IMPACT OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON VEGETABLE CULTIVATION

1. DOCTORAL CREDIT SEMINAR
of
Abha Nutan Kujur
Ph.D. Student
Title
Impact of Weather parameters on Vegetable cultivation
DEPARTMENT OF AGROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, KANKE, RANCHI

2. • Climate variability is one of the most significant factors influencing year to year crop
production, even in high-yield and high technology agricultural areas.
• Climate change, which includes increase in temperature, changes in rainfall pattern, sea
level rise, salt-water intrusion, generation of floods and droughts is recognized as a
global issue.
• At present due to anthropogenic activities like industrialization, deforestation and
automobiles etc. changes in the climate are being taken place, which will again turn
detrimental to life .
• The earth temperature has been increasing year after year and the main root cause of
rising earth’s temperature is the climate change.
• The mean annual temperature of India is increased by 0.460 C over a period of last 111
years since 1901 (24.230 C) to 2012 (24.690 C) (Data Portal India, 2013).
• Global combined surface temperatures over land and sea have been increased from
13.680 C in 1881-90 to 14.470 C in 2001-10 (WMO, 2013).
• Increase in gases such as CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (greenhouse gases) induces high
temperature. This temperature increase will alter the timing and amount of rainfall,
availability of water, wind patterns and causes incidence of weather extremes, such as
droughts, heat waves, floods or storms, changes in ocean currents, acidification, forest
fires and hastens rate of ozone depletion .
• Climate change may have more effect on small and marginal farmers, particularly who
are mainly dependent on vegetables (FAO, 2009).
Introduction

3. • Vegetables is considered as protective foods because of ability to prevent diseases by
supplying vitamins and minerals and moreover its nutritional quality is determined by
soil factors, temperature, light and CO2 so, a little change in these parameter will bring a
drastic change in the quality there by the nutritional value of the vegetables may be
reduced or increased for example increase in the level of CO2 improved the vitamin C,
sugars, acids and carotenoids in tomatoes.
• High-temperature stress has been reported to decrease vitamin C, starch, sugars and
many antioxidants especially anthocyanins and volatile flavour compounds in fruits. It
has also been reported that climatic fluctuations are known to affect post-harvest quality
of vegetables and cause severe losses and affect food safety during storage, for example
by causing changes in populations of afla-toxin producing fungi.
• The more frequent extreme weather events under climate change may damage
infrastructure, with damaging impacts on storage and distribution of vegetables).
• Besides low yields, change in nutritional quality, severe postharvest losses, the climate
change also affect the pest and disease incidence, host-pathogen interactions,
distribution and ecology of insects, time of appearance, migration to new places and
their overwintering capacity.
• In general, climate change has the potential to modify host physiology and resistance
and to alter stages and rates of development of the pathogen.

4. 1.Temperature (global average)……. increasing
►0.74 oC increase in 100 years
► Maximum increase in recent 20-25 year
► 0.36 °C increase/100 years in India
2. GHGs…….increasing
► CO2 (ppm)
278 (1750) 313(1960) 365(1905)
375 (2005) 543 (2050) 789 (2080)
► CH4 (ppb)
700 (1750) 1745ppb(1998)
CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING….Present Scenario
(IPCC Report 2007)

5. 3. GLACIERS…….shrinking
► PerennialArctic and Antarctic ice 7% per decade
► W. HimalayasIce... 2.5 fold/yr. compared to 1942
► 26 km long Gangotri Glacier receded @ 7.3m/yr.
during 1842-1935…..now it is over 18 m/year
CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING….Present Scenario
(IPCC Report 2007)

6. ►Amongst the considerable uncertainties about
future, all climate models indicate a rising trend in
temperature.
► 1.8 - 4 oC (even more) rise is apprehended by 2100
► Av. Temp. will continue to rise by 0.1oC a decade
even if all sources of emissions are seized today.
Future projection of
CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING
(IPCC Report 2007)

