Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths worldwide annually. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and can kill within hours if left untreated. Cholera outbreaks typically occur in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Prevention relies on vaccination, water treatment, hygiene and proper sanitation.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 100,000-120,000 deaths per year. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and outbreaks often occur in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, cholera can cause severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Effective treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Prevention relies on vaccination, improved water quality, sanitation and hygiene. The WHO recommends surveillance, preparedness, treatment and use of oral cholera vaccines to control outbreaks.
The document discusses gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It provides objectives of understanding the burden of diarrheal diseases and discussing WHO prevention strategies. It defines different types of diarrhea and classifications of infectious diarrhea. It discusses epidemiology of viral and bacterial diarrhea. It summarizes WHO recommendations for short and long-term control measures including oral rehydration and immunization. It also discusses cholera causes, transmission, and prevention guidelines.
UNIT II: Preventive Medicine
General principles of prevention and control of diseases- CHOLERA
#cholera #preventivemedicine #General principles of
prevention and control of diseases such as: CHOLERA
#social and preventive pharmacy
This document discusses various communicable diseases and their transmission and prevention. It covers diseases spread through oral-fecal transmission like typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A. It also discusses airborne diseases like the common cold, measles, influenza, and tuberculosis. Vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, like malaria, are also covered. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, and controlling insect vectors to interrupt disease transmission.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The presentation outlines cholera's definition, symptoms, transmission, at-risk groups, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention including oral vaccines, water/sanitation infrastructure, and community engagement. It concludes with Saudi Arabia reporting only imported cholera cases in recent years and the WHO's global roadmap to control the disease by 2030.
The document discusses gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases, specifically focusing on diarrheal diseases. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of diarrhea. It then discusses the major causes of infectious diarrhea including viruses (e.g. rotavirus), bacteria (e.g. E. coli, Salmonella), parasites (e.g. Giardia), and others. The document outlines the epidemiology, reservoirs, transmission, and risk factors. It summarizes WHO recommendations for treatment and prevention. Specific diseases like cholera and polio are also summarized in terms of etiology, epidemiology, and prevention/control strategies.
Raj, a 10-year-old boy, presented with vomiting, fever, and yellow urine for 5 days. Several other children in his locality had similar symptoms and sought native treatment. The boy likely has a gastrointestinal infection with an incubation period of 14-180 days. Proper management includes oral rehydration therapy with appropriate antibiotics. Gastrointestinal infections can be caused by bacteria like Vibrio cholerae (causing cholera) and Salmonella typhi (causing typhoid fever). Effective control relies on prevention measures like water safety, sanitation, and vaccination.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can kill within hours if untreated. Cholera remains a global threat in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. Prevention focuses on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene through measures like water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene. Vaccines can also help control outbreaks. Proper case management including oral rehydration is critical to reducing death rates from cholera during outbreaks.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 100,000-120,000 deaths per year. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and outbreaks often occur in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, cholera can cause severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Effective treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Prevention relies on vaccination, improved water quality, sanitation and hygiene. The WHO recommends surveillance, preparedness, treatment and use of oral cholera vaccines to control outbreaks.
The document discusses gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It provides objectives of understanding the burden of diarrheal diseases and discussing WHO prevention strategies. It defines different types of diarrhea and classifications of infectious diarrhea. It discusses epidemiology of viral and bacterial diarrhea. It summarizes WHO recommendations for short and long-term control measures including oral rehydration and immunization. It also discusses cholera causes, transmission, and prevention guidelines.
UNIT II: Preventive Medicine
General principles of prevention and control of diseases- CHOLERA
#cholera #preventivemedicine #General principles of
prevention and control of diseases such as: CHOLERA
#social and preventive pharmacy
This document discusses various communicable diseases and their transmission and prevention. It covers diseases spread through oral-fecal transmission like typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A. It also discusses airborne diseases like the common cold, measles, influenza, and tuberculosis. Vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, like malaria, are also covered. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, and controlling insect vectors to interrupt disease transmission.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The presentation outlines cholera's definition, symptoms, transmission, at-risk groups, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention including oral vaccines, water/sanitation infrastructure, and community engagement. It concludes with Saudi Arabia reporting only imported cholera cases in recent years and the WHO's global roadmap to control the disease by 2030.
