Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinators like and, but, or. There are three types of compound sentences: copulative sentences join clauses that add information; adversative sentences join contradictory clauses; and alternative sentences offer a choice between clauses. The order and meaning of the clauses can change depending on semantic features like chronology, consequence, contrast, or correction.

1. English Syntax II
KINDS OF SENTENCES:
Compound sentence: Copulative, adversative
and alternative coordination

2. Kinds of Sentences
 The sentence is the longest
grammatical and the smallest
communication unit.
 According to their structure, sentences
divided into:
1. Simple;
2. Compound;
3. Complex;
4. Compound-complex.

3. Compound Sentences
 Consist of more than one sentence
 All the clauses are independent
 Coordinators: and, but, or

4. Order of clauses in a
Compound sentence
1. If two clauses are coordinated by
BUT, their order cannot change.
2. If the event in the second clause
takes place chronologically after the
event in the first clause, the order
cannot change.
3. If some elements in the second
clause are ellipted, the order cannot
change.

5. Classification of
coordinated clauses
1. Copulative coordination
2. Adversative coordination
3. Alternative coordination

6. Coordinators
 The clauses in a compound sentence are
coordinated (bound) by coordinators.
 Simple coordinators: and, but, or.
 Complex – two or more conjunctive
elements: and so, and therefore, and thus,
and yet, but still, but nevertheless, or else,
or otherwise, etc.
 Adverbs and PP-s with conjunctive force:
accordingly, also, consequently, indeed,
nevertheless, otherwise, still, on the one
hand, on the other hand, in fact, etc.

7. Copulative Coordination
 The idea expressed in the second
clause is added to the idea expressed
in the first clause.
 Coordinators: and, nor, neither…nor,
not only…but (also), as well as,
besides, further, in addition, etc.

8. Semantic implications
1. The most frequent meaning of and is addition.
2. The event in the second clause is a chronological
sequent to the event in the first clause.
3. The event in the second clause is a consequence or
result to the event in the first clause.
4. The second clause is a comment to the first one.
5. The second clause makes a point similar to the first
one
6. The second clause may introduce a contrast to the
first one.
7. The second clause is a surprise to the first one.
8. The first clause is a condition to the first one.
9. When two imperatives are linked by and, the second
clause may express a purpose, or it may function as
object to the first clause.

9. Adversative Coordination
 The clauses contradict each other.
 Adversative coordinators: but,
however, only, again, rather, still, yet,
after all, on the other hand,
nonetheless, on the contrary, etc.

10. Semantic Implications
1. The main contrast is that what is said
in the second clause is unexpected
from the first clause.
2. Another contrast may be that the
second clause is a restatement of
what is said in the first clause.

11. Alternative Coordination
 The second clause expresses an
alternative idea to the first clause, or it
excludes the previous idea.
 Alternative coordinators: or, or else, or at
least, otherwise, either…or, etc.

12. Semantic Implications
Alternative clauses are usually exclusive,
expressing the idea that only one of the
possibilities can be realized.
The alternative clause may be a
restatement or correction of the first one.