1. Kerberos is an authentication system that uses tickets and session keys to allow clients to authenticate to servers across an open network.
2. It is a two-step process where the client first authenticates to the Kerberos server and receives a ticket and session key to authenticate to the ticket granting service (TGS).
3. The TGS then provides a ticket and session key to authenticate to the desired server. This prevents unauthorized access while also preventing replay attacks through the use of authenticators and timestamps.
Kerberos is a Network Protocol that uses Secret - key cryptography to authenticate client - server applications. It provides the difference between the Firewall and kerberos. And also this slides are gives the information about how does the Kerberos works in ticket granting service and in Application server. Kerberos are work Within networks and small sets of networks.
An introduction to Kerberos technology. Find out how the negotiation process works and why it is considered secure. Learn what are Kerberos realms, how Kerberos authentication works and how authorization process looks like. Look through all the use cases. See how Kerberos is being used in a classical setting and in the HTTP world with SPNEGO protocol.
Deeper understanding of how Kerberos works . This understanding will work as platform to understand various attacks on it. It also show cases how symmetric key algorithm is used for confidentiality. Some references are from shaun harris CISSP books, primarily the components slide
Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDP) Systems can prevent malicious intruders from hacking into your corporate network and stealing your sensitive data. They can also be used on internal segments of the network to block internal users from accessing sensitive data. Implement Intrusion Detection and Prevention to avoid becoming a headline.
Use this Solution Set to:
•Develop an IDP strategy.
•Make the business case for IDP.
•Compare and select IDP vendors.
Ensure that you make the correct IDP decisions for your enterprise needs; from strategy to selection to implementation.
Kerberos is a Network Protocol that uses Secret - key cryptography to authenticate client - server applications. It provides the difference between the Firewall and kerberos. And also this slides are gives the information about how does the Kerberos works in ticket granting service and in Application server. Kerberos are work Within networks and small sets of networks.
An introduction to Kerberos technology. Find out how the negotiation process works and why it is considered secure. Learn what are Kerberos realms, how Kerberos authentication works and how authorization process looks like. Look through all the use cases. See how Kerberos is being used in a classical setting and in the HTTP world with SPNEGO protocol.
Deeper understanding of how Kerberos works . This understanding will work as platform to understand various attacks on it. It also show cases how symmetric key algorithm is used for confidentiality. Some references are from shaun harris CISSP books, primarily the components slide
Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDP) Systems can prevent malicious intruders from hacking into your corporate network and stealing your sensitive data. They can also be used on internal segments of the network to block internal users from accessing sensitive data. Implement Intrusion Detection and Prevention to avoid becoming a headline.
Use this Solution Set to:
•Develop an IDP strategy.
•Make the business case for IDP.
•Compare and select IDP vendors.
Ensure that you make the correct IDP decisions for your enterprise needs; from strategy to selection to implementation.
While computer systems today have some of the best security systems ever, they are more vulnerable than ever before.
This vulnerability stems from the world-wide access to computer systems via the Internet.
Computer and network security comes in many forms, including encryption algorithms, access to facilities, digital signatures, and using fingerprints and face scans as passwords.
SECURITY PRACTICE & SYSTEM SECURITY
Authentication applications – Kerberos – X.509 Authentication services – Internet Firewalls for Trusted System: Roles of Firewalls – Firewall related terminology- Types of Firewalls – Firewall designs – SET for E-Commerce Transactions. Intruder – Intrusion detection system – Virus and related threats – Countermeasures – Firewalls design principles – Trusted systems – Practical implementation of
cryptography and security.
Single Sign-On, Two Factor & more: Advanced Authentication & Authorization at...Shumon Huque
Single Sign-On, Two Factor & more: Advanced Authentication & Authorization at the University of Pennsylvania. Internet2 Fall Member Meeting, September 2005
Walking the Bifrost: An Operator's Guide to Heimdal & Kerberos on macOSCody Thomas
Kerberos on macOS with and without Active Directory (AD). Where are attacks possible in Kerberos and how does the LKDC (Local Key Distribution Center) come into play.
Presented at Objective By The Sea (OBTS) 3.0 in Maui, Hawaii March 2020
Module 4: Key Management and User Authentication
X.509 certificates- Public Key infrastructure-remote user authentication principles-remote user
authentication using symmetric and asymmetric encryption-Kerberos V5
A full review of Cyber security standards from the basics of encryption and hashing, through asymmetric encryption and Private/Public keys and TLS, to today's Authentication and Authorization methods with OAuth2 and OIDC.