The document discusses gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases, specifically focusing on diarrheal diseases. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of diarrhea. It then discusses the major causes of infectious diarrhea including viruses (e.g. rotavirus), bacteria (e.g. E. coli, Salmonella), parasites (e.g. Giardia), and others. The document outlines the epidemiology, reservoirs, transmission, and risk factors. It summarizes WHO recommendations for treatment and prevention. Specific diseases like cholera and polio are also summarized in terms of etiology, epidemiology, and prevention/control strategies.
Raj, a 10-year-old boy, presented with vomiting, fever, and yellow urine for 5 days. Several other children in his locality had similar symptoms and sought native treatment. The boy likely has a gastrointestinal infection with an incubation period of 14-180 days. Proper management includes oral rehydration therapy with appropriate antibiotics. Gastrointestinal infections can be caused by bacteria like Vibrio cholerae (causing cholera) and Salmonella typhi (causing typhoid fever). Effective control relies on prevention measures like water safety, sanitation, and vaccination.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can kill within hours if untreated. Cholera remains a global threat in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. Prevention focuses on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene through measures like water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene. Vaccines can also help control outbreaks. Proper case management including oral rehydration is critical to reducing death rates from cholera during outbreaks.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It covers the epidemiology, prevention, and control of cholera globally and in India. Key points include that cholera causes a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and dehydration. If untreated, case fatality can be 30-40%. Transmission is related to inadequate water and sanitation. Prevention and control involves early detection, oral rehydration therapy, antibiotic treatment, vaccination, health education, and improving water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. The National Diarrheal Disease Control Programme was established in India to prevent deaths from dehydration through oral rehydration therapy.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It remains a significant public health problem globally, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected humans. Laboratory diagnosis can be made through blood cultures early in the infection or the Widal test which detects antibodies in the blood. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy but multidrug resistant strains have emerged, complicating treatment.
This document provides information about cholera and malaria, two infectious diseases. It discusses the pathogens, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each. Cholera is caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium and spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include severe diarrhea and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus and caused by Plasmodium parasites. Symptoms include fever, nausea and enlarged spleen. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Prevention of both diseases focuses on controlling mosquito populations, avoiding bites, and providing clean water and sanitation
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
This document provides information on the epidemiology of cholera. It discusses that cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cases can range from asymptomatic to severe infections. Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Unless fluids and electrolytes are replaced quickly, the fatality rate can be as high as 30-40%. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. The bacteria typically spreads through contaminated food and water. Laboratory testing is required to confirm diagnosis through culture methods. Control efforts include early detection, oral rehydration therapy, epidemiological investigation, sanitation and
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of cholera. It discusses that cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Transmission occurs when people ingest food or water contaminated with V. cholerae. Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Cholera remains a public health threat in areas with poor sanitation and access to clean water. The epidemiology and transmission are influenced by factors related to the bacteria, human hosts, and environmental conditions.
This document provides information about bacillary and amoebic dysentery. It defines dysentery as passing blood and mucus in stool with abdominal pain. It discusses the objectives, types, magnitude, epidemiological features, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, treatment and prevention of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria and amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Key differences between the two types are also summarized. The document aims to educate about the infectious diseases.
This document provides information on a lesson plan about diarrhea presented by Ms. B. Hemalatha. It begins with an introduction stating that diarrhea is a leading cause of death in developing countries, killing over 10 million children under 5 each year. It then defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types including acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, persistent diarrhea, and diarrhea with severe malnutrition. It discusses the epidemiological determinants of diarrhea including common pathogens, reservoirs of infection, host factors, and environmental factors. It covers the modes of transmission and prevention and control methods such as oral rehydration therapy and vaccination.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infectious disease that affects predominantly children and can cause paralysis. It is caused by the poliovirus. While outbreaks have declined globally due to vaccination efforts, two countries continue to report cases. India was declared polio-free in 2014 after successful surveillance and vaccination programs. Key aspects of control include routine immunization with both live and inactivated polio vaccines, active surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases, and mass immunization campaigns of high-risk groups.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi bacteria, with an estimated 22 million cases and 200,000 deaths annually. The highest incidence rates are in South and Southeast Asia. Multidrug resistant strains have emerged, reducing the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics. Symptoms include sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain and rose-colored spots. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from blood or stool. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones. Control relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hand washing and vaccination in endemic areas.