7. ► Forests, oceans and soil will become less able to
absorb CO2, which could contribute another 1.2 oC
of warming by the end of the century..
► In India, greater warming in Northern and Eastern
regions than Central & Southern
► Tropical cyclones are to become more intense, with
heavier precipitation.
Future projection of
CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING
(IPCC Report 2007)

8. ► Snow cover is projected to contract.
► Hot extremes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation
events will become more frequent.
► Sea level rise would be 20-60 cms by 21st century.
Future projection of
CLIMATIC CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING
(IPCC Report 2007)

9. Climatic
factors
Air
temperature
Relative
humidity
wind
Solar
radiation
precipitation
Elevated
CO2
Climatic Factors in Vegetables
Climatic
factors
Air
temperature
Relative
humidity
Wind
Solar
radiation
Precipitation
Elevated CO2

10. High temperature stress
Inhibition of
seed
germination
Reduction of
plant growth
Improper
development
Alteration in
photosynthesis
Alteration in
phenologyAlteration in
dry matter
partitioning
Water loss
Yield
reduction
Reduction of
crop quality
Oxidative
stress
Impact of high temperature stress on Vegetables

11. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF EXCESS AND DEFICIT LIGHT ON VEGETABLES
Excess light Deficit light
1. Scorching of leaves.
2. Chlorophyll content is reduced.
This reduces the rate of light
absorption and rate of
photosynthesis.
3. Excess light intensity is
associated with increase in the
temperature of leaves which in
turn induces rapid transpiration
and water loss.
4. Leaf Water Potential also
decreases
5. Due to reduced Leaf water
potential stomatal conductance
also decreases
1. Etiolation, a morphological
manifestion of the adverse effect of
inadequate light: it develops white,
spindly stems, elongated
internodes, leaves that are not
fully expanded, and a stunted root
system.
2. Stems will be leggy or stretched
out.
3. Leaves turn yellow
4. Leaves become too small
5. Leaves or stems are spindly
6. Brown edges or tips on leaves
7. Lower leaves dry up

12. 1. Partial/incomplete stomatal closure.
2. low stomata density.
3. Increased leaf area, leaf area index, and leaf thickness.
4. Increased Photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area
5. Decreased Stomatal conductance causing a reduction of
whole canopy transpiration.
6. Increased WUE due to decline in ET.
7. Decreased rate of germination.
8. Seed yield affected adversely.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON VEGETABLES

13. Impact of weather on Tomato
Fruit cracking –due to high temp. and
high light intensity
Blossom end rot – due to high temp. and high
moisture
Puffiness- due to high temp. and
high soil moisture
Sunscald- due to high temperature. When the
temp.is >35-45 deg C.

14. Impact of weather on Potato
Internal brown spot- due to
water deficiency
Black heart – due to high air
and soil temp.

15. Impact of weather on potato
Necroses and leaf deformation on
potato plant caused by frost
Hail damage on leaves of potato plants

16. Capsicum
Chilling injury in capsicum Blossom end rot- due to high temperature

17. Cauliflower
Ricyness in
cauliflower- due
to high temp. and
high humidity

18. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
AmbTemp,NoW-Stress
AmbTemp50%W-
Stress
32degTmxNoW-
Stress
32degTmx50%W-
Stress
34degTmxNoW-
Stress
34degTmx50%W-
Stress
Parameters
Germination % Flowers per Plant Pl. Ht cm Pods per Plant
IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH AND YIELD
OF OKRA
Gunawardhana and Silva (2011)

19. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
No Light reduction 33% reduction 46% reduction 76% reduction
Levels of light
Parameters
Pl Ht cm No of Leaves Days to flower Leaf Area sq. cm No of Fruits
IMPACT OF LIGHT INTENSITIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA
Dada and Adejumo (2015)