E-MAIL, IP & WEB SECURITY
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Client server computing in mobile environments part 2Praveen Joshi
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Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
2. 2
AUTHENTICATION SERVERS (I)
• Their mission is:
(a) To check identity of all users
(b) To prevent unauthorized accesses
• Traditional solution is to use a pair
(userid, password)
– Very bad in a LAN environment
– Too vulnerable to snooping
3. 3
AUTHENTICATION SERVERS (II)
• Another bad solution is to trust the kernel of
sender’s machine:
– Solution used by rlogin, rsh, rcp
– Like trusting a foreign passport
– Only works in well-controlled networks
– Suffers from domino effect :
• Gaining full access to one machine gives
full access to whole network
4. 4
CRYPTOGRAPHY (I)
1. Conventional Cryptography
– Uses same key for coding and encoding
• Key could be a secret alphabet
– We now use much more complex schemes
and much bigger keys
– Major problem is key distribution
• Very hard without a trusted channel
5. 5
Example
• Assume we have a random stream of bits:
r0 , r1 , r2 , r3 , ...
• We convert our message into a bit stream:
m0 , m1 , m2 , m3 , ...
• Encode the message bitwise using XOR:
ci = mi ⊕ ri for i = 1, 2, 3 , ...
• Impossible to break if random bit stream is
truly random and never reused
6. 6
CRYPTOGRAPHY (II)
2. Public-Key Cryptography
– Uses two keys:
(a) A public key to encode: KP
(b) A secret key to decode: KS
– It is not possible to compute KS knowing KP
• The function KP = f ( KS) is said to be hard
to invert:
7. 7
CRYPTOGRAPHY (II)
– We should have
• { { cleartext }KP }KS= cleartext
• { { cleartext }KS }KP= cleartext
– Requires very long keys
– Cannot pick an arbitrary secret key
– Much slower than conventional cryptography
8. 8
Example
• Assume A knows KP,B and B knows KP,A
– A can send to B a secret message:
{ text } KP,B
– A can send to B a message that is signed:
A, { text } KS,A
– A can send to B a signed secret message:
{ A, { text }KS,A } KP,B
9. 9
Application
• Can combine conventional cryptography and
public-key cryptography
– A uses public-key cryptography to send to B a
signed secret message containing a session
key KS
– A and B use this session key KS to continue
their dialogue
10. 10
KERBEROS
• Authentication server using conventional keys
• The Kerberos server has
– The key of each user
– The key of the ticket granting service (TGS)
• Authentication is a two-step process
– Get from kerberos a ticket for the TGS
– Get from TGS the ticket for a given server
12. 12
General Assumptions (I)
• Cannot trust the network:
– Intruders can listen to all messages and
replay them later
• Can trust the time service
– No intruder can reset any clock backward by
more than a few minutes
13. 13
General Assumptions (II)
• Client c can trust the workstation WS on which
she is logged on:
– Cannot do encryption without a safe place to
encode and decode messages
• Assumes the workstation is controlled by the
client
– Not true for public workstations
14. 14
Step 1
• Client provides WS with its ID c:
c → WS: c
WS sends to Kerberos a request for a ticket for
the TGS:
WS → K: c, tgs
15. 15
Step 2
• Kerberos sends to WS a ticket Tc,tgs and a random
session key Kc,tgs:
K → WS: { Kc,tgs, { Tc,tgs }Ktgs }Kc
Both items are encrypted with the client key Kc
Ticket is encrypted with the secret key of the
ticket granting service to prevent tampering by
client
16. 16
The ticket (I)
• Note that the encrypted ticket is encrypted a
second time by the client key KC
– In more recent versions of Kerberos
K → WS: { Kc,tgs}Kc, { Tc,tgs}Ktgs
17. 17
The ticket (II)
• Tc,tgs = c, tgs, addr, timestamp, life, Kc,tgs
• It contains
– The client's name c
– The name of the ticket-granting service tgs
– The IP address of the client addr
– The current time timestamp
– A ticket lifetime life
– The random session key K c,tgs
18. 18
Step 3
• When WS receives Kerberos reply, it prompts
the client c for her password and uses it to
compute the user key
Kc = fn(password)
and uses Kc to decrypt the message
20. 20
Step 3 (continued)
• WS then sends to the TGS
– The name of the service s the client wants to
utilize
– The encrypted ticket Tc,tgs
– An authenticator Ac,tgs encrypted with Kc,tgs