This document provides an overview of nursing management of communicable diseases in emergency situations. It discusses the major causes of morbidity and mortality in emergencies like diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, measles, and malaria. It outlines the fundamental principles of communicable disease control, including rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management. It also summarizes the prevention and control of specific communicable diseases like respiratory infections, tuberculosis, measles, cholera, and diarrhea.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
This document discusses the epidemiology of cholera. It begins by describing cholera as an acute diarrheal disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The bacteria spreads through contaminated food and water and direct contact. Clinical features include a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting a stool sample and testing for the presence of V. cholerae. Environmental factors like poor sanitation and access to contaminated water sources increase risk of transmission.
Let's talk about Dengue. I made this powerpoint to put some light on Dengue, that is found almost everywhere in the world and responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Please feel free to share but credit
Epidemiological Perspective of Typhoid FeverJagat Upadhyay
This presentation is prepared as part of the Course assignment of " EPI 521: Epidemiology of Disease and Health Problem" for the Master's Degree of Public Health (MPH), Pokhara University and can be used as reference materials for Typhoid Fever
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine. It describes how medicine originated from primitive practices involving supernatural beliefs. It then discusses the development of early systems of medicine in places like India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Key figures that advanced medical knowledge are highlighted from each era, such as Susruta, Hippocrates, Galen, Ibn Sina, and Pasteur. Major milestones like the germ theory of disease and advances in preventive medicine through vaccination are also summarized. The document concludes by describing the modern fields of curative, preventive, and social medicine.
This document discusses various types of communication including one-way communication, two-way communication, verbal communication, non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication, and visual communication. It also addresses telecommunication, barriers to communication, functions of health communication, approaches to health education, principles of health education, and methods used in health communication including individual, group, and mass approaches.
This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It covers the epidemiology, prevention, and control of cholera globally and in India. Key points include that cholera causes a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and dehydration. If untreated, case fatality can be 30-40%. Transmission is related to inadequate water and sanitation. Prevention and control involves early detection, oral rehydration therapy, antibiotic treatment, vaccination, health education, and improving water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. The National Diarrheal Disease Control Programme was established in India to prevent deaths from dehydration through oral rehydration therapy.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It remains a significant public health problem globally, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected humans. Laboratory diagnosis can be made through blood cultures early in the infection or the Widal test which detects antibodies in the blood. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy but multidrug resistant strains have emerged, complicating treatment.
This document provides information about cholera and malaria, two infectious diseases. It discusses the pathogens, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each. Cholera is caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium and spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include severe diarrhea and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus and caused by Plasmodium parasites. Symptoms include fever, nausea and enlarged spleen. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Prevention of both diseases focuses on controlling mosquito populations, avoiding bites, and providing clean water and sanitation
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
This document provides information on the epidemiology of cholera. It discusses that cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cases can range from asymptomatic to severe infections. Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Unless fluids and electrolytes are replaced quickly, the fatality rate can be as high as 30-40%. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. The bacteria typically spreads through contaminated food and water. Laboratory testing is required to confirm diagnosis through culture methods. Control efforts include early detection, oral rehydration therapy, epidemiological investigation, sanitation and
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of cholera. It discusses that cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Transmission occurs when people ingest food or water contaminated with V. cholerae. Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Cholera remains a public health threat in areas with poor sanitation and access to clean water. The epidemiology and transmission are influenced by factors related to the bacteria, human hosts, and environmental conditions.
This document provides information about bacillary and amoebic dysentery. It defines dysentery as passing blood and mucus in stool with abdominal pain. It discusses the objectives, types, magnitude, epidemiological features, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, treatment and prevention of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria and amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Key differences between the two types are also summarized. The document aims to educate about the infectious diseases.
This document provides information on a lesson plan about diarrhea presented by Ms. B. Hemalatha. It begins with an introduction stating that diarrhea is a leading cause of death in developing countries, killing over 10 million children under 5 each year. It then defines diarrhea and describes the clinical types including acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, persistent diarrhea, and diarrhea with severe malnutrition. It discusses the epidemiological determinants of diarrhea including common pathogens, reservoirs of infection, host factors, and environmental factors. It covers the modes of transmission and prevention and control methods such as oral rehydration therapy and vaccination.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infectious disease that affects predominantly children and can cause paralysis. It is caused by the poliovirus. While outbreaks have declined globally due to vaccination efforts, two countries continue to report cases. India was declared polio-free in 2014 after successful surveillance and vaccination programs. Key aspects of control include routine immunization with both live and inactivated polio vaccines, active surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases, and mass immunization campaigns of high-risk groups.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi bacteria, with an estimated 22 million cases and 200,000 deaths annually. The highest incidence rates are in South and Southeast Asia. Multidrug resistant strains have emerged, reducing the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics. Symptoms include sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain and rose-colored spots. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from blood or stool. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones. Control relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hand washing and vaccination in endemic areas.