20. -1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Correlationcoefficient
Germination Stage
Veg Stage
Rep Stage
Das et.al. (2018)
CORRELATION BETWEEN OKRA YIELD AND WEATHER PARAMETERS
Tmax Tmin RHmorn
RHeven

21. -0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
CorrelationCoefficient
Jassid Aphid White Fly
Tmax Tmin RHmorn RHeven W. Speed
CORRELATION BETWEEN WEATHER PARAMETERS AND PEST INFESTATION IN OKRA
Burade et.al (2019)

22. -1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
rvalue
Tmx Tmin RHm RHe WS Ev RF
Stolonization Tub. Init Tb. Dev Phy. Mat
IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON LAI OF POTATO AT DIFFERENT STAGES
Deewan et.al. (2008)

23. -1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
rvalues
Yield HI
Tmax Tmin
RHm
RHe
WS Ev
RF
IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON YIELD AND HI OF POTATO
Deewan et.al. (2008)

24. Temperature Effect on flowering, pollination and fruit set
Greater than 350 C Reduced fruit set
18.5-26.50 C Optimum for fruit set
Less than 130 C Misshapen or catfaced fruit may
result
Less than 100 C Poor fruit set
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET OF TOMATO
Janice Leboeuf (2004)

25. Tr 15 DAT 30 DAT 45 DAT 60 DAT 75 DAT
P O P O P O P O P O
Black -2.2 5.6 -6.6 1.5 -2.5 1.1 -5.9 -0.4 -11 -5.3
Silver
black
-3.2 2.3 -5.5 0.9 -2.9 1.2 -5.1 -2.7 -11.1 -4.8
Transp
arent
-3.4 3.3 -6.4 0.7 -5.1 0.9 -5.7 -3.1 -11.3 -6.1
No
Mulch
-5.3 0.9 -6.6 0.3 -6.5 -3.7 -6.3 -5.4 -10.8 -5.1
STRESS DEGREE DAYS (SDD) IN TOMATO UNDER DIFFERENT MULCH
Abhiyakti Jha (2013)

26. Tr 15 DAT 30 DAT 45 DAT 60 DAT 75 DAT
P O P O P O P O P O
Black 23.4 25.6 21.4 23.4 25.5 26.5 24 26.9 20.2 24.9
Silver
black
22.4 22.3 22.4 22.8 25.1 26.7 24.9 24.6 20.2 25.4
Transp
arent
22.2 23.3 21.6 22.6 22.9 26.4 24.3 24.3 20 24.1
No
Mulch
20.3 20.9 21.4 22.2 21.5 21.7 23.6 22 20.4 25.1
LEAF TEMPERATURE IN TOMATO UNDER DIFFERENT MULCH
Abhiyakti Jha (2013)

27. Temperature Effect on flowering, pollination and fruit set
Greater than 320 C day
temp.
Pollen sterility occur, flower
may drop
At around 160 C Optimum for flowering and fruit
set
Less than 15.50 C or
greater than 240 C
Night temp.
Poor fruit set
Janice Leboeuf (2004)
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DURING FLOWERING AND FRUIT SET OF CAPSICUM

28. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
T1(eCO2) T2(eCO2+eT) T3(aCO2+aT) t4 (natural cond.)
Parameters
No of Fruits/Plant Fruit Size cm Fruit Wt g Fruit Yld per Plant g
EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 AND TEMPERATURE ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF CAPSICUM
Kumari Meena et.al. (2019)

29. Weather Effect Ref
T max:15.4-18.9°C Tmin 4.6-6.8°C,
during October, November and
December
Induced good vegetative growth
in cauliflower in Kullu Valley
Gill and Singh
(1973)Temperature fluctuation in February Adverse Impact on seed yield
between 5°C and 17°C, Maximum Vernalization
Low at below and above
Wurr et al. (1988)
average maximum temperature of
26.3°C, minimum temperature of
20.1°C and relative humidity of 88.3-
88.6%
effective in stimulating plant
growth and curd formation
Chatterjee and Som
(1990)
Effect of Temp rise on vernalization Early sown crop: Reduced
duration of vernalization
Late sown crop: Increased
duration of vernalization
Wurr and Fellows
(1998)
between 9°C and 14°C Optimal temp. range for curd
induction of all maturity groups
of cauliflower Wurr and Fellows
(2000)early summer crops took shorter period
whereas the winter cauliflower took the
longest period
planting to curd initiation
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CAULIFLOWER