WS → TGS: s, { Tc,tgs}Ktgs, { Ac,tgs}Kc,tgs
21. 21
The authenticator (I)
• Any intruder could replay a ticket that has
already be submitted to TGS
• Authenticator contains
– The client name c
– Its address addr
– The current time timestamp
Ac,tgs = c, addr, timestamp
• Authenticator is encrypted with Kc,tgs
22. 22
The authenticator (II)
• Authenticator provides proof that WS was able
to obtain the session key Kc,tgsby decrypting
message number 2 using the right client key KC
• To detect replays of authenticators, TGS
– Rejects authenticators that are too old
(say, by more than five minutes)
– Keeps track of all recently received
authenticators
23. 23
Step 4
• The TGS replies by sending to the workstation
– A ticket T cs for the service s
– A new random session key Kc,s
TGS → WS: { Kc,s, { Tc,s}Ks}Kc,tgs
encrypted with the session key Kc,tgsshared by the
client and the ticket granting service
24. 24
Step 4 (continued)
• Tc,s contains
– The user's name c
– The name of the service s
– The IP address of the client addr
– The current time timestamp
– A new lifetime life
– A new random session key Kc,s
• Tc,s is encrypted with the secret key of server s
25. 25
Step 5
• WS then sends to server S
– the encrypted ticket Tc,s
– an authenticator Ac,s encrypted with Kc,s
WS → S: { Tc,s}Ks, { Ac,s }Kc,s
26. 26
Step 5 (continued)
• Authenticator contains
– the client name c
– its address addr
– the current time timestamp
Ac,s = c, addr, timestamp
• Authenticator is encrypted with the session key
Kc,s shared by client and server
27. 27
Step 6
• If client wanted to authenticate server, the
server replies with the authenticator time stamp
plus one:
s→WS: { timestamp + 1 }Kc,s
encrypted with the session key Kc,s
• This proves that s was able to obtain the session
key Kc,sby decrypting message number 5 using
its server key Ks
28. 28
Picking ticket lifetimes
• There is a trade-off in determining the optimal
ticket lifetime:
– Short ticket lifetimes make the system more
secure
• Less delay between password change and
full effect of action
– Short ticket lifetimes also make the system
less convenient for its users.
29. 29
The Kerberos server (I)
• Most critical part of the system
– If it is compromised, all user passwords are
lost
– If it is unavailable, nobody will be able to log
in
• A compromised TGS would only force all users
to repeat the Kerberos login procedure
30. 30
The Kerberos server (II)
• The Kerberos server is normally replicated on
several sites:
– No single point of failure
– More difficult to maintain key secrecy
• There is a single primary site and it is the only
than can accept key change requests
– Changing passwords is not a critical task
31. 31
LIMITATIONS
• Must maintain
– secrecy of keys
– integrity of time service
• Client must trust the workstation on which she is
logged in
• Does not protect clients and servers against
denial of service attacks
32. 32
OTHER SOLUTIONS (I)
• Could use a pair public key/private key
– private keys cannot be generated from an
arbitrary password
– impossible to memorize
– must store them somewhere
• key ring of PGP is encrypted using a strong
conventional encryption algorithm
33. 33
OTHER SOLUTIONS (II)
• Could use one-time passwords
– Use a different password at each log in
– Passwords can be managed by a smart card
– User must always carry it with her
– Some systems also require a password to use
the card and disable card after enough
unsuccessful trials
• Must keep card in a rigid container
34. 34
OTHER SOLUTIONS (III)
• SSH-2 uses
– Diffie-Hellman key exchange
• Uses public keys and private keys
• Produces a symmetric session key
– Strong integrity checking via message
authentication codes.
35. 35
OTHER SOLUTIONS (IV)
• Two-factor authentication
– Must provide
• Something you know (a password)
• Something you have (a dongle or a phone)
– Google two-factor authentication:
• Enter first name and password
• Google sends a six-digit code to your
phone that you must then enter
36. 36
CONCLUSIONS
• Kerberos offers one of the best solutions for
authentication in distributed systems
– Does not require any special equipment
– Does not significantly alter the user interface
• Main drawback is that the user must trust the
workstation on which she is logged in
– Works best for personal workstations