This document provides an overview of nursing management of communicable diseases in emergency situations. It discusses the major causes of morbidity and mortality in emergencies like diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, measles, and malaria. It outlines the fundamental principles of communicable disease control, including rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management. It also summarizes the prevention and control of specific communicable diseases like respiratory infections, tuberculosis, measles, cholera, and diarrhea.
Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people worldwide each year. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water and proper sanitation and hygiene practices are important to prevent transmission. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Vaccines also exist to help prevent outbreaks.
This document discusses the epidemiology of cholera. It begins by describing cholera as an acute diarrheal disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The bacteria spreads through contaminated food and water and direct contact. Clinical features include a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting a stool sample and testing for the presence of V. cholerae. Environmental factors like poor sanitation and access to contaminated water sources increase risk of transmission.
Let's talk about Dengue. I made this powerpoint to put some light on Dengue, that is found almost everywhere in the world and responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Please feel free to share but credit
Epidemiological Perspective of Typhoid FeverJagat Upadhyay
This presentation is prepared as part of the Course assignment of " EPI 521: Epidemiology of Disease and Health Problem" for the Master's Degree of Public Health (MPH), Pokhara University and can be used as reference materials for Typhoid Fever
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine. It describes how medicine originated from primitive practices involving supernatural beliefs. It then discusses the development of early systems of medicine in places like India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Key figures that advanced medical knowledge are highlighted from each era, such as Susruta, Hippocrates, Galen, Ibn Sina, and Pasteur. Major milestones like the germ theory of disease and advances in preventive medicine through vaccination are also summarized. The document concludes by describing the modern fields of curative, preventive, and social medicine.
This document discusses various types of communication including one-way communication, two-way communication, verbal communication, non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication, and visual communication. It also addresses telecommunication, barriers to communication, functions of health communication, approaches to health education, principles of health education, and methods used in health communication including individual, group, and mass approaches.
This document summarizes key epidemiological factors related to smallpox, chickenpox, and measles. For smallpox, it notes factors that enabled its eradication like lack of animal reservoirs, effective vaccination, and distinctive rash allowing easy detection. For chickenpox, it outlines agent, host, environmental transmission factors and clinical features. For measles, it provides global burden, India statistics, epidemiological determinants like transmission via droplets, and prevention through vaccination or immunoglobulin administration.
This document discusses the importance of communication skills in medical practice. It outlines seven competencies for effective doctor-patient communication: building a relationship, opening the discussion, gathering information, understanding the patient's perspective, sharing information, reaching agreement, and providing closure. For each competency, it provides tips and guidelines on how to demonstrate care, show respect, ask open-ended questions, actively listen, explain diagnoses and plans, and ensure mutual understanding. The overall message is that strong interpersonal communication is integral to quality patient care.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes through profuse diarrhea. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to shorten the duration of illness. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and hygiene education to reduce transmission.
Through lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, yoga, meditation and stress management, the risk of developing diabetes can be reduced. A healthy diet low in refined carbs and sugar but high in fiber is recommended. Regular exercise of at least 40 minutes per day helps control blood sugar levels. Yoga and meditation lower stress levels and insulin resistance. Proper sleep, social support and avoiding pollution further help in diabetes prevention. Timely screening and lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and its complications.
This document provides an overview of descriptive epidemiology. It defines descriptive studies as those that describe the frequency and distribution of an outcome without a comparison group. The main objectives are to describe disease incidence/prevalence, natural history, and distribution according to person, place and time variables. Descriptive studies make hypotheses about causes but do not confirm them. Key aspects include describing disease occurrence by time, place and person; measuring disease burden; and formulating etiological hypotheses.
An outbreak of endophthalmitis has occurred in patients who underwent surgery at a district hospital. The document discusses how to investigate this outbreak using different study designs. It recommends using a case-control study design to evaluate the association between surgery at the hospital and developing endophthalmitis. It provides details on how to conduct a case-control study, including selecting cases and controls, collecting exposure data, and calculating odds ratios to assess strength of association.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes from the intestines that can lead to dehydration, shock, and even death if untreated. The classic symptoms include painless watery diarrhea and vomiting. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Patients are discharged once they can tolerate oral intake and their diarrhea and urinary output returns to normal levels. Cholera remains a global threat, especially in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean water.
