certain facilities could encourage them to remain in rural areas. The study involved surveys of 350 local and non-local people across 7 upazilas to understand their satisfaction with existing services and priority of needs. The findings revealed variations in requirements between local and non-local respondents. Based on the analysis, the study recommends certain priority facilities, such as employment opportunities and community services, that should be provided in rural areas to improve quality of life and reduce migration to cities. Limitations include the small sample size not representing all of Bangladesh and difficulties collecting full information from all respondents.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
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Farmers’ perception of climate change in ikwuano local government area of abia state, nigeria
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change in Ikwuano Local
Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria
Agbo, Festus Ugwuoke, Ph.D. 1
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Phone: +2348066592181
E-mail: fuagbo4real@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study examines farmers’ general understanding of climate change in Ikwuano LGA of Abia State, Nigeria.
Data were collected by use of structured questionnaire administered to 420 farmers randomly selected from eight
communities in the study area. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data obtained from the survey. A
4-point Likert Rating Scale was used to gauge farmers’ response to 29 perception questions posed in the
questionnaire. The result showed that the prevalent changes in climate in the study area are increased
temperature, change in patterns of rainfall, uncertain patterns of relative humidity, high sunshine intensity and
change in harmattan period. The consequence of climate change included poor health conditions of the farmers
as well as poor yields from their farms. The main causes of climate change, by the farmers’ perception, include
deforestation, overgrazing of farm lands, blockage of water ways, careless discharge of liquid waste and air
pollution from automobile exhaust. The major techniques employed by farmers to mitigate the effects of climate
change were planting of more resistant local varieties and diversification of their portfolios.
Key words: Farmers, perception, climate, change.
1.0 Introduction
Climate change is a long term shift in the climatic patterns of a specific place or region measured by changes in
the behaviour of climate elements such as temperature, wind patterns and precipitation resulting in changes in
ecosystems and socioeconomic activities. Such changes bring about uncertainties in the sustainability of
agriculture and agro-allied ventures (Urama and Ozor, 2011). Climate change is seen as the most serious
environmental threat facing farmers today. It is known that as the planet earth warms, rainfall patterns shift and
extreme events such as drought, flood or forest fires become more frequent (Zoellick, 2009). This has resulted in
poor and unpredictable yields from agriculture and agro-allied activities (UNFCCC, 2007). The impact of
climate change is more pronounced in climes that agriculture still remains the main source of livelihood as in
developing countries like Nigeria (Agwu et. al., 2010).
Paradoxically, agriculture is considered both culprit and victim of climate change. Culprit in the sense that Green
House Gas (GHG) emissions from food and the agriculture sector account for over one-third of the current
annual total emissions; the livestock sector accounts for about 18% of global green house gas emissions,
deforestation also accounts for 18% of carbon dioxide emissions. The world’s 130 million ha of rice paddies are
estimated to produce 50 to 100 million metric tonnes of methane annually (Shrotriya and Prakash, 2011).
Human activities involving deforestation and other activities that alter the equilibrium of the ecosystem like
mining, road construction, housing development activities reduce the natural sinks that withdraw green house
gas from circulation. A balance between sources and sinks of green house gases determines the level of extreme
weather events occurrence (Khanal, 2009).
In Africa, climatic change is expected to, and in some parts, it has already begun to, alter the dynamics of
droughts, rainfall and heat waves, and trigger secondary stresses such as the spread of pests, increased
competition for resources, and attendant biodiversity losses (Enete and Amusa, 2010). Rapid changes in the
behaviour of climate elements are expected to undermine the systems that provide for food security in Africa
(Gregory et al., 2005).
Whilst farmers in some regions may benefit from longer growing seasons and higher yields, the general
consequences for Africa (Mendelsohn et al., 2000) are expected to be adverse, and particularly more adverse for
the poor and marginalized farm households, who do not have the means to withstand drastic changes. Evidence
from the IPCC suggests that areas south of the Sahara are likely to emerge as the most vulnerable to climate
1
*The author wishes to acknowledge all sources and contributions cited in this paper while accepting responsibility for all
errors found in the paper.
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change with likely agricultural losses ranging from 2 to 7%.