30. WEATHER EFFECT REF
maximum, minimum and mean
temperatures were negatively and
significantly correlated with
number of days
curd induction phase and curd
maturity phase
Ajithkumar (2005)
hot weather during the month of
August
Reduced quality of cauliflower
curds Warland et al. (2006)
If temperature reached 30°C or
more
10% reduction in yield
winter season- Tmax less than
30.5°C and av temp around 28.5°C
Summer season-Tmax less than
33°C and av temp around 30°C
Better yield performance during
vegetative and curd initiation
stages inside the greenhouse Suseela and
Rangaswami (2011)
Max. and av.temp. exceeded 33.5°C
and 30.5°C
Low yield
Less in summer season
More in winter season
vegetative growth Suseela (2012)
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CAULIFLOWER

31. High Temp and elevated CO2 level Radiation conversion
coefficient is high
Wheeler et al. (1995)
High temp.
Normal CO2
Radiation conversion
coefficient is low
Incident Radiation Condition
Higher
Lower
higher curd growth
Lesser curd growth
Rahman et al.
(2007a),
But curd dry matter accumulation is
more efficient under low radiation levels compared to high
radiation levels
EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON CAULIFLOWER

32. Cooler and wet weather
High temp. with no rainfall
-higher yield
-lower yield
Sharma and Parashar
(1982)
High RH induced riciness in some
cultivars of cauliflower
Chatterjee and Kabir
(2002)
humid zone
super-humid zone
marketable yield was
significantly higher
Lower
Nathoo (2003)
WEATHER EFFECT ON CAULIFLOWER

33. -0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
SHOOT DAMAGE % FRUIT DAMAGE %
Tmax RH1
RH2
RF WS
Tmin
CORRELATION BETWEEN WEATHER PARAMETER AND FRUIT AND SHOOT DAMAGE IN BRINJAL
Mutkule et.al,. (2017)

34. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15 20 25 30 35
Temperature deg C
MycelialGrowthmm
Mycelial growth 4DAS Mycelial growth 7 DAS
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MYCELLIAL GROWTH IN BRINJAL
Bochalya et.al,. (2012)

35. Adaptation Options to mitigate effect of climate change on
vegetable cultivation
 Drought proofing by mixed cropping
 Changing varieties/crops/planting time: matching crop phenology with weather/water
availability
 Resource conservation…. Drip Irrigation/sprinkler irrigation/mulching
 Heat stress alleviation by frequent irrigation
 Investments in adaptation research capacity: varieties, land use systems, resource
conservation technologies, pest surveillance, decision support systems
 Changes in policies e.g. incentives for resource conservation (C,W,E) and use efficiency,
credit for transition to adaptation technologies
 Greater insurance coverage for the farm
 Investments in infrastructure for efficient water management
 Creating alternate livelihood options
 Precision/protected farming

36. Plastic mulch Paddy straw mulch
Plastic mulch with increasing
yield of tomato Protected cultivation
CULTURAL PRACTICES TO MINIMIZE THE HEAT STESS EFFECT

37. CONCLUSION
IN THE LIGHT OF THESE FEW REPORTED
FINDINGS, IT IS THE NEED OF TIME TO GO FOR
WEATHER BASED CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE
CROPS TOO, PARTICULARLY IN OUR STATE
JHARKHAND WHERE A MAJORITY OF FARMERS
EARN THEIR LIVELIHOOD FROM VEGETABLE
CULTIVATION