This document discusses the Dengue Syndrome and summarizes key information about Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. It notes that over 2.5 billion people worldwide live in areas where dengue viruses can be transmitted. The document describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and grading of severity for Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. It also provides information on treatment, control measures, and discusses another similar disease, Chikungunya Fever.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A strains have caused all known pandemics. The virus is highly contagious and spreads rapidly through droplets. It commonly causes epidemics every 2-3 years for influenza A and 4-7 years for influenza B. While most cases are mild, influenza can lead to complications like pneumonia. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat the disease. Good hygiene and avoiding crowded areas during outbreaks are also recommended.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade tissues and spread to distant organs, potentially causing death. The three main types are carcinoma, sarcoma, and leukemia/lymphoma. Worldwide, cancer causes over 6 million deaths annually. In India, the most common cancers are oral, esophageal, stomach and lung cancers in men, and breast, cervical, oral and esophageal cancers in women. Environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation and infection can increase cancer risk, as can genetic factors. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors, screening and early detection, and treatment. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Cervical cancer is also very common in India, where screening programs
Bird flu, or avian influenza, is a viral infection that commonly infects birds like chickens, ducks, and turkeys. The H5N1 strain is particularly deadly and can be transmitted from birds to humans. Symptoms in humans include fever, cough, and possible complications like hypoxemia and organ dysfunction. While human-to-human transmission is rare, there is a risk of mutation allowing easier spread between humans. Treatment involves antiviral drugs, isolation, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper handling of infected birds and their products as well as hygiene practices.
This document discusses cancer in general and provides details on certain types of cancers. It covers the characteristics, causes, risk factors, patterns, and control of cancer. Specific cancers discussed in more detail include oral cancer, breast cancer, and cancer of the cervix. Prevention strategies like screening, lifestyle changes, and treatment options are also summarized.
This document summarizes information about Mumps and Rubella.
Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, an RNA paramyxovirus. It causes swelling of the parotid glands. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Complications can include orchitis. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine provides protection.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is caused by the rubella virus, an RNA togavirus. It causes a rash and lymphadenopathy. Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if a pregnant woman is infected, causing birth defects. The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that provides lifelong immunity in 95% of cases.
Global vaccination strategies
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It discusses how cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations over time that disrupt normal cell growth regulation. Key points covered include: the genetic and molecular basis of cancer; common properties of cancer cells like uncontrolled growth; the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; how mutations in growth factors, receptors, and cell cycle regulators can cause cancer; and the multi-hit model of carcinogenesis. The document also examines specific cancer-causing mutations and molecular mechanisms.
This document discusses respiratory infections like smallpox and chickenpox. Smallpox was eradicated in the 20th century through international cooperation and vaccination efforts. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and presents as a rash that spreads from the trunk to the extremities. It most commonly affects children under 10 years old. Complications can occur in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is usually clinical and treatment is supportive.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including descriptive studies, analytical studies, and interventional studies. Descriptive studies involve systematically collecting and presenting data to describe a health situation, such as the occurrence of a disease over time, place, and person. Analytical studies attempt to establish causes or risk factors by comparing groups with and without a problem. Common analytical study designs include case-control and cohort studies. Interventional studies involve manipulating a situation and measuring the effects, with experimental studies using randomization and control groups.
Japanese Encephalitis and Filariasis are mosquito-borne diseases. Japanese Encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. It is a seasonal disease prevalent from May to October in rural areas of Asia and the Pacific. Filariasis is caused by nematode worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi transmitted by Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical areas and a major cause of disability. Both diseases are associated with poverty and lack of sanitation, as mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. Control relies on integrated vector management including larval source reduction and insecticide spraying.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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3. • Are gram-negative rods that are facultativel
word cholera is a derivative of the Greek word “choler” meaning bile
•
• First discovered by Filippo Pacini in Italy in 1854, Pacini’s results
were published under the title, “Microscopic observation and
pathological deductions on cholera
Robert Koch independently discovered a bacillus, the same that Pacini
discovered 30 years back
4.
5.
6. Epidemiology
• Cholera likely has its origins in the Indian Subcontinent;
it has been prevalent in the Ganges delta since ancient
times
• The disease first spread by trade routes (land and sea)
to Russia in 1817, then to the rest of Europe, and from
Europe to North America
• Seven cholera pandemics have occurred in the past
200 years, with the seventh originating in Indonesia in
1961
6
7. Continued
• The first cholera pandemic occurred in the Bengal
region of India starting in 1817 through 1824.