A Nigerian study applied the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) crop model to give projections of
crop yield during the 21st
century. The study modelled worst case climate change scenarios for maize, sorghum,
rice, millet and cassava (Adejuwon, 2006). The indications from the projections are that in general there will be
increases in crop yield across all low land ecological zones as the climate changes during the early parts of the
21st
century. However, towards the end of the century, the rate of increases will tend to slow down. This could
result in lower yields in the last quarter than in the third quarter of the century.
The decreases in yield could be explained in terms of the very high temperatures which lie beyond the range of
tolerance for the current crop varieties and cultivars. Another study carried out in Egypt compared crop
production under current climate conditions with those projected for 2050 and forecast a decrease in national
production of many crops, ranging from -11% for rice to -28% for soybeans (Eid et al., 2006). Other potential
impacts linked to agriculture include erosion that could be exacerbated by expected increased intensity of rainfall
and the crop growth period that is expected to be reduced in some areas (Agoumi, 2003).
Changes are also expected in the onset of the rainy season and the variability of dry spells (Peason, 2007).
Thornton et al. (2006) mapped climate variability with a focus on the livestock sector. The areas they identified
as being particularly prone to climate change impacts included arid-semiarid rangeland and the drier mixed
agro-ecological zones across the continent, particularly Southern Africa and the Sahel, and coastal systems in
East Africa. An important point they raise is that macro-level analyses can hide local variability around often
complex responses to climate change.
It is projected that crop yield in Africa may fall by 10-20% by 2050 or even up to 50% due to climate change
(Jones and Thornton, 2003). This has dire consequences for Africa in view of the World Bank’s projection that
food demand will double by 2030 (Birchall, 2008).
Nigeria is an agrarian nation and despite the oil boom agriculture remains a core economic activity that provides
food for the nation. Agriculture will still remain in the foreseeable future, the linchpin of the economy and the
primary source of ensuring national food security. Hence any threat to its optimal productivity need to be
handled with all amount of seriousness (Adejuwon, 2006).
Fundamentally, the location, size and characteristic relief of Nigeria give rise to a variety of climates ranging
from tropical rainforest climate along the coast to the Sahel climate in the Northern part of the country, each
being different in its annual precipitation, sunshine and other climate elements (Adejuwom, 2004). In spite of
this Nigeria is yet to put in place an agency that would negotiate and co-ordinate the nation’s climate change
activities (Agwu, et al., 2011).
Farmers in trying to come to terms with climate change have developed strategies for adaptation and mitigation
of its effects. Some of these measures include cover cropping, early planting, prompt weeding, regulated use of
agro-chemicals and use of tolerant varieties (DelPHE, 2010). However, reports from the field indicate that
previous adaptive measures used by farmers become rapidly obsolete and ineffective due to the pace at which
adverse climate events take place (Enete et al., 2011).
Action Aid (2008) reports that farmers in the Southeastern part of Nigeria have continued to complain of
reduction in farm output arising from the uncertainty of rainfall patterns, increased erosion resulting from heavy
down pour which simultaneously destroy the fertility and at times washing away of plants and human
settlements.
The unfortunate aspect of the climate change dilemma in Nigeria is that most of the farmers do not understand or
appreciate their contributions to climate change devastations. This is more so among rural farmers who still
engage in traditional forms of slash and burn system of farming (Agwu et al., 2011). Evidence abounds in
climate change literature that farmers are aware that the climate has changed and that this change has affected
negatively their output (Enete et al., 2011) but what they do not seem to appreciate is how their farming
activities drive climate change.
It is, therefore, important to investigate how farmers, who are major environmental stakeholders, perceive the
issue of climate change, what types of changes they have observed in the past and how they have coped with
them. Answers to these and other several related questions constitute the purpose of this study.
2.0 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study was to examine how farmers in Ikwuano Local Government Area (LGA)
perceive the phenomenon. In specific terms the study was intended to:
i. assess the farmers’ general understanding of climate change in the study area;
ii. identify the types of climate change experienced by these farmers;
iii. identify the causes of climate change observed in the area; and
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iv. identify measures used by these farmers to reduce the effects of climate change.
