1) The document discusses climate change impacts on agriculture in Morocco. It notes that rainfall is becoming more variable and droughts are occurring more frequently, negatively impacting rainfed cereal production.
2) Farmers in the Benslimane province of Morocco are adapting to climate change by changing their sowing dates and crop rotations. Many are shifting to earlier sowing of wheat to avoid drought and pests.
3) Farmers are also increasing the use of new wheat varieties that have shorter growth cycles and are more resistant to drought and diseases. However, small farmers still struggle to adapt to the disruptions caused by climate change.
Farmers, growers, and agricultural companies are increasingly adopting digital technologies to transform a traditional industry. In the past, farmers and growers made decisions based on their personal experience, combined with interpreting local conditions.
But digital technologies, from the internet of things to blockchain, are rapidly turning the industry into a high-tech sector. Smart, connected devices can now provide the insight to enable farms to improve every aspect of their operations.
- What is the digital agriculture revolution?
- How digital technologies are transforming the industry – including the impact of the internet of things and blockchain.
- What are the unique challenges that the sector faces in adopting digital technology?
- The future of agriculture
Reshaping the Future of Agriculture through ICT: Agriculture 4.0Rizwan MFM
M.F.M. Rizwan | Assistant Director of Agriculture (Development)
National Agriculture Information & Communication Centre (NAICC) | Department of Agriculture
Les défis de l’agriculture connectée dans une société numériqueRenaissance Numérique
Renaissance Numérique publie son nouveau rapport "Les défis de l’agriculture connectée dans une société numérique" qui formule 16 mesures pour repenser la production, la distribution et la consommation alimentaires à l’ère du numérique. Il invite les acteurs publics mais surtout les entreprises du secteur, les coopératives, syndicats et les agriculteurs à entrer dans la « troisième révolution agricole » permise par les outils numériques. Ce livre blanc s’attache à souligner l’opportunité globale qu’induit une nouvelle agriculture pour toute la société, et suggère aux acteurs de la société civile de considérer les enjeux citoyens de ce nouveau paradigme.
Machine Learning et Intelligence ArtificielleSoft Computing
Machine Learning (ML) et Intelligence Artificielle (AI) sont au cœur des stratégies des géants du net : reconnaissance de textes, de visages, de sentiments, analyse de signaux issus notamment d’objets connectés. Comment capitaliser sur ces méthodologies pour des applications Marketing ? Avec quels outils, méthodes et compétences ?
Google, Facebook, Apple et autres Microsoft se livrent une bataille de Titan sur le terrain de l’Intelligence Artificielle. Cette débauche de moyens en recherche et développement génère la diffusion en Open Source de nombreux algorithmes ou le foisonnement de fonctions et d’API de Machine Learning et Deep Learning et d’AI « as a service ». Avec des efforts minimes, tout-un-chacun peut aujourd’hui accéder simplement et pour un coût modique à des fonctionnalités puissantes pour reconnaître un visage, une voix, des sentiments …
En outre, la démocratisation des technologies Big Data donne accès à des puissances de traitement considérables qui permettent d’appliquer ces algorithmes de Machine Learning sur des centaines de milliers de points, des milliards d’enregistrements et des volumes de plusieurs péta-octets.
Le Marketing et la connaissance client capitalisent sur toutes ces nouvelles possibilités : conseiller le bon produit – en mode recommandation ou substitution, anticiper des changements dans les comportements, s’adresser au client de façon complètement personnalisée, surveiller en temps réel des indicateurs de bon ou mauvais fonctionnement – objets connectés, fluidifier et optimiser l’expérience client en identifiant des axes d’amélioration des parcours ou process.
Ce séminaire vise à démystifier le Machine Learning, à en dessiner des applications potentielles pour le Marketing. Les modalités de mise en œuvre – outils, procédures et techniques, forces et faiblesses – seront détaillées à travers la présentation de cas d’usage.
Farmers, growers, and agricultural companies are increasingly adopting digital technologies to transform a traditional industry. In the past, farmers and growers made decisions based on their personal experience, combined with interpreting local conditions.
But digital technologies, from the internet of things to blockchain, are rapidly turning the industry into a high-tech sector. Smart, connected devices can now provide the insight to enable farms to improve every aspect of their operations.
- What is the digital agriculture revolution?
- How digital technologies are transforming the industry – including the impact of the internet of things and blockchain.
- What are the unique challenges that the sector faces in adopting digital technology?
- The future of agriculture
Reshaping the Future of Agriculture through ICT: Agriculture 4.0Rizwan MFM
M.F.M. Rizwan | Assistant Director of Agriculture (Development)
National Agriculture Information & Communication Centre (NAICC) | Department of Agriculture
Les défis de l’agriculture connectée dans une société numériqueRenaissance Numérique
Renaissance Numérique publie son nouveau rapport "Les défis de l’agriculture connectée dans une société numérique" qui formule 16 mesures pour repenser la production, la distribution et la consommation alimentaires à l’ère du numérique. Il invite les acteurs publics mais surtout les entreprises du secteur, les coopératives, syndicats et les agriculteurs à entrer dans la « troisième révolution agricole » permise par les outils numériques. Ce livre blanc s’attache à souligner l’opportunité globale qu’induit une nouvelle agriculture pour toute la société, et suggère aux acteurs de la société civile de considérer les enjeux citoyens de ce nouveau paradigme.
