The document discusses coordination, which joins together grammatical units of equal status. There are coordinating conjunctions like and, but, or, and so that conjoin coordinated units. Coordination can be syndetic using conjunctions, asyndetic without conjunctions, or polysyndetic using multiple conjunctions. Characteristics of coordination include the coordinator preceding members and members having sequential fixed order. The uses of specific coordinators like and, or, and but are also explained.

1. Grammar II presents…
COORDINATION

2. Coordination
vs
Subordination

3. COORDINATION
CONJOINS
The coordinated units
CONJOINT
The resulting combination

4. Coordinators
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
 AND: cumulative
 BUT: adversative
 OR: alternative
 SO: illative

5. Types of coordination
Syndetic:
Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim
Asyndetic:
Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim
Polysyndetic:
The wind roared, and the lightning flashed, and the clouds raced across the sky

6. Characteristics of
coordination
 Coordinators are placed before a member.
 Coordinated members are sequentially fixed.
 Coordinators can’t be preceded by another coordinator
 Coordinators can link elements.
 Coordinators can link clauses and phrases.

7. The uses of “AND”
1. Sequence
2. Consequence
3. Contrast
4. Concession
5. Condition
6. Similarity
7. Addition
8. Explanation
and (then)
and (therefore)
and (in contrast)
and (yet)
and (then)
and (similarly)
and (also)
- and …

8. The uses of “OR”
 EXCLUSIVE:
It excludes the possibility that the content of both clauses are true
You can sleep on the couch or you can go to a hotel
 INCLUSIVE:
We can add a 3rd clause to include both options
You can boil an egg, or you can make a sandwich, or you can do both.
 CORRECTIVE:
The 2nd member is a restatement or a corrective of the 1st.
They are enjoying themselves or they appear to be.
 NEGATIVE CONDITION:
Switch the radio or we’ll miss the news

9. The uses of “BUT”
 The content of the 2nd element is unexpected
John is poor, but he is happy
 The 2nd element expresses in positive terms what the
negation in the 1st element conveys
Jane did not waste her time before the exam, but studied hard every evening.

10. CORRELATIVES
CORRELATIVES
EITHER…OR NEITHER…NOR BOTH…AND
NOT ONLY…
BUT ALSO

11. TYPES OF COORDINATION
Quasi
Pseudo
Appended
Gapping
Complex
Simple
TYPES

12. THE END