3.0 Materials and Methods
Ikwuano LGA in the humid forest zone of Nigeria. The LGA has an average rainfall of 2351 mm, average
minimum diurnal temperature of 22.90
C and relative humidity range between 80-90% (NRCRI, 2011). The
people are predominantly farmers. Most of the crops grown in the area are okra, maize, cassava, yam, potato,
garden egg and cocoyam.
A multi-stage random sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. First step involved random
selection of eight out of the 13 autonomous communities in the LGA. Further, 53 farm households were
randomly selected from each of the autonomous communities. This gave a total sample size of 424 respondents.
The head of each household was interviewed irrespective of gender. Structured questionnaires were used to
collect information. At the end of the survey four questionnaires were not properly completed such that 420 were
used for analysis.
Descriptive statistical tools were used to draw inferences from data collected while the perception of respondents
was gauged by use of Likert Rating Scale. Twenty-nine perception questions on climate change were asked and
responses were received based on respondents’ level of agreement or disagreement. A 4-point Likert Rating
Scale was employed. The mean score of respondents was computed as follows: 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = = 2.5. Using
an interval scale of 0.05, the upper limit is 2.55 while the lower limit is 2.45. Scores equal to or above 2.55 are
accepted as significant while those equal to or below 2.45 are regarded as not significant.
4.0 Results and Discussion
4.1 Farm Level Information
Farm level information in respect of years of farming/farming experience, nature of farming, farm size, cropping
system, membership of farmer organisations, farm tools used and cultural practices often used was obtained from
respondents (Table 1). Majority (84.28%) of the respondents had more than 15 years of unbroken farming
experience (Table 1A). This is long enough time to give credible evidence of climate change and its effects.
More than 50% of the respondents are full time farmers (Table 1B). This also adds credibility to information
received from them. Though the average farm size in the survey was 0.9 ha (Table 1C) there were respondents
with farm size of up to 3 hectares. This size is substantial in view of the subsistence agriculture practiced in this
area with its characteristic atomistic farm sizes (Enete et al., 2011).
Most of the farmers (66.67%) practiced mixed cropping (Table 1D). Mixed cropping increases the intensity of
soil nutrient utilization which if not properly balanced may lead to poor yield. Majority of the farmers (61.67%)
do not belong to any farm organisation. This might limit their ability to share experiences with other farmers on
issues pertaining to climate change.
Most of the farmers (66.91%) still engage in use of crude farm implements that exacerbate the effects of climate
change (Table 1F). Land clearing involving slashing and burning constituted the most frequently used cultural
practice (Table 1G). This practice, as has already been noted, aggravates the effects of climate change.
4.2 Farmers’Perception of Climate Change
To establish the farmers’ perception of climate change 29 perception questions were raised. These questions were
structured to capture issues like general understanding of the farmers of what climate change is, types of changes
being experienced, causes of these changes and measures they have adopted in the past to mitigate the effects of
climate change (Tables 2-7).
On the whole, majority of the farmers indicated that they are aware of the various changes in the climate that
have affected their agricultural enterprise (Table 2) their perception of the types of climate change experienced in
the study area was captured by use of Likert Scale Rating. Likert scores below 2.55 were tagged ‘Disagree’ equal
to or above 2.55 were tagged ‘Agree’ (Table 3). Only excessive storm/lightening was rejected as a common
climate change phenomenon in the study area. Respondents agreed that the type of climate change experienced
in the area include increase in temperature, change in pattern of rainfall, poor relative humidity, high sunshine
intensity, change in harmattan period, poor fertility of most soils, increased rate of erosion, increased drought,
overflooding in many places, decrease in agricultural yield, and poor health condition of farmers.
When Likert ratio was computed for respondents perception of causes of climate change they disagreed that
seven out of the 17 items they were asked to rate cause climate change. These included agrcohemicals,
continuous cropping, over-grazing, swamp crop production, animal droppings, bush burning and
over-construction on land (Table 4). Though these can be veritable causes of climate change elsewhere but in the
specific case of the study area their influence on the environment has not been adjudged prominent.
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Respondents rating of the severity of the identified causes of climate change confirmed the fact that variables
mentioned earlier (Table 4) either did no damage to the environment or they did not know the effects of these
variables on the environment.