Machine Learning et Intelligence ArtificielleSoft Computing
Machine Learning (ML) et Intelligence Artificielle (AI) sont au cœur des stratégies des géants du net : reconnaissance de textes, de visages, de sentiments, analyse de signaux issus notamment d’objets connectés. Comment capitaliser sur ces méthodologies pour des applications Marketing ? Avec quels outils, méthodes et compétences ?
Google, Facebook, Apple et autres Microsoft se livrent une bataille de Titan sur le terrain de l’Intelligence Artificielle. Cette débauche de moyens en recherche et développement génère la diffusion en Open Source de nombreux algorithmes ou le foisonnement de fonctions et d’API de Machine Learning et Deep Learning et d’AI « as a service ». Avec des efforts minimes, tout-un-chacun peut aujourd’hui accéder simplement et pour un coût modique à des fonctionnalités puissantes pour reconnaître un visage, une voix, des sentiments …
En outre, la démocratisation des technologies Big Data donne accès à des puissances de traitement considérables qui permettent d’appliquer ces algorithmes de Machine Learning sur des centaines de milliers de points, des milliards d’enregistrements et des volumes de plusieurs péta-octets.
Le Marketing et la connaissance client capitalisent sur toutes ces nouvelles possibilités : conseiller le bon produit – en mode recommandation ou substitution, anticiper des changements dans les comportements, s’adresser au client de façon complètement personnalisée, surveiller en temps réel des indicateurs de bon ou mauvais fonctionnement – objets connectés, fluidifier et optimiser l’expérience client en identifiant des axes d’amélioration des parcours ou process.
Ce séminaire vise à démystifier le Machine Learning, à en dessiner des applications potentielles pour le Marketing. Les modalités de mise en œuvre – outils, procédures et techniques, forces et faiblesses – seront détaillées à travers la présentation de cas d’usage.
Why apply IoT in agriculture? Special aspects to consider for
IoT in agriculture. IoT application in this field.
More information on our website: http://aggregate.tibbo.com/industries/agriculture.html
PROBLEM:
Smart farming is a new concept in the field of agriculture with its complex mechanisms, fresh-coined terms, usage statistics and analytics, and its implementations differ from country to country. There is a shortage of structured information on this, especially, analytical research on comparison the countries’ past and current performance and future-expected gains on the field.
OBJECTIVES:
This paper’s mission is to familiarize the students with the mechanisms, terms, statistics, analytical research data and to do the comparison of the different scenarios of Smart Farming’s implementation in Germany and Uzbekistan.
APPROACHES:
Introducing interconnected technology fields that smart farming strongly related to:
- Farm Management Information Systems
- Precision Agriculture
- Agricultural automation and robotics
Comparing the current and future expected state of the SMART FARMING technology in Uzbekistan and Germany.
We can predict soil moisture level and motion of predators.
Irrigation system can be monitored .
Damage caused by predators is reduced.
Increased productivity.
Water conservation.
Profit to farmers.
Internet of Things ( IOT) in AgricultureAmey Khebade
Application of IOT in Agriculture
Monitoring soil moisture and temperature
Controlled irrigation
Efficient usage of input like water, fertilizers, pesticides, etc
Reduced cost of production
Connected greenhouses and stables
Livestock monitoring
Download PPT for better design and animation
Comment accompagner vos équipes pour passer du Data Mining traditionnel à la Data Science ?
Stockage, analyse, activation et mesure constituent les éléments clés de la valorisation de la donnée. Parallèlement, la promesse des technologies est de permettre d'opérer ce processus de façon plus agile, tout en réduisant le "time to market". Tout ceci devant être accompagné par des évolutions des organisations et des compétences :
• Technologies : mise en place de Data Lake consolidant l'ensemble des données de l'entreprise, avec des capacités de stockage et de traitements adaptés. Évolution des outils de BI et analytics,...
• Compétences : montée en compétence sur les architectures NoSQL, les nouveaux outils, les nouvelles sources de données, les nouvelles méthodes de modélisations, le deep machine learning, la datavisualisation,...
• Organisations : mise en place d'une nouvelle gouvernance : re-répartition des rôles entre l'IT, le marketing et la Data Science. Création de nouvelles fonctions : Chief Data Officer, Data Analyst, Data Manager,...
Dans ce contexte de mutation, quels sont les impacts pour le Data Mining et comment accompagner ce changement ?
Nous vous invitons à un séminaire gratuit qui abordera les questions suivantes :
• Quelles sont les possibilités et les nouvelles perspectives d'analyse offerte par le Big Data ?
• Quels sont les impacts sur le quotidien du Data Miner : quels sont les outils/techniques à maîtriser ?
• Comment accompagner vos équipes dans le passage du Data Mining à la Data Science ?
• Quels sont les principes d'organisation et de gouvernance ?
Comme tous les pays du monde, la Tunisie est affectée par les impacts du changement climatique. Irrégularité de précipitations, hausse des températures et répétition et rapprochement des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sont tous des indicateurs qui exposent les écosystèmes et les populations dans toutes les régions tunisiennes à une grande vulnérabilité face à l’influence des variables climatiques.