• The disease dispersed from India to Southeast Asia,
China, Japan, the Middle East, and southern Russia.
• The second pandemic lasted from 1827 to 1835 and
affected the United States and Europe.
• It killed 150,000 Americans during the second
pandemic.
• The third pandemic erupted in 1839, persisted until
1856, extended to North Africa, and reached South
America, for the first time specifically infringing upon
Brazil.
7
8. Continued
• In Russia alone, between 1847 and 1851, more than one
million people perished of the disease
• Cholera hit the sub-saharan african region during the
fourth pandemic from 1863 to 1875
• The fifth pandemic raged from 1881–1896 Sixth
pandemics raged from 1899-1923
• Between 1900 and 1920, perhaps 8 million people died
of cholera in india
• These epidemics were less fatal due to a greater
understanding of the cholera bacteria
8
9.
10.
11.
12. Where are modern-day
• HAITI
What Is the Current Situation?
An outbreak of cholera has been ongoing in epidemics of cholera?
Haiti since October 2010. According to the
Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population
(MSPP), as of August 4, 2013, 669,396 cases and
8,217 deaths have been reported since the cholera
epidemic began in Haiti. Among the cases
reported, 371,099 (55.4%) were hospitalized1
13. cholera
Cholera is an acute diarrhoel diseases caused
by V.cholerae 01
Cholera is both an epidemic and endemic
disease
The force of infection in an epidemic is
composed of 2 components namely the force
of infection through water and the force of
infection through contacts
14. Agent factors
Vibrio cholerae 0 Group 1/ epidemic strains
Non-0 group 1 V.cholerae/ non epidemic
strains
Within 0 group 1 two biotypes are classical
and El Tor
Classical and El Tor are further divided into 3
serological types namely Inaba,Ogawa and
Hikojima
15. Agent
Resistance
Killed within 30 min by heating at 56 C or
within few seconds by boiling
They are destroyed by cresol, bleaching powder
Toxin production
The vibrios multiply in the small intestine and
produce exotoxin(enterotoxin)
16. Reservior of infection
Human is the only reservoir of cholera infection
in the form of case or carrier
Infective material
Stools and vomit of cases and carriers
Infective dose
Cholera is dose related 1011 organisms required
to produce clinical disease
Period of communicability
7-10days
17. Carriers in cholera
Four types
1)Preclinical or incubatory carriers:
2)Convalescent carriers:
patients excrete vibrios for 2-3 wks who have
not received effective antibiotic treatment
3)Contact or healthy carrier-result of subclinical
infection. gall bladder is not infected and stool
culture is +ve .
4)Chronic carrier-gall bladder is infected
.antibody titre against vibrio rises
18. Host
Age and sex
All ages and both sexes
Gastric acidity
Destroyed in pH of 5 or lower
Population mobility
Risk increases
Economic status
Highest in lower S-E groups
Immunity
Mainly local intestinal immune system.
