1. The document discusses different types of connectors used in writing, including subordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, and transitions. 2. Subordinating conjunctions make clauses dependent, while coordinating conjunctions connect equal parts of a sentence. Transitions help connect ideas between sentences. 3. Examples of contrast connectors include concession connectors like "although" and opposition connectors like "whereas." Examples of reason/result connectors include "so," "because," and "therefore."

1. Grammar Eng142 connectors Present by : Eetelaf Mohammed Surati Instructor: Dr.Shadia Banjar

2. On the other hand Whereas However While Nevertheless In contrast connectors But so Therefore Because Although Even though As aresult since

3. Connector = Transition signal Connector is a word that is joining two : words , phrases or clauses together. connectors help you write clear sentences by connecting words or group of words in a sentence . The short boy andthe tall girlare student . Ali and Omar are beautiful. It was raining hard , and there was a strong wind . We will talk about three kinds of connectors : Subordinating conjunctions . Coordinating conjunctions . Transitions ( conjunctive adverbs ) .

4. 1- Subordinating conjunctions : Subordinating conjunctions make the clause dependent . Subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent clause. e.g. (Reem is still hungry even though she ate a large dinner ). We find subordinating conjunction in a complex sentence . Acomplex sentenceis: ( one independentclause + one (or more) dependentclause ). ( complete ) (fragment ) ( incomplete ) ( Subordinate clause ) ( Adverbclause ) (adverbial)

5. An adverb clause is a dependent clause that acts as an adverb. These are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. I read becauseI love stories. ( adverb of reason ) That adverb clause is modifying the verb read. The general role in Subordinating conjunctions is this: Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one . When I was doing my homework , the phone rang . The phone rang when I was doing my homework .

6. 2- Coordinating conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal parts of a sentence . The parts can be words , phrases or clauses . We findCoordinating conjunction in a compound sentence . Acompound sentence is ( two independentclause joined together bycoordinating conjunction ). e.g.The soup was good , but it wasn’t hot . Rana and Maha are beautiful. It was raining hard , and there was a strong wind . The tall boyandthe short girlarestudent .

7. Coordinating conjunctionscome in the middle .It is preceded by a comma . ( main clause+( , )+ coordinating conjunction + main clause ) e.g. The soup was good , but it wasn’t hot .

8. 3- Transition signal : ( conjunctive adverb ) To improve your writing you need to make sure that your ideas, both in sentences and paragraphs, stick together or have coherence . Transition words will make your sentences and paragraphs together. The general role is this : They connect two ideas ( independent clauses). ((;) + transition signal + (,)) don’t capitalize it . e.g.Ahmad is rich ; on the other hand , Ali is poor. Or: (Transition signal + ( ,)) capitalize it . e.g. Ahmad is rich . In contrast , Ali is poor .

9. Connectors=Transitionsignals Connectors give us several meaning , such as : Connectors of contrast :Aconcession Bopposition Connectors of reason and result

10. Connectors of contrast Contrast is to show point of dissimilarity or difference between two things . Connectors of contrast :Aconcession B opposition A concession : ( unexpected result ). Concession signal words indicate that the information in one clause is not the result you expect from the information given in the other clause . e.g.Although I studied all night , I failed the exam . B opposition : ( to introduce an opposite idea ). The second group of contrast signal words shows that two things are direct opposites. e.g.He is tall , whereas his brother is short. Unexpected result

11. Connectors of contrast A - concession

12. Connectors of contrast B - opposition

13. Connectors = Transition signals Connectors give us several meaning , such as : 1- Connectors of contrast :Aconcession Bopposition 2-Connectors of reason and result

14. Connectors of reason and result

15. Goodluck

16. REFERENCES: Interactions ( 2 ) Grammar book. Betty SchrampferAzar . UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMER . 3rd Edition. Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. Writing Academic English, 4th edition, Pearson Education Inc, New York, 2006. Keith S. Folse. Great Essays , 2nd edition , Heinle , Cengage Learning 2002 . http://www.english-grammar revolution.com/subordinate-clause.html

18. Connectors of contrast A - concession 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions But ( But )comes in the middle of the sentence and is usually preceded by a comma . e.g. I t was cold , but I went swimming .

19. Connectors of contrast A - concession 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions Although Eventhough Although and even though can begin a sentence or come in the middle. Notice the position of the comma . e.g.Although it was cold , I went swimming . or: I went swimming even though it was cold .

20. Connectors of contrast A - concession 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions However nevertheless Like other transitions however and neverthelessusually begin the second sentence and are followed by a comma . e.g. It was cold . However , I went swimming . Transitions may also be preceded by a semi- colon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transitions. semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma e.g. It was cold; nevertheless , I went swimming .

21. Connectors of contrast B - opposition 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions But ( But )comes in the middle of the sentence and is usually preceded by a comma . e.g.Ahmad is rich , but Ali is poor.

22. Connectors of contrast B - opposition 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions Whereas while Whereas and while can begin a sentence or come in the middle. Notice the position of the comma . e.g. While Ahmad is rich , Ali is poor. e.g. Ahmad is rich whereas Ali is poor.

23. Connectors of contrast B - opposition 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions On the other hand In contrast Like other transitions On the other hand and in contrast usually begin the second sentence and are followed by a comma. e.g. Ahmad is rich . In contrast , Ali is poor. Transitions may also be preceded by a semi- colon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transitions. e.g. Ahmad is rich ; on the other hand , Ali is poor.

24. Connectors of reason and result 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions so ( So ) comes before the result. It is preceded by a comma . e.g.He was hungry , so he sat and started to eat.

25. Connectors of reason and result 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions Because since Because and since are used with the reason. They may be placed either at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. However, notice the difference in punctuation. e.g.He's thin because he hasn’t eaten enough . main clause + Ø + subordinate clause. e.g.Since we live near the sea , we often go sailing . subordinate clause + ( , ) + main clause.

26. Connectorsof reason and result 2 - Subordinating conjunction 1- Coordinating conjunction 3 - transitions Therefore Asaresult These transitions are used before the result. Like all transitions, they normally begin a sentence and are followed by a comma. e.g.You have an exam. Therefore , you must work hard. Transitions may also be preceded by a semi- colon. In this case, don’t capitalize the transition. e.g. You have an exam ; as a result , you must work hard.