Les projections climatiques et les études de vulnérabilité au changement climatique réalisées en Tunisie démontrent avec certitude que le pays subi déjà et subirait encore pour longtemps les effets de ce phénomène, en particulier les impacts liés à l’augmentation des températures, à la baisse des précipitations et à l’augmentation du niveau de la mer.
L’échec scolaire est un phénomène de société, renvoyant à une absence de réussite ou à une baisse du niveau d’acquisition scolaire d’un apprenant par rapport au niveau des objectifs assignés par l’institution. Cette situation affecte l’être dans sa totalité et incrimine, en réalité, le système éducatif. Son importance est telle qu’elle constitue désormais un sujet d’actualité, débattu aussi bien par les pédagogues, les sociologues, les psychologues que par les personnalités du système politique. Cette étude porte sur l’échec scolaire et son objectif principal est la recherche des facteurs favorisant l’échec scolaire dans les écoles de formation. Cette recherche se veut quantitative de type descriptive, la méthode d’échantillonnage utilisée est non probabiliste de convenance. Une enquête a été menée auprès des étudiants de l’école des infirmiers diplômés d’Etat d’Ayos avec pour outils de collecte des données le questionnaire divisé en quatre parties et validé après un prétest. Etant donné que l’échec scolaire est multifactoriel, nous nous sommes limités sur 3 facteurs principaux d’abord sur les facteurs relevant de l’étudiant ensuite sur les facteurs relevant de la famille et enfin les facteurs liés à l’école. Apres analyse des données, la majorité de nos répondant étaient âgé de 20 a 25 ans soit 52%, de sexe féminin 82%, majoritairement célibataire 82% et soit 38% d’étudiants ont déjà au moins un enfant.
Why apply IoT in agriculture? Special aspects to consider for
IoT in agriculture. IoT application in this field.
More information on our website: http://aggregate.tibbo.com/industries/agriculture.html
PROBLEM:
Smart farming is a new concept in the field of agriculture with its complex mechanisms, fresh-coined terms, usage statistics and analytics, and its implementations differ from country to country. There is a shortage of structured information on this, especially, analytical research on comparison the countries’ past and current performance and future-expected gains on the field.
OBJECTIVES:
This paper’s mission is to familiarize the students with the mechanisms, terms, statistics, analytical research data and to do the comparison of the different scenarios of Smart Farming’s implementation in Germany and Uzbekistan.
APPROACHES:
Introducing interconnected technology fields that smart farming strongly related to:
- Farm Management Information Systems
- Precision Agriculture
- Agricultural automation and robotics
Comparing the current and future expected state of the SMART FARMING technology in Uzbekistan and Germany.
We can predict soil moisture level and motion of predators.
Irrigation system can be monitored .
Damage caused by predators is reduced.
Increased productivity.
Water conservation.
Profit to farmers.
Internet of Things ( IOT) in AgricultureAmey Khebade
Application of IOT in Agriculture
Monitoring soil moisture and temperature
Controlled irrigation
Efficient usage of input like water, fertilizers, pesticides, etc
Reduced cost of production
Connected greenhouses and stables
Livestock monitoring
Download PPT for better design and animation
Comment accompagner vos équipes pour passer du Data Mining traditionnel à la Data Science ?
Stockage, analyse, activation et mesure constituent les éléments clés de la valorisation de la donnée. Parallèlement, la promesse des technologies est de permettre d'opérer ce processus de façon plus agile, tout en réduisant le "time to market". Tout ceci devant être accompagné par des évolutions des organisations et des compétences :
• Technologies : mise en place de Data Lake consolidant l'ensemble des données de l'entreprise, avec des capacités de stockage et de traitements adaptés. Évolution des outils de BI et analytics,...
• Compétences : montée en compétence sur les architectures NoSQL, les nouveaux outils, les nouvelles sources de données, les nouvelles méthodes de modélisations, le deep machine learning, la datavisualisation,...
• Organisations : mise en place d'une nouvelle gouvernance : re-répartition des rôles entre l'IT, le marketing et la Data Science. Création de nouvelles fonctions : Chief Data Officer, Data Analyst, Data Manager,...
Dans ce contexte de mutation, quels sont les impacts pour le Data Mining et comment accompagner ce changement ?
Nous vous invitons à un séminaire gratuit qui abordera les questions suivantes :
• Quelles sont les possibilités et les nouvelles perspectives d'analyse offerte par le Big Data ?
• Quels sont les impacts sur le quotidien du Data Miner : quels sont les outils/techniques à maîtriser ?
• Comment accompagner vos équipes dans le passage du Data Mining à la Data Science ?
• Quels sont les principes d'organisation et de gouvernance ?
Comme tous les pays du monde, la Tunisie est affectée par les impacts du changement climatique. Irrégularité de précipitations, hausse des températures et répétition et rapprochement des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes sont tous des indicateurs qui exposent les écosystèmes et les populations dans toutes les régions tunisiennes à une grande vulnérabilité face à l’influence des variables climatiques.
Les projections climatiques et les études de vulnérabilité au changement climatique réalisées en Tunisie démontrent avec certitude que le pays subi déjà et subirait encore pour longtemps les effets de ce phénomène, en particulier les impacts liés à l’augmentation des températures, à la baisse des précipitations et à l’augmentation du niveau de la mer.
