2. Hyponymy
A hyponym is a subordinate, specific term
whose referent is included in the referent of a
superordinate term.
3. Part/Whole Relationships
A second important hierarchical relationship
between words is the one found in pairs such
as hand and arm or room and house. In each
pair, the referent of the first term is part of
the referent of the second term.
4. Synonymy
Two words are said to be
synonymous if they mean the same
thing.
The “vice versa” is important:
without it, we would be defining
hyponymy.
6. Antonymy
The word antonymy derives from
the Greek root anti- (‘opposite’) and
denotes opposition in meaning.
In contrast to synonymy and
hyponymy, antonymy is a binary
relationship that can characterize a
relationship between only two
words at a time.
7. Gradable Antonymy are opposites
along a scale in that when someone
says ‘I am not high’ it does not
necessarily mean ‘I am short’.
Non-gradable antonyms do not present
such flexibility: when we say ‘I am
married’ the only antonym available in
this sentence would be ‘I am single’.
True and false may show a clearer
contrast. Clear either/or conditions are
expressed by complementary antonyms
as, open/closed, dead/alive, on/off.
9. Polysemy
A word is polysemous (or polysemic)
when it has two or more related
meanings.
10. Homonymy
Words are homonymic when they
have the same written or spoken
form but different senses.
Homographs have the same spelling
but different meanings (and
pronunciations).
Homophones have the same
pronunciation but different senses.