vaccination gives only temporary immunity
19. Environmental factors
Poor environmental sanitation
Contaminated water and food
Mode of transmission
Via man to man
a) Faecally contaminated water
b) Contaminated food and drinks
c) Direct contact
Incubation period
Few hrs to 5 hrs
20. Clinical features
Three stages
a) Stage of evacuation-rice water appearance
b) Stage of collapse-
c) Stage of recovery
The classical form of cholera appears in 5-10%
of cases and in the rest the disease tends to be
mild
21. Laboratory diagnosis of cholera
a) Collection of stools
b) Vomitus
c) Water
d) Food samples
e) Transportation
f) Direct examination-dark field illumination
g) Culture methods-peptone water tellurite
h) bio-chemical test
22. Control of cholera
1)Verification of diagnosis
It is important to identify V.ch in the stools of
the patient
2)Notification
Cholera is a notifiable disease locally,
nationally and internationally
3)Early case finding
Search for cases
23. 4)Establishment of treatment centers
Mild cases –ort
Severe- i.v fluids
5)Rehydration therapy
6)Adjuncts to therapy
Antibiotics should be given as soon as vomiting
has stopped
Doxycycline is DOC in adults
TMP-SMX is DOC in children
Furazolidine is DOC in pregnant women
27. WHO Global Task Force on
Cholera
• Launched in 1992, 44th world health
assembly
• Aim -reduce mortality and morbidity
associated with the disease and to address the
social and economic consequences of cholera
• Partnership brings together governmental and non-
governmental organizations, UN agencies, and
scientific institutions
• Develop technical guidelines and training
materials for cholera control
28. Current priority activities of WHOGlobal
Task Force on Cholera
• Encouraging improved surveillance , to identify high risk
areas and guide intervention
Providing evidence based support to countries for
preparedness and response
Gaining evidence on the use of oral cholera vaccines as an
additional public health tool to diminish incidence of cholera
in high risk areas and vulnerable groups
Linking health and management of the environment in order
to improve access to safe water for vulnerable populations
and diminish incidence of waterborne diseases
29. Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks:
WHO policy and recommendations
Main tools for cholera control
• Proper and timely case management in cholera treatment centres
• Specific training for proper case management, including avoidance
of nosocomial infections
• Sufficient pre-positioned medical supplies for case management
(e.g. Diarrhoeal disease kits)
• Improved access to water, effective sanitation, proper waste
management and vector control
• Enhanced hygiene and food safety practices Improved
communication and public information
30. Cholera vaccines
•WHO recommends that immunization with currently
available cholera vaccines be used in conjunction with the
usually recommended control measures in
-Areas where cholera is endemic
-Areas at risk of outbreaks
•Vaccines provide a short term effect while longer term
activities like improving water and sanitation are put in
place
31. Cholera vaccines
• Parenteral cholera vaccine not recommended by WHO (low
protective efficacy and adverse reaction)
•Two types of safe and effective oral cholera vaccines
currently available
➢Both are whole-cell killed vaccines
➢Both have sustained protection of over 50% lasting for two years in
endemic settings.
➢Both vaccines are WHO-prequalified and licensed over 60
countries.
➢Both vaccines are administered in two doses given between seven
days and six weeks apart
➢Recently, however, researchers have suggested that oral cholera
vaccines induce “herd immunity”1
1.Ali M, Emch M, von Seidlein L, Yunus M, Sack DA, Rao M, Holmgren J, Clemens JD.Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera
vaccines in Bangladesh: areanalysis.Lancet. 2005 Jul 2-8;366(9479):44-9
32. Dukoral
• Vaccine with the b-subunit
• Given in 150 ml of safe water
• Short-term protection of 85–90% against V. Cholerae
O1 among all age groups at 4–6 months following
immunization
Shanchol
• Provides longer-term protection against V. Cholerae
O1 and O139 in children under five years of age
33. International Health Regulations
• 194 countries across the globe, including all the
Member States of WHO
• Aim- the international community prevent and
respond to acute public health risks that have the
potential to cross borders and threaten people
worldwide
• Surveillance for prevention, preparedness and early
warning
• Imposing travel and trade restrictions have proven
inefficient and risk to divert useful resources.
• WHO has no information -imported food from
affected countries has ever been implicated in
outbreaks of cholera in importing countries
34. WHO recommendations to unaffected
neighbouring countries
• Improve preparedness to rapidly respond to an
outbreak, should cholera spread accross
borders, and limit its consequences
• Improve surveillance to obtain better data for risk
assessment and early detection of outbreaks,
including establishing an active surveillance system
35. Measures should be avoided,
(ineffective, costly and
counter-productive)
• Routine treatment of a community with antibiotics,
or mass chemoprophylaxis (no effect on the spread
of cholera, can increase antimicrobial resistance and
provides a false sense of security)
• Restrictions in travel and trade between countries or
between different regions of a country (hampers
good cooperation spirit between institutions and
countries instead of uniting efforts)
36. Key messages
• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if
left untreated
• There are 100 000–120 000 deaths due to cholera every year of
which only a small proportion are reported to WHO
• Up to 80% of cases can be successfully treated with oral
rehydration salts (ORS)
• About 75% of people infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 do
not develop any symptoms
• Typical at-risk areas of cholera include peri-urban slums with
limited access to safe drinking water and lack of proper sanitation
37. Key messages
• Surveillance is paramount to identify vulnerable populations living
in hotspots
• Cholera is a preventable disease provided that safe water and
proper sanitation are made available
• Cholera is a preventable disease provided that safe water and
proper sanitation are made available
• Safe and effective oral cholera vaccines are now part of the cholera
control package
• Today, no country requires proof of cholera vaccination as a
condition for entry