On the strategies employed by the respondents to mitigate the effects of climate change on their outputs quite a
few of them (4%) stated that they adopted agricultural innovation. About 5.2% made adjustments to their farm
operations to cope with changes emanating from climate conditions (Table 6). Other measures adopted included
mixed cropping (8.6%), crop rotation (3.87%), cover cropping (7.6%) and use of organic manure (7.9%).
Majority of the respondents (10.13%) engaged in traditional measures like diversification of portfolio and
planting resistant local breeds of their crops. The local varieties of crops were found to be more successful than
their improved counterparts when confronted by adverse environmental and climatic conditions. Soil
conservation was another very important measure adopted by respondents.
Majority of the respondents identified financial handicap, poor climatic information, insufficient extension
visits and insufficient environmental scientists as constraints to climate change mitigation in the study area
(Table 7).
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary
The study confirmed that farmers in the study area were aware of the incidence of climate change. Perception
results indicate that most of the farmers were aware of some specific changes including the fact that temperature
is increasing and the level of rainfall is declining. The area is getting warmer and drier with increased frequency
of drought stemming from high sunshine intensity and poor relative humidity. Observed trend of change in
harmattan period, poor fertility of most soils, increased rate of erosion, over-flooding in many places, decrease in
agricultural yield, and poor health condition of farmers were perceived as the evidences of climate change in the
area. The implication is that farmers need to adjust their management practices to ensure that they keep pace
with the changing situation of the climate in order to stay in business.
The farmers agreed that the major drivers of climate change are deforestation, industrialization, wrong pathways,
lack of estate plan, over congestion of animal on land, blockage of water pathway, overexploitation of mineral
resources, liquid waste, air pollution, and engine oil/gas. Farmers identified financial handicap, poor climate
information, insufficient extension workers and insufficient environmental scientists as important constraints to
checkmating the drivers of climate change in the study area.
5.2 Conclusion
The farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics had serious implications for their awareness of climate change and
the knowledge of the measures to combat it. Farmers age, level of education, farming experience are some of the
important socio-economic characteristics that influence farmers’ adaptation strategies. Farmers in the study area
need to adjust to the changing climate trend in order to save their means of livelihood. Addressing the climate
change issues observed in the study will significantly help famers remain in business.
5.3 Recommendations
Supporting farmers to increase their adaptation capacities through providing the necessary resources such as
credit, information and training can significantly help them increase and sustain high levels of productivity even
under changing climatic conditions. Government policies need to support research and development of
appropriate technologies to help farmers adapt to changes in climatic conditions. Government responsibilities
include putting in place policy measures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on farmers. Examples
of these policy measures include introduction of drought resistant crop varieties, improving climate information
forecasting and dissemination, or promoting farm-level adaptation measures, such as the use of irrigation
technologies. Accessibility to key agricultural production information like water and soil conservation techniques
as well as the other adaptation options identified is expected to boost farmers’ coping strategies.
References
Action Aid, (2008). Climate change and food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Gregory Press. Prepared by ICF
Marbek.
Adejuwon, J. (2006). Food crop production in Nigeria: potential effects of climate change. Climate Research 32:
299-245.
Agoumi, A. (2003). Vulnerability of North African Countries to Climate Changes: Adaptation and
Implementation Strategies for Climate Change. In Developing Perspectives on Climate Change: Issues and
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Analysis from Developing Countries and Countries with Economies in Transition IISD/Climate Change
Knowledge Network, 14pp.
Agwu, E.A., Egbule, C.L., Amadu, F.O., Morlai, T.A. Wollor, E.T. and Cegbe, L.W. (2011). What Policy Options
can Promote Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change and Adaption and Food Security in the West African
Sub-region? African Technology Policy Studies Network TECHNOPOLICY BRIEF No. 29 Website
www.atpsmet.org.
Aselm, A. Enete and Taofeeq A. Amusa (2010). Challenges of Agricultural Adoptations to Climate Change in
Nigeria: a Synthesis from the Literature. Field Actions Science Reports, Vol. 4/2010.
Birchall, (2008). The seasons, global temperature, and precession Science 268: 59-68.