L’échec scolaire est un phénomène de société, renvoyant à une absence de réussite ou à une baisse du niveau d’acquisition scolaire d’un apprenant par rapport au niveau des objectifs assignés par l’institution. Cette situation affecte l’être dans sa totalité et incrimine, en réalité, le système éducatif. Son importance est telle qu’elle constitue désormais un sujet d’actualité, débattu aussi bien par les pédagogues, les sociologues, les psychologues que par les personnalités du système politique. Cette étude porte sur l’échec scolaire et son objectif principal est la recherche des facteurs favorisant l’échec scolaire dans les écoles de formation. Cette recherche se veut quantitative de type descriptive, la méthode d’échantillonnage utilisée est non probabiliste de convenance. Une enquête a été menée auprès des étudiants de l’école des infirmiers diplômés d’Etat d’Ayos avec pour outils de collecte des données le questionnaire divisé en quatre parties et validé après un prétest. Etant donné que l’échec scolaire est multifactoriel, nous nous sommes limités sur 3 facteurs principaux d’abord sur les facteurs relevant de l’étudiant ensuite sur les facteurs relevant de la famille et enfin les facteurs liés à l’école. Apres analyse des données, la majorité de nos répondant étaient âgé de 20 a 25 ans soit 52%, de sexe féminin 82%, majoritairement célibataire 82% et soit 38% d’étudiants ont déjà au moins un enfant.
Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variabi...Innspub Net
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Modelling the impact of climate change on cereal yield in MoroccoIJEAB
To assess the impact of climate change different studies were conducted in several regions of Morocco. The assessment of climate change and its impacts involves the simulation of a range of different socio-economic and physical processes. Some of these processes are well known such temperature, rainfall, storms, etc.., others not. Hence for each modeling step researchers need to consider what is known, what is not known, and how climate change can be expressed.This paper is a contribution to research on climate change impact on cereal yield in the last 50 years. The application of the multiple linear regression model to a set of time series of yield, rainfall, temperature and storm has generated significant coefficients that can explain the relation between yield and the three climate variables. The model output confirms the results of the previous studies of yield variability. The positive effect of rainfall and the negative one of storm and temperature ware recorded. Above the three factors, temperature and storms have a negative effect on cereal yield. So more efforts on germplasm, crop management and agricultural policy measures are needed to alleviate the impact of climate change. An estimate coefficient of -4.943 for temperature is very indicating the high impact of temperature on yield. The R² is around 0.45indicates that more than 55% of total yield variability is explained by other factors than rain, temperature and storm.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The paper reports results of a study on investigating impacts of climate change on teff (Eragrostis tef) production in three agro-ecological zones (highlands, midlands and lowlands) of Endamehoni and Raya Azebo weredas of Tigray. The impact of climate change on teff farming was estimated taking into account farm households’ characteristics, socio-economic, climate, adaptations, production factors and agro-ecological settings in a low-income developing country. Ricardian model was used to analyze data obtained from teff farming households. From the fourteen predictor variables fitted in the model, six variables e.g. climate factors, adaptation strategies, production factors, weather and climate information, socio-economic factors and agro-ecology were found to have significance influence on net revenues with model coefficients at p=0.05 and less. Climate factors (temperature and rainfall) and adaptation to climate change were found to play key roles on net revenues. Increasing (decreasing) temperature reduces (increases) teff revenues. Therefore, policies of government on adaptation ought to be given enough attention to reduce vulnerability and improve food security among teff farming communities in rural areas.
Effect of Rainfall Trend on Yam Yield in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Agricultural production in Niger State like other states in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate changeability. Climate change is predicted to have adverse effects on the agricultural sector of the poorer parts of the world especially sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the effect of rainfall trend on the production of yam in Mokwa local government area of Niger state, Nigeria. For the purpose of this research, data were collected from 100 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Rainfall data covering a period of thirteen years (2003-2015) were also obtained from College of Agriculture Mokwa weather station, while the yearly yam yield for 16 years (2000-2015) was obtained from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture.
Linear regression models and standardized anomaly index were used to analysis the data gathered. The study showed that the trend of mean annual rainfall in the study area was minimal but significant with R2 value of 0.8 for mean monthly rainfall. A strong relationship between rainfall variation and yam yield exist with r2 value of 0.881. The variation in the yield among the years was moderately significant with R2 value of 0.5064. It also showed a positive response between yam yield and moderate rainfall that was well distributed. Extension agent from ministries of agriculture and ADPs should do more in harnessing relevant information on food production in all the local government areas of Niger state so as to build a robust data bank for further research.
