Pembentangan Untuk Seminar Kursus Komunikasi Kesihatan Usmkk. Semoga Bermanfaat. Kolera, Cholera, Taun...

1. •Group 15
•
Cholera
Siti Nur Farhana Binti Mohd Asri 126627
Siti Nur Fatihah Binti Zoo 126728
Siti Nur Syahadah Binti Shamsuddin 125624
Siti Rodziah Binti Bashsh 126701
Siti Solehah Binti Mohd Noh 125625
Soh Shi Ting 125626
Suad Binti Sa’aban 125627
Subhashini A/P Thirsuchelvan 125654
Sufial Amir Bin Rahim 122152
Suraya Adlina Binti Hashim 123155
Suzila Binti Mat Dani 125628
Syahida Aini Binti Said 100038
Syarifah Nurul Athira Binti Syed Ahmad 122153

2. Introduction
Cholera is a severe
gastrointestinal disease
caused by bacteria which
involve severe diarrhoea and
vomiting.

3. Cholera usually spread through contaminated
water.
Left untreated, it can be fatal in a matter of hours,
even in previously healthy people.

4. Introduction (cont.)
Every year, there are an estimated
3–5 million cholera cases and 100
000 –120 000 deaths due to cholera.
The short incubation period of two
hours to five days, enhances the
potentially explosive pattern of
outbreaks.

5. Agent of cholera : Vibro cholerae
•Gram-negative
–Lipopolysaccharide coat which provides protection
against hydrophobic compounds
–Provides a surface for immune recognition
•0.5-0.8μm width and 1.4-2.6μm length
•Comma-shaped bacterium
•Single polar flagellum for movement (motile)
•Optimal growth 20-30 degrees
•Facultative anaerobic organism
–An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if
oxygen is present but is capable of switching to
fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent

6. Ecology of Vibro cholerae
Thrives in a water ecology,
particularly surface of water
The primary connection between
human and pathogenic strains is
through water
Particularly in economically reduced
areas that having poor sanitation and
inadequate hygiene

7. History of Cholera
During the 19th century, cholera spread
across the world from its original
reservoir in the Ganges delta in India.
Six subsequent pandemics killed
millions of people across all continents.

8. The current (seventh) pandemic started in South
Asia in 1961, and reached Africa in 1971 and the
Americas in 1991. Cholera is now endemic in many
countries.

9. Vibro cholerae was first isolated as the cause of
cholera by Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery
was not widely known.
until Robert Koch (who also discovered the cause
of tuberculosis), working independently 30 years
later, publicized the knowledge and the means of
fighting the disease.

10. How cholera spread
The bacteria vibro cholerae release
exotoxin into the small intestine that
causes massive flow of water and
electrolytes like sodium, chloride and
bicarbonate, into the intestine where the
fluid and electrolytes are excreted as
diarrheal fluid.
It colonizes the small intestine
Particularly its localization along the
villous axis
Regionspecific colonization factor that is
critical for colonization of the proximal but
not the distal of small intestine

12. Risk factors
Inadequate environmental management
at-risk areas include peri-urban slums,
where basic infrastructure is not available,
as well as camps for refugees, where
minimum requirements of clean water and
sanitation are not met.

13. Risk factors (cont.)
Increasing size of vulnerable populations
living in unsanitary conditions.

14. Risk factors (cont.)
The consequences of a disaster
disruption of water and sanitation systems or the
displacement of populations to inadequate and
overcrowded camps
Syria Malaysia

15. Causes
Drinking water
contaminated with
human feces
Using and
drinking from tap
water supplies
Do not have good
water purification
systems

16. Causes (cont.)
Foods and drinks sold
by street vendors (not
covered)
Vegetables grown
with water containing
human wastes

17. Causes (cont.)
Raw or undercooked
fish and seafood
caught in waters
polluted with sewage

18. Symptoms
•Rapid onset of copious, smelly and watery diarrhoea with
severe dehydration.
- This can lead to death if untreated.

19. Symptoms (cont.)
•Dehydration :
•- Rapid heart rate
•- Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to
return to original position quickly if
pinched)
•- Dry mucous membranes, including the
inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and
eyelids
•- Low blood pressure
•- Thirst
•- Muscle cramps

20. Symptoms (cont.)
Rice Water Stool
Vomiting
People with low immunity such as
malnourished children or people living
with HIV are at a greater risk of death if
infected

21. WORLD STATISTIC CHOLERA

22. MALAYSIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH

23. Treatment
Rehydration – Fluid and electrolyte
supplements

24. Treatment
Intravenous administration of fluids

25. Treatment
Antibiotics :
- to diminish the duration of diarrhoea
- reduce the volume of rehydration fluids
needed
- shorten the duration of Vibro cholera
excretion.

26. Prevention
Vaccination
have sustained protection of over 50%
lasting for two years in endemic settings

27. Prevention
Cook food well (especially seafood), keep
it covered, eat it hot, and peel fruits and
vegetables
Be sure to cook shellfish (like crabs) until
they are very hot all the way through

28. Prevention
•Drink and use safe water :
–Use safe water to brush your teeth, wash and prepare food
and to make ice.
–Clean food preparation areas and kitchenware with soap
and safe water and let it dry completely before reuse.
–All water should be bottled and boiled for 1 minute or
treated with chlorine

29. Prevention (cont.)
•Use toilet or bury your feces (poop); do not defecate in
any body of water expanded
–Use toilet or other sanitation systems, like chemical
toilets, to dispose of feces.

30. Prevention (cont.)
•Practice good personal hygiene
–Wash hands with soap and safe water after defecating.

31. How To Educate Public About Cholera
Promote safe water handling practices
for example, organise mass campaigns for
the cleaning of water source

32. How To Educate Public About Cholera (cont.)
Continue routine analysis of water
quality at source
especially household levels.

33. How To Educate Public About Cholera (cont.)
Mobilise the camp community to
maintain these facilities
there may be a case for paying male and
female toilet attendants during the
outbreak period to ensure cleanliness.

34. How To Educate Public About Cholera (cont.)
Ensure that
handwashing
stations are
located next to
communal toilet.

35. How To Educate Public About Cholera (cont.)
Undertake heightened community
education to ensure that communities are
informed about and engaged in preventing
an outbreak of cholera.
The education must be rapid and should
employ all possible approaches to ensure the
widest coverage.

37. Thank you