Development Partnership in Higher Education (DelPHE, 2010). A Framework for Agricultural Adaptation to
Climate Change in Southern Nigeria, Project 326, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Eid, H.M., El-Marsafawy, S.M. and Ouda, S.A. (2006). Assessing the impacts of climate change on agriculture
in Egypt: A ricardian approach. Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA). Discussion
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Enete, A.A. and Thornton, P.K. (2011). Effect of climate change and climate change mitigation. S/D.
http://wwwnccarf.edu.au/node/585.retrievedon21/7/2011.
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Transactions of the Royal Society B. Vol. 36: 2139-2148.
Jones, P.G. and Thornton, P.K. (2003). Croppers to livestock keepers: Livelihood transition to 2010 in Africa due
to climate change. Global Environmental Change, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mendelsohn, R., Dinar, A. and Dalfelt A. (2000). Climate Change Impacts on African Agriculture. Preliminary
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Table 1: Farm Level Information
(A) Farming experience
1 – 5 15 3.57
6 – 10 11 2.62
11 – 15 40 9.52
16 – 20 203 48.33
21 – 25 151 35.95
Total 420 100
Mean farming experience = 18.52
(B) Nature of farming
Part-time 180 42.86
Full-time 240 57.14
Total 420 100
(C) Farm size (Hectare)
0.1 – 0.5 100 23.81
0.6 – 1.0 163 38.81
1.1 – 1.5 140 33.33
1.6 – 2.0 11 2.62
2.6 – 3.0 6 1.43
Total 420 100
Mean farm size = 0.9
(D) Cropping system
Sole cropping 58 13.81
Mixed cropping 280 66.67
All of the above 82 19.52
Total 420 100
(E) Membership to a farm organization
Member 161 38.33
Not a member 259 61.67
Total 420 100
(F) Farm tool used mostly
Hoe 281 66.91
Cutlass 129 30.71
Rake 6 1.43
Shovel 2 0.48
Tractor and its implements 2 0.48
All of the above 0 0
420 100
(G) Cultural practices done the most
Land cleaning 156 37.14
Burning 140 33.33
Tilling 5 1.19
Weeding 119 28.33
Total 420 100
Source: Field Survey, 2012
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Table 2: Awareness of Respondents Based on the Type of Climate Change Experienced in the Study Area
Climate Factors Highly Aware Aware Fairly Aware Not Aware Verdict
Increase in temperature 40 260 104 16 Aware
Change in pattern of rainfall 180 209 29 2 Aware
Poor relative humidity 76 177 159 8 Aware
High sunshine intensity 200 83 130 7 Highly Aware
Change in harmattan period 121 215 73 11 Aware
Excessive storm/lightening 33 111 270 6 Fairly Aware
Poor fertility of most soil 70 220 103 27 Aware
Increased rate of erosion 100 150 100 70 Aware
Increased drought 169 200 50 1 Aware
Over flooding in many places 203 169 48 0 Highly Aware
Decrease in agric. output 150 213 48 9 Aware
Poor health condition of farmers 211 100 100 9 Highly Aware
Source: Field Survey, 2012
Table 3: Analysis of Farmers’ Perception of the Type of Climate Change Experienced in the Study Area
Climate Factors H.A A F.A N.A L.R Verdict
Increase in temperature 160 780 208 16 2.77 Agree
Change in pattern of rainfall 720 627 58 2 3.35 Agree
Poor relative humidity 304 531 318 8 2.76 Agree
High sunshine intensity 800 249 260 7 3.13 Agree
Change in harmattan period 484 645 146 11 3.06 Agree
Excessive storm/lightening 132 333 540 6 2.41 Disagree
Poor fertility of most soil 280 660 206 27 2.79 Agree
Increased rate of erosion 400 450 200 70 2.67 Agree
Increased drought 676 600 100 1 3.28 Agree
Over flooding in many places 812 507 96 0 3.37 Agree
Decrease in agric. output 600 639 96 9 3.20 Agree
Poor health condition of farmers 844 300 200 9 3.22 Agree