https://www.crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/fulltext/EAES.000512.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For More Articles on Environmental Sciences
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Presentation by Prof Paul Mapfumo. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
crucial as far as the agricultural sector is concerned. Meanwhile,
Climate Change and Future Food Security: The Impacts on root and Tuber CropsACDI/VOCA
Background: Climate Sensitivity of Agriculture
Importance or Root Crops to Jamaican Food Security
Estimating Yields (Manually)- Yield vs. Climate Dilemma
Methodology: Tools and Approaches
Results: Parameterization, Future Production under Climate Change
Conclusions: Climate Smart Implications & Main lessons learnt
Central & West Asia and North Africa: Where Wheat Improvement MattersCIMMYT
Presentation delivered by Dr. Mahmoud El Solh (Director General, ICARDA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Can we measure female social entrepreneurship? ICARDA
1st Annual Conference of the Private Sector Development Research Network:Private Enterprise and Inclusion12-13 December 2019
Presentation by Anastasia Seferiadis, Sarah Cummings and Bénédicte Gastineau
Building Climate Smart FARMERSThe Indian PerspectiveICARDA
Presented by
DR. KIRIT N SHELAT, I.A.S. (Rtd)
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
AHMEDABAD - INDIA
SUSTAINABLE SILVOPASTORAL RESTORATION TO PROMOTE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN TUNISIAICARDA
25 - 29 November 2019. Antalya, Turkey. Near East Forestry and Range Commission (NEFRC) - 24th Session
Presentation by Dr. Mounir Louhaichi
Rangeland Ecology & Management
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
M.Louhaichi@cigar.org
Highlights on 2019 research outputs and outcomesICARDA
18-20/11/2019. ICARDA Board of Trustees. The Program Committee of the first day was open to all staff. It included:
Highlights of recent research breakthroughs and strategic questions presented by Strategic Research Priorities (CRPs) and Cross Cutting Themes (CCTs).
The presentation is a brief highlight of the rationale for mobile data collection and the landscape of the mobile data collection platforms that exist, and the potential considerations for a choice of a choice of open data kit as a subject of the training
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10373
See also:
https://www.icarda.org/media/events/monitoring-evaluation-and-learning-data-management-and-geo-informatics-option-context
BRINGING INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ALONG THE WHOLE VALUE CHAIN IN THE MED...ICARDA
Tunis, 6-7 November 2019. Training workshop PRIMA – Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area is the most ambitious joint programme to be undertaken in the frame of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation.
Presentation by Prof. M. Hachicha National Research Institute in Rural Engineering, Water and Forestry, University of Carthage | UCAR
Utilizing the reject brine from desalination for implementing integrated agri...ICARDA
14-15 November 2019. Madrid. International Symposium on the use of Non-Conventional Waters to achieve Food Security
DESALINATION - “Advancing desalination: reducing energy consumption and environmental footprint”
Presentation by Ms Dionysia Lyra, International Centre on Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), United Arab Emirates
The role of higher and vocational education and training in developing knowle...ICARDA
25 October 2019. Africa-Europe event on higher education collaboration
Investing in skills and the young generation is key for sustainable social and economic development. Africa and Europe have been working together to develop high quality and inclusive higher education systems, exchange experience in matching skills with the demands of the labour market and to support collaboration, mobility and exchange between students and scientists within and between the African continent and Europe.
Characteristics of a winning research proposal ICARDA
Tunis, 6-7 November 2019. Training workshop PRIMA – Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area is the most ambitious joint programme to be undertaken in the frame of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation.
Yehia Selmi, co-founder, Bio-wonder, Tunisia.
28 October 2019. Cairo. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership.
Panel 4: Panel 4 – Idea-carriers:
Dr. Jacques Wery, Deputy Director General Research, ICARDA (CGIAR)
28 October 2019. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in Egypt under the chairmanship of the African Union by Egypt in 2019, the North Africa event, organized by LEAP4FNSSA with the support of ARC/ Agricultural Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, launched a public private alliance of partners between Europe and North Africa to develop joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership
Funding networks and mechanisms to support EU AU FNSSA R&I ICARDA
Dr. Bernard Mallet, Agriculture Projects Coordinator, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France
28 October. On the occasion of the 10th Africa Food Day Commemoration, held in Egypt under the chairmanship of the African Union by Egypt in 2019, the North Africa event, organized by LEAP4FNSSA with the support of ARC/ Agricultural Research Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, launched a public private alliance of partners between Europe and North Africa to develop joint food and nutrition security research and innovation projects within the Africa-EU Partnership
https://www.icarda.org/media/events/building-research-and-innovation-collaborations-within-frame-african-european
Mapping suitable niche for cactus and legumes in diversified farming in drylandsICARDA
Presentation by Chandrashekhar Biradar and team.
16-18 October 2019. Hyderabad, India. TRUST: Humans, Machines & Ecosystems. This year’s Convention was hosted by The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The Platform is led by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Introduction
UAA is dominated by cereals ((68% of the utilized agricultural area
(RGA, 1998)), whose performance is highly correlated to the
amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall.
Agriculture is a key sector of the
Moroccan economy.
It occupies 40% of the workforce and accounts for
15 to 20% of GDP, depending on the total amount
of rain during the growing season.
However, this agriculture is mainly rainfed (83% of Useful Agricultural
Area (UAA) against 17% for irrigated land) .
Agricultural production therefore knows significant annual fluctuations
primarily related to weather conditions and erratic rainfall.
3. General characteristics of the climate in Morocco
This climate is characterized by strong contrasts
related to geographical and ecological features of the
country:
The country is dominated by arid to semi-arid climate, and
is subject to a climate resulting from maritime influences in
the North (Mediterranean sea) and West (Atlantic Ocean)
and Sahara desert from the South.
