This document discusses adverb clauses, which provide additional information about verbs, adjectives, or adverbs in the main clause. It provides examples of different types of adverb clauses including time, place, manner, reason, condition, purpose, concession, and comparison adverb clauses. Each type is introduced by a specific subordinating conjunction and the document provides examples of sentences using each type of adverb clause.

1. An amazing variety of travel
destinations
August 21, 2023

2. Adverb clauses
Adverb clauses, also known as adverbial clauses, are groups of
words that function as adverbs in a sentence. They provide
additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the
main clause and answer questions like how, when, where, why,
or to what extent an action or event occurred. Adverb clauses
are introduced by subordinating conjunctions, which connect
them to the main clause.

3. Here are some common subordinating
conjunctions that introduce adverb clauses, along
with examples:
1.Time Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses indicate
when an action takes place.
1. When she arrived, we started the meeting.
2. After he finished his homework, he went to the park.
2.Place Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses indicate
where an action takes place.
1. He will meet you where you prefer.
2. Wherever she goes, she takes her camera.

4. 1.Manner Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses describe how
an action is performed.
1. She completed the project as if she had been working on it for
months.
2. He drives as though he's in a race.
2.Reason or Cause Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses
explain why something happened.
1. He stayed home because he was feeling ill.
2. Since it was raining, we canceled the picnic.
3.Condition Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses indicate
the condition under which an action occurs.
1. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
2. We will go to the beach provided that the weather is nice.

5. 1.Purpose Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses explain
the purpose or intent behind an action.
1. She studied diligently so that she could get good grades.
2. He went to the store in order to buy some groceries.
2.Concession Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses
show a contrast or concession.
1. Although it rained, they still went hiking.
2. She passed the test even though she didn't study much.
3.Comparison Adverb Clauses: These adverb clauses
compare one action to another.
1. He works harder than his colleague does.
2. She runs faster than I do.

7. WORDS TO KNOW
–compile: (v) to put together item by item
–eagerly: (adv) with desire or interest
–poll: (n) a survey of opinions among people
–rank: (v) to have a certain place or position in an ordered group
–reputable: (adj) honest; with a good reputation

8. Subordinating
conjunctions
Transitions or subordinating conjunctions are
words or phrases that connect an independent
clause (a complete sentence) to a dependent
clause (an incomplete thought that cannot
stand alone as a sentence). They are used to
show the relationship between the two
clauses, indicating how the information in the
dependent clause is related to the main
clause. These transitions help to create more
complex and cohesive sentences. Here are
some common subordinating conjunctions
and their meanings:

9. 1. Time Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions
indicate when an action or event in the dependent clause occurs
in relation to the main clause.
• After: Indicates that the action in the dependent clause
happens subsequent to the action in the main clause. Example:
After I finish my work, I will go for a walk.
• Before: Indicates that the action in the dependent clause
happens prior to the action in the main clause. Example: I will
eat dinner before I watch TV.
• While: Indicates that the actions in the main and dependent
clauses occur simultaneously. Example: I like to listen to music
while I'm working.

10. 2. Cause and Effect Subordinating Conjunctions:
These conjunctions show a cause-and-effect
relationship between the main clause and the
dependent clause.
• Because: Indicates that the dependent clause
explains the reason for the action in the main clause.
Example: She couldn't sleep well because it was too
noisy.
• Since: Similar to "because," it also shows a cause-
and-effect relationship. Example: Since it was raining,
they stayed indoors.

11. 3. Condition Subordinating Conjunctions: These
conjunctions introduce a condition that must be met for
the main clause to occur.
1.If: Indicates a conditional relationship, where the action in
the dependent clause is required for the action in the
main clause to happen. Example: If it rains, we will stay
home.
2.Unless: Indicates an exception to the condition.
Example: I will go to the party unless I have to work.

12. 4. Purpose Subordinating Conjunctions: These
conjunctions show the purpose or intention behind
the action in the main clause.
1.So that: Indicates the purpose or goal of the action in
the main clause. Example: I'm studying hard so that I
can pass the exam.
2.In order to: Similar to "so that," it also indicates
purpose. Example: She saved money in order to buy a
new car.

13. 1.Contrast Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions
introduce a contrast or opposition to the action in the main clause.
1.Although/Though: Indicates a contrast or concession. Example:
Although it's raining, I'll go for a run.
2.Even though: Similar to "although," it emphasizes the contrast. Example:
Even though she was tired, she finished her work.
2.Comparison Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions
introduce a comparison between the main clause and the
dependent clause.
1.Than: Used in comparative statements. Example: She is taller than her
brother.
2.As: Indicates similarity or equality. Example: She is as smart as her sister

14. Reading

17. Building better vocabulary

18. Word
associations
Circle the word or phrase
that is most closely
related to the word or
phrase on the left.

19. Collocations:
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that
most naturally completes the phrase.

21. Complete each sentence with the correct word form. Use
the correct form of the verbs.

23. Vocabulary in writing
– Choose five words from Words to Know. Write a complete
sentence with each word

24. Each sentence has two errors.
Find and correct them.
– 1. Although the United Kingdom and New Zealand are similar for size, but New
Zealand has just under 5 million people while the United Kingdom has more than
63 million people.
– 2. Because of Vietnam has such an incredible variety of interesting places to see
and experience, more than 10 millions tourists visit this country each year.
– 3. One thing that makes Arabic as a foreign language difficult to master is that
many different dialects are spoken, which mean that the Arabic in Egypt may not
resemble to the Arabic in Morocco or Oman.
– 4. Few people outside the city of Pittsburgh knows about its riverside trails where
people bike or jog and enjoying the river scenery.
– 5. According a reputable higher education website, at least 38 schools in the United
Kingdom that offer courses in chemical engineering at the undergraduate level.

25. Combine the ideas into one sentence. You may
change the word forms, but do not change or omit any
ideas. There is more than one answer.
1. At least 20 percent of fruits are
lost.
At least 20 percent of vegetables
are lost.
This happens during picking.
This also happens during sorting.
This information is alarming.
2. English has verb tenses.
There are 12 verb tenses.
One verb tense in English is the
present perfect tense.
The present perfect tense is one
of the most difficult verb tenses.
This tense is difficult for English
language learners.
3. English is an official language
in New Zealand.
Maori is an official language in
New Zealand.
Sign language is an official
language in New Zealand.
There are three official languages.
Many people are surprised to
learn this.