Where: Verdict
L.R = Likert Ratio
H.A = Highly Aware
A = Aware
F.A = Fairly Aware
N.A = Not Aware
Ratio < 2.55 = Disagree
Ratio > 2.55 = Agree
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
43
Table 4: Analysis of Farmers’ Perception of the Causes of Climate Change
S/N Environmental/Human Factors
Extent of Damage
VerdictG.D L.D N.D I L.R
1 Agrochemicals 672 150 0 202 2.44 Disagree
2 Continuous cropping 32 105 218 68 1.01 Disagree
3 Overgrazing grazing 240 480 34 183 2.23 Disagree
4 Swamp crop production 32 309 224 197 1.81 Disagree
5 Animal droppings 4 195 700 4 2.15 Disagree
6 Bushing burning 252 390 296 79 2.42 Disagree
7 Deforestation 844 195 24 94 3.03 Agree
8 Industrialization 560 390 82 89 2.81 Agree
9 Over-construction on land 204 309 34 258 1.85 Disagree
10 Wrong pathways 876 450 6 9 3.47 Agree
11 Lack of estate plan 444 282 120 49 2.89 Agree
12 Over congestion of animal on land 524 567 238 50 2.79 Agree
13 Blockage of water pathway 704 600 30 29 3.25 Agree
14 Overexploitation of mineral resources 1108 264 8 51 3.41 Agree
15 Liquid waste 1236 291 16 6 3.69 Agree
16 Air pollution 1200 279 0 27 3.59 Agree
17 Engine oil/gas 1248 318 0 2 3.73 Agree
Where: Inference
L.R = Likert Ratio
G.D = Great Damage
L.D = Little Damage
N.D = No Damage
I = Indifferent
Ratio < 2.55 = Disagree
Ratio > 2.55 = Agree
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
44
Table 5: Severity of Climate Change in the Study Area
S/N Environmental/Human Factors
Extent of Damage
VerdictG.D L.D N.D I
1 Agrochemicals 168 50 0 202 Indifferent
2 Continuous cropping 8 35 109 68 No Damage
3 Overgrazing grazing 60 160 17 183 Indifferent
4 Swamp crop production 8 103 112 197 Indifferent
5 Animal droppings 1 65 350 4 No Damage
6 Bushing burning 63 130 148 79 No Damage
7 Deforestation 211 103 12 94 Great Damage
8 Industrialization 140 150 41 89 Little Damage
9 Over-construction on land 51 94 17 258 Indifferent
10 Wrong pathways 219 189 3 9 Great Damage
11 Lack of estate plan 111 200 60 49 Little Damage
12 Over congestion of animal on land 131 120 119 50 Great Damage
13 Blockage of water pathway 176 200 15 29 Little Damage
14 Overexploitation of mineral resources 277 88 4 51 Great Damage
15 Liquid waste 309 97 8 6 Great Damage
16 Air pollution 300 93 0 27 Great Damage
17 Engine oil/gas 312 106 0 2 Great Damage
Source: Field Survey, 2012.
Where:
G.D = Great Damage
L.D = Little Damage
N.D = No Damage
I = Indifferent
Table 6: Measures/Strategies Employed by Farmers to Reduce the Effect of Climate Change in the Study Area
Variables Frequency* Percentage (%)
Adoption of agricultural innovation 161 4.00
Application of different farming system 209 5.19
Good cropping system 240 5.96
Mixed cropping 350 8.69
Crop rotation 156 3.87
Use of cover crops 307 7.62
Change of planting time 119 2.95
Use of organic manure 319 7.92
Land rotation 97 2.41
Bush fallow 158 3.92
Erosion control measures 203 5.04
Mulching 297 7.37
Planting of shed trees 200 4.96
Expert advice 103 2.56
Communal effort 217 5.39
Government assistance 100 2.48
Traditional measures 408 10.13
Soil preservation 385 9.56
Source: Field Survey, 2012.
* = Multiple responses
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
45
Table 7: Constraints to Control of Climate Change
Constraints* Yes % No %
Financial handicap 350(83) 70(17)
Poor climatic information 309(74) 111(26)
Lack of education 216(51) 204(49)
Insufficient extension visits 344(82) 76(18)
Personal constraints 128(30) 292(70)
Insufficient environmental scientists 288(69) 132(31)
Source: Field Survey, 2012
* = Multiple responses