Due to its geographical location in arid
to semi-arid, Morocco has for millennia
been strongly linked to regional climate
variability and change.
4. General characteristics of the climate of Morocco (Cont.)
This climate is
characterized
mainly by:
An inter-annual variability of rainfall with
lower rainfall in the Southern part, a small
number of days of very limited rainfall (less
than 50 days over a large part of the
territory) and episodes of periodic and
frequent droughts.
Annual average temperatures are exceeding
20°C in the South and milder along the
coast.
5. General characteristics of the climate of Morocco (Cont.)
Since 1973, which coincided with the great drought of
the Sahel, the Maghreb in general and Morocco in
particular, experienced abrupt climate change (Tabet,
2008):
Greater
occurrence of
drought: a
year out of
three
An intense
floods: 1995-
2000-2002-2006-
2008; these years
have been
catastrophic for
the country with
significant human
and material
damages
An increasing
number of heat
waves in all
seasons
A rise in sea
level (3-4 times
faster than the
global average).
6. Increased risk of drought
This drought has been especially felt
in the 80s (1981, 1983 and 1987) and
it persists in the 1990s (1992, 1993,
1995, 1999) and in the first decade of
the third millennium (2000, 2002, 2005
and 2007).
According to Stockton (1993),
droughts which occurred during this
century in Morocco are not just a
shortage of rain water. This is an
extended phenomenon over several
years which combine a shortage of
rainfall and increased evaporation of
soil moisture as the result of high
temperature.
7. Climate projections for Morocco
Continuation and acceleration of the
increase in annual average
temperatures by 0.6°C by 2015, from
2.1 to 2.9°C (2045), 3.2°C to 4.1°C
(2075);
Disruption of seasonal rainfall (winter rainfall concentrated in
a short period), reduced duration of snow cover and
withdrawal of the snowpack.
Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves (Chergui,
etc...);
Increased salinization of groundwater and soil.
Decreased rainfall by 6% (2015),
13% (2045), and 19% (2075);
8. Impact on the crops’ growth period in Morocco
The analysis of the evolution of the length of the growth
period between 1960 and 2000 in the region of Khouribga,
shows a net reduction (Benaouda and Balaghi, 2009).
The length of the growth period decreased from 180 to 110
days in some parts of Morocco.
This change is felt by farmers who are growing more cereals
with shorter growth cycle, such as barley, which adapts to
the new environment (Benaouda and Balaghi, 2009).
9. 1b. Length of the growing period in
Khouribga in the 2000s (Source:
(Benaouda and Balaghi, 2009)
Fig 1a. Length of the growing
period in Khouribga in 1960
(Source: (Benaouda and Balaghi,
2009)
Impact on the crops’ growth period in Morocco
10. The impact reduced by technological progress
The study of the improvement in crop yields in the
context of climate change, while taking account of
technological progress by INRA, Settat, shows that
negative impacts are lower.
The technology package includes the genetic
improvement of crops, use of fertilizers and pesticides,
tillage techniques, etc..
This difference between the performance with and
without technological progress indicates the possibility
for drought mitigation.
11. Materials and Methods
To fully meet the objectives of
the study and identify Drought
Mitigation Strategies and
adopted by Farmers, surveys
were conducted at agricultural
farms using a participatory
approach.
12. Selection of the study area
Aiming the integration of climate change in the implementing the
Green Morocco Plan (PMV), the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
ranked the 16 administrative regions of Morocco according to how
important would be the impact of climate change (see Table 1).
The classification was made according to two criteria: the vulnerability
of agriculture to climate change and agricultural potential.
The vulnerability of regions to climate change is expressed by the
relative reduction in the ability of land for agriculture in 2050 compared
to the current period.
The agricultural potential of the regions is expressed in Morocco by the
total annual rainfall because it is directly related to crop productivity.
The classification of administrative regions is thus based on the
product of these two criteria; the targeted areas are those whose
products of both criteria are highest. The classification of regions, in
order of priority listed in the table below.
13. Administrative Region Vulnerability to CC%
Agricultural
potential (mm)
Ranking
Chaouia - Ouardigha 80 422 1
Grand Casablanca 79 408 2
Rabat - Salé - Zemmour - Zaër 37 524 3
Tadla – Azilal 33 523 4
Doukkala – Abda 51 334 5
The five most vulnerable administrative regions
Sorted according to the twin criteria of vulnerability
to climate change (CC) and agricultural potential
14. How the studied region was selected?
We have therefore chosen the region of Chaouia -
Ouardigha because it is the most vulnerable.
Within this region, we have chosen the Province of
Benslimane which is divided into two circles (Benslimane
and Bouznika) and the Benslimane circle which is itself
divided into three Caïdats among which we selected the
Caïdat of Fdalate.
The study area is very wide; therefore we limited the
survey area to cereal production basin, represented by the
two rural municipalities Fdalate and Moualine EL Oued.
15. Selection of the crop
The vulnerability of sectors is measured by the relative
reduction in the productivity of sectors in 2050 compared to
the current period.
The priority sectors are those whose vulnerability and
acreages are the most important.
The relative importance of the sector in terms of area was
included in the analysis as an adaptive technology to climate
change will have more impact on agricultural productivity in
field crops for crops with limited acreages.
Table 2 shows that in the region of Chaouia-Ouardigha,
cereals are the most vulnerable to Climate Change.
Therefore, our choice for this study focused on soft wheat.
16. 1 2 3 4 5
Chaouia-
Ouardigha
Rabat - Salé –
Zemmour -
Zaër
Tadla - Azilal Doukkala -
Abda
Gharb -
Chrarda -
Beni Hssen
1 Barley Durum wheat Barley Barley Soft wheat
2 Soft wheat Barley Soft wheat Durum
wheat
Durum wheat
3 Durum wheat Durum wheat Durum wheat Soft wheat Barley
4 Maize Oat Olive Maize Sunflower
5 Faba beans Maize Almond Faba beans Faba beans
6 Lentils Lentils Faba beans Olive Chickpea
7 Olive Olive Maize Oat Olive
8 Oat Faba beans Lentils Chickpea Maize
9 Chickpea Sunflower Vetch Lentils Lentils
(Source, MAPM, February 2011)
The most vulnerable crops within five regions
17. Sampling of surveyed farmers
The surveyed population
corresponds to farmers of the
Benslimane Province
practicing cereal production.
Three categories of farms practicing the main crop were
selected:
(i) “Large" farms, that is to say those of farm size larger
than 20 ha,
(ii) Farms with the average size comprised between 5 and
20 ha, and
(iii) “Small" farms whose size is less than or equal to 5 ha.
Figure 2. Benslimane Procince
18. Sampling of surveyed farmers
This typology permitted to take
into account all the different
types of farms in the data
collection.
This work was conducted with a
group of resource persons with
a thorough knowledge of each
of the municipalities studied,
namely the Engineers of the
Provincial Directorate of
Agriculture (DPA) and the
Benslimane Technician Works
Center (CT).
Figure 3. Chaouia-Ouardigha region.
19. Data collection
During the investigation, the information collected were:
• Inventory of farm equipments,
• Soft Wheat varieties used,
• Crop planting dates,
• Rotations performed,
• Different diseases observed,
• Yield evolution with time,
• All inputs from soil preparation to harvest.
All the information was gathered by trying to go back in
time as much as possible.
Farmers interviewed were also asked to give their opinion
on changes in agricultural calendars and dates and how
their practices changed as the result of climate change.
21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soft wheat is the main
crop.
It is grown by most
farmers surveyed,
which corresponds to
89% of the study
sample.
It occupies 70% of the
total cultivated area.
The practice of tilled
fallow is also present
in 45% of surveyed
farms.
22. Crop rotations practiced
It appears from this study that the main previous crop for
wheat is tilled fallow.
41% of farmers practice this crop rotation. In second place
are placed food legumes (chickpeas, beans, faba beans
and lentils).
32% of farmers practice food legumes.
These precedents are justified primarily by the early
release of fields for the execution of tillage and installation
of cereal crops in order to maintain soil fertility as legumes
leave a nitrogen-rich soil.
24. Crop rotations practiced (Cont.)
Although farmers prefer to cultivate legumes in rotation
with cereals. According to surveyed farmers, it all depends
on the total rainfall.
They argue that the decrease in rainfall in recent years
constrained them to practice the tilled fallow instead.
Monoculture of cereal - cereal is also present, but in small
proportion (14 %), as it isn’t advised to grow wheat after
another cereal (wheat, barley, oats), and that monoculture
always leads to yield losses.
25. Impact of Climate Change on Farmers’s Practices
Farmers surveyed say there is a change in rotation: while
in the past years they practiced monoculture (cereal on
cereal) because rain was abundant, now they are forced to
consider growing cereals in rotation with tilled fallow.
The rotation cereal - tilled fallow permits better
management of time, water conservation for the next
growing season and facilitation of soil tillage and sowing of
the cereal crop.
It has been shown in Morocco and other countries of the
importance of fallow in crop rotations because it allows
water and soil conservation and higher yields of the
following crops (Mazhar, 1987 Amir et al., 1988. Greb et al.,
1979. Greb, 1983; Dalrymple et al, 1988 cited by
Aboudrare, 1990: Bouzza 1990).
26. Impact of Climate Change on Sowing date
The arrival of the first rain reassures farmers, allows the
emergence of weeds that are eliminated during seedbed
preparation.
The first rain makes tillage easier especially where tractors
with low horsepower are used.
During our investigation we were able to identify three
planting periods (Figure ...).
27. Impact of Climate Change on Sowing date (Cont.)
Figure 6. Sowing dates practiced by the interviewed farmers.
28. Impact of Climate Change on Sowing date
Producers interviewed both individually and in group
evoked climate disruption.
According to farmers, for many years the agricultural
calendar was properly respected in the region.
But with climate change observed in recent years, this
timetable, including planting times became difficult task for
farmers.
To adapt to these climate changes, they adopted early
sowing (October). In Benslimane region, the seeding is
often made after the first autumn rains which usually occur
in late October.
29. The majority of farmers sow wheat in mid-November
(44% of the sample) (see Figure 6).
25% of farmers sow wheat between late October and
early November for early sowing and
31% of farmers sow wheat from late November to early
December.
Almost all farmers are aware that early sowing (before
November 15) is better but this practice is not often
observed because farmers do not have sufficient
traction capacity to plough soil in dry conditions.
Impact of Climate Change on Sowing date (Cont.)
30. Impact of Climate Change on Sowing Date (Cont.)
Seeding during the period from October 20 to late November recorded
much higher yields than those obtained for late sowing. Yield gain is
between 10 and 60% for wheat.
Planting wheat beyond November 15 is accompanied by a yield loss.
Early sowing before the first rain are most recommended because they
allow wheat to valorise the rainy season and avoid water stress and
high temperature at end of the growth cycle and thus increase the
yields.
Low cereal production is mainly due to the combined effects of drought
and attacks by Hessian fly named Midge. Droughts promote the
proliferation of midge populations and highlight its attacks. During
dry periods, the late-planted fields are heavily attacked by the midge
(INRA, Settat).
Early sowing helps to escape the second generation of the Hessian fly
(midge).
31. Varieties Frequency
(%)
Achtar 37
Salama 35
Mahdia 15
Rihane 7
Radia 6
• Another noticed change in cultural practices is
the adoption of new crop varieties. Farmers
change almost annually the cultivated varieties.
• Local varieties have completely disappeared.
The reasons given for their disappearance are
long growth cycles, and low yields.
• The reasons for the introduction of the new
varieties are among others: the short growing
cycle, the relatively high yield and resistance to
diseases.
• It is mentioned by 60% of respondents who
consult the National Catalogue of wheat varieties
to select those which present short growth cycle,
resistant to diseases and drought, and are
therefore adapted to climate change.
• Few farmers are importing new varieties from
abroad.
Soft wheat varieties practiced
32. Soft wheat varieties practiced (Cont.)
The gain in yield compared to old varieties is comprised
between 10 and 50%. The gain is greater in relatively
dry years (INRA, 2009).
These varieties resistant to pests and drought allow not
only increased productivity, but savings in pesticides
with positive effects on the environment and quality of
crops.
We should mention that smallholders have difficulty
adapting to climate disruption.
33. Disruption of traditional agricultural calendar
Different climate risks highlighted introduced in farming
a situation of uncertainty that affects any decision to
conduct a farming operation (seeding, fertilization, and
herbicide and fungicide application).
In fact, for more than 65% of the surveyed farmers,
agricultural seasons become very unstable.
They claim the increasing difficulty to select the proper
planting dates and are fully aware that wheat seedlings
are at risk after emergence.
Consequently, execution of other agricultural operations
become random. This affects the production at the end
of the season.
34. Decrease & Fluctuation of Wheat Yields
All the farmers in our sample are unanimous on the yield
reduction during the last 30 years.
Indeed, the growth and development environment and plant are
severely disrupted in recent years and no longer promote good
yields.
However, the climate is not the only factor determining the
performance; other determinants of performance (soil fertility,
seed quality, pests and diseases ...) also participate strongly to
the perceived decline in yields.
This is probably due to the random nature of rainfall; which
constitutes the main limiting factor for the application of
appropriate management techniques that could improve cereal
yields.
In addition farmers cannot afford to use certified seeds or apply
fertilizers because of their high costs.
35. CONCLUSION
This study is a contribution to the knowledge of perceptions of climate
change experienced by farmers and adaptation strategies in response
to these changes.
The results converge to say that the impact of climate change on
agriculture and in particular on the production of cereals, will be
considerable if no action is taken to reduce their vulnerability to these
variations.
To assess the level of adaptation to these changes, we were interested
in two municipalities in the Benslimane region.
Farmers from the municipalities of Fdalate and Moualine El Oued, face
enormous difficulties in the exercise of their farming activities. Among
these are the problems caused by climate change.
36. CONCLUSION (Cont.)
The results of surveys of agricultural producers in the study area
show that the delay in the onset of rains, the episodes of drought
during the rainy season, the poor spatial distribution of rainfall, the
decrease of rainfall, violent winds, and excessive heat, represent
major risks that characterize the climate of recent years.
These climatic changes are not without consequences on
agriculture, particularly on crop production.
On the latter, the consequences are reflected in particular by the
upheaval of traditional farming calendar especially periods of
sowing, loss of crops at different growth stages, and yield
reductions.
37. CONCLUSION (Cont.)
To reduce the impact of climate change, farmers develop and adopt
coping strategies among which we can mention:
o Changing planting times;
o The gradual adoption of short cycle varieties resistant to
drought and disease;
o The Changing of crop sequences (rotation);
o Integration on the same farm of crop production and
livestock.
These climatic changes are not without consequences on agriculture,
particularly on crop production.
On the latter, the consequences are reflected in particular by the
upheaval of traditional farming especially periods of sowing
schedules, destruction of crops at different growth stages, and yield
loss.
38. Recommendations
Encourage farmers to
replace old varieties
with newly created
ones
Diversifying crops and
crop rotations through
the introduction of
new species
Optimize planting
dates, and mineral
fertilization
Involve technologies
allowing early sowing
To provide
supplementary irrigation
to cope with droughts at
the middle and at the end
of the growth cycle
Maintain a portion of crop
residues on the field to improve
the infiltration of rainwater and
reduce evaporation losses and
reduce erosion and increase soil
organic matter in the soil.
Faced with the impact of climate change, according to long
term projections for 2030 and 2050